MODULE 1 - HEAT EFFECTS I

SENSIBLE HEAT EFFECTS

Sensible heat refers to the heat transferred by the system in which there are no phase transitions, no
chemical reactions, and no changes in composition causes the temperature to change, and this
temperature change can come from the absorption of sunlight by the system itself, or it can come from
contact with the warmer body caused by release of latent heat (by direct conduction). This heat effect is
called sensible because we can sense the heat as the temperature changes.

The molar internal energy of a substance expressed as a function of two other state function
according to the phase rule.

U = U(T,V)

t t
t=

t
݅ ݊ =

t
t=

But the final term may be set to zero in either of the following cases:

 Mechanically reversible isochoric process

 The internal energy is independent of volume (for ideal gases where the pressure approaches
zero)

For constant-volume process or for ideal gases:

t=

t = = ݅–
1

The molar enthalpy of a substance may be expressed as a function of temperature and pressure
according to the phase rule. Then H=H(T,P)

= ,ம

= ம
ம ம

=
ம

= ம
ம

For either of mechanically reversible isobaric process or of gases that behaves ideally:
 = = ݅–
1

Temperature Dependence of the Heat Capacity

Ideal gas heat capacities increase smoothly with increasing temperature toward an upper limit
which is reached when all types of molecular motion are fully excited.

Ideal gas heat capacity is expressed by:

݅
=x r

݅
= (x r )

=
݅ ݅
= 1

For gases A, B, and C

݅ ݅ ݅ ݅
݅
= x x r r

where
݅ ݅ ݅
x
, r
, = 䁋 ݊ ݊݅ ݅  䁋t t x, r ݅ ݅ 

x, r, = 䁋 t ݊ ݅䁋 䁋t x, r,

Example 1
The parameters listed in Table C.1 (Van ness et al.) require use of Kelvin temperatures in Eq. (4.4).
Equations of the same form may also be developed for use with temperatures in °C, (R), and °F, but the
parameter values are different. The molar heat capacity of methane in the ideal-gas state is given as a
function of temperature in Kelvin by:
݅
香
= 1. ⺁. 1 1 .1香4 1

݅
where the parameter values are from Table C.1. Develop an equation for for temperatures in °C.

SOLUTION:

The relation between temperature in Kelvin and temperature in °C is

= .1䁗

Substitute to the given equation to get the derived equation as a function of t in °C

݅
.1䁗 香
= 1. ⺁. 1 1 .1香4 1 ( .1䁗)

檸
r r
Final Answer: = a.bri .att ib r.ira ib
 ݅
PROBLEM 1: Develop an equation for for temperatures in °F.

Evaluation of the Sensible Heat Integral

݅
= = (x r )
䁋

but this can be conveniently expressed as:

݅
r 1
= x 䁋( 1) 䁋 ( 1) 䁋 ( 1)
䁋

where

=
䁋

Factoring ( 1) from each term will give

݅ r
= x 䁋 䁋 ( 1) 䁋 ( 1) ( 1)
䁋

Because

䁋
1=
䁋
݅ r
= x 䁋( 1) 䁋 ( 1) ( 䁋)
䁋

Since

=( 䁋)
䁋

݅
r
䁋 = x 䁋 1 䁋 1 ( 䁋)
䁋

(T-To) on the both sides of the equation will be cancelled. We can get the mean heat capacity ( ) .

r
=x 䁋( 1) 䁋 ( 1)
䁋

The use of an equation for specific heat as a regular practice becomes rather tedious unless a computer is
handy for the desired calculations.
For the calculation of enthalpy this equation is used.

= = ( 䁋)
䁋

Solving for T, a new equation was derived for the calculation of T. Since the said calculation is less direct,
an iteration scheme may be useful.

= 䁋

Example
Calculate the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of methane from 香 to 香 °C in a
steady-flow process at a pressure sufficiently low that methane may be considered an ideal gas.

GIVEN:

䁋 = 䁗 .1䁗

= .1䁗 K

.1䁗
=
䁗 .1䁗
香
From the table: x = 1. r = ⺁. 1 1 = .1香4 1

SOLUTION 1:
݅
= = (x r )
䁋

݅ r 1
= x 䁋( 1) 䁋 ( 1) 䁋 ( 1)
䁋

.1䁗 ⺁. 1 1 .1䁗
= . 144 1. 䁗 .1䁗 1 䁗 .1䁗 1
䁗 .1䁗 䁗 .1䁗
.1䁗
(䁗 .1䁗 ) 1 = 1⺁,
䁗 .1䁗

SOLUTION :
݅
= = (x r )
䁋

Cp ig
873.15
Q  H  R  dT
533.15 R

 9.081x10 3 2 2 2.164 x10 6 3 

Q  (8.314) 1.702(T  To )  (T  To )  (T  To3 )
 2 3 
Q  19,778 J
PROBLEM : How much heat is required when 1 , kg of CaCO is heated at atmospheric pressure
from 䁗 °C to °C?

Example
Consider heating moles of steam from °C and 1 MPa to 䁗 °C and 1 MPa. Calculate the heat input
required using the following sources of data: (a) Heat Capacity (b) Steam Tables

GIVEN: moles steam heating from °C to 䁗 °C and 1 MPa MWwater = . 1 kg per mole

SOLUTION:

(a)From Table: A = .4 B = 1.4䁗x1 -

D= .1 1x1 䁗

.1䁗
䁗
= ( .4 1.4䁗 1 .1 1 1 ) = 1⺁ .1香1
䁗 .1䁗

(b) From Steam Table

. 1 䁋 1 4 .4 1 .⺁ 1
= 1 = 41

The answer for (b) is higher than for part (A) because in this example, water is not an ideal gas at 1 MPa
(where ideal gas occupy at low pressure). For part (a) water is assumed to be an ideal gas.
Example 4
What is the final temperature when heat in the amount of .4x1 香 Btu is added to 䁗 lb mol of ammonia
initially at 䁗 °F in a steady-flow process at 1 atm.

GIVEN:

= .4x1 香 r t

= 䁗– 䁋

䁋=䁗
䁗
From Heat Capacity Table (Van ness et al.): x = .䁗 r= . 1 = .1 香 1

SOLUTION:

Q = nΔH

.4⺁1 香 r t r t
= = = 1香 = 1
䁗– 䁋 – 䁋 䁋
䁗 4䁗⺁.香
䁋= =䁗 .1䁗
1.

For any value of T

䁗
. 1 .1 香 1
= .䁗 䁗 .1䁗 1
䁗 .1䁗
䁗 .1䁗
䁗 .1䁗
To get T (given the H and To),

= 䁋

This calculation is less direct. To solve for the value of T, any numerical method is applicable (MOSS).

, 1
= 䁗
䁗 .1䁗
.1 香 1
( . 144) .䁗 1.䁗1 1 䁗 .1䁗
䁗 .1䁗
Assume that 䁋 since the heat is added to the system.

݅䁋 1: =䁗 .1䁗 K

, 1
=
.1 香 1 䁗
( . 144) .䁗 1.䁗1 1 䁗 .1䁗 䁗 .1䁗
䁗 .1䁗(䁗 .1䁗)
䁗 .1䁗
= 14 香.⺁ 香

݅䁋 : = 14 香.⺁ 香 K
 , 1
=
.1 香 1 䁗
( . 144) .䁗 1.䁗1 1 14 香.⺁ 香 䁗 .1䁗
䁗 .1䁗(14 香.⺁ 香 )
䁗 .1䁗
=1 .香4 ⺁

݅䁋 : =1 .香4 ⺁ K

, 1
=
.1 香 1 䁗
( . 144) .䁗 1.䁗1 1 1 .香4 ⺁ 䁗 .1䁗
䁗 .1䁗(1 .香4 ⺁)
䁗 .1䁗
= 1 䁗4. 1K

݅䁋 4: = 1 䁗4. 1 䇅 = 1 4⺁. 4⺁1

݅䁋 䁗 = 1 4⺁. 4⺁1 䇅 =1 䁗 . 1

݅䁋 香 =1 䁗 . 1 䇅 = 1 䁗 .14⺁⺁

݅䁋 = 1 䁗 .14⺁⺁ 䇅 = 1 䁗 .1 1

݅䁋 = 1 䁗 .1 1 䇅 = 1 䁗 .1 4

݅䁋 ⺁ = 1 䁗 .1 4 䇅 = 1 䁗 .1 䁗

݅䁋 1 = 1 䁗 .1 䁗 䇅 = 1 䁗 .1 䁗䁗

݅䁋 11 = 1 䁗 .1 䁗䁗 䇅 = 1 䁗 .1 䁗香

݅䁋 1 = 1 䁗 .1 䁗香 䇅 = 1 䁗 .1 䁗香

This iteration starts with 䁋 and converges on the final value = 1 䁗 .1 䁗香

Final Answer: = ir b.i r

PROBLEM : Use the data available in Table C.1(Van ness) to calculate the mean heat capacity for air
between T1 = ⺁ K and T = to 1 K, in intervals of 1 K.

GIVEN:

From Table C.1: A = . 䁗䁗 B = .䁗 䁗x1 -

D = - . 1香x1 䁗
LATENT HEATS OF PURE SUBSTANCE
Latent Heat refers to the heat exchanged by the system that causes the system to change its state or
phase without the change in temperature. The latent heat also changes with temperature, however we
only know the latent heat at normal transition point. There are ways to get the latent heat by the
following equations:

Claypeyron Equation

For a species at temperature T:

t
=

This equation is applied to the vaporization of a pure liquid.

ம
is the slope of the vapor pressure vs temperature curve at the temperature of interest.

is the difference between molar volumes of saturated vapor and saturated liquid.

is the latent heat of vaporization and may be calculated from VP and volumetric data.

Trouton's Rule

Rough estimates of latent heats of vaporization for pure liquids at their normal boiling points (indicated
by subscript n).

H n
 10
RTn

is the absolute temperature of the normal boiling point.

R denotes the gas constant.

is the latent heat

Riedel's equation
 H n 1.092(ln Pc  1.013)

RTn 0.930  Trn

ம݊ is the critical pressure in bars and is the reduced temperature at .

Example 䁗
Estimate of water using Reidel’s equation.

SOLUTION: Pc = .䁗䁗 bar, Tn = .1䁗 K, Trn = .䁗

H n 1.092(ln Pc  1.013)

RTn 0.930  Trn

H n 1.092(ln 220.55  1.013)


(8.314)(372.15) 0.930  0.557

= 4 , 香䁗 J/mol = 4 J/g

This corresponds to 4 J/g the steam-table value of 䁗 J/g is lower by .4 percent.

Watson's equation

It is widely used to estimate the latent heat of vaporization of a pure liquid at any temperature from the
known values.

b. a
r i r
=
i i i

Example 香
Given that the latent heat of vaporization of water at 1 °C is , 䁗 J/g, estimate the larent heat at
using Watson’s equation.

GIVEN:
1
1 = 1 = , 䁗

1 = .1䁗 䁋 –䁋݅ ݅ . =䁗 .1䁗 ݊ = 香4 .1

Tr1 = .1䁗/香4 .1 = .䁗 , Tr = 䁗 .1䁗/香4 .1 = . 香

b. a
r i r
=
i i i
 0.38
 1  0.887 
H 2  (2257 ) 
 1  0.577 

Final Answer: ΔH = 1 1 J/g

PROBLEM 4: Estimate of (a) ethanol, (b) acetic acid using Trouton’s and Reidel’s equation.

Prepared by:
Engr. Reggie A. Dueňas
Instructor I