Human Reproduction Fetal Circulation

and
LECTURE 13 Afterbirth Modifications
AIR- 1 (AIIMS)
AIR - 1 (AIPMT)
AIR - 1 (DPMT)

Dr. Sachin Kapur

M.Phil, Phd.

20+ years Teaching Experience

4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored

#NEETLiveDaily
tinyurl.com/neetmobile
SACHINLIVE Apply

27,000
32,400
Human Reproduction Fetal Circulation
and
LECTURE 13 Afterbirth Modifications
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ Circulatory system of a fetus is called fetal circulation.

➔ It exists only in fetus and contains special structures that
allow the developing fetus to exchange materials with its
mother.
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ It differs from the postnatal (after birth) circulation because

the lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal organs do not begin to
function until birth.
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ Exchange of materials between fetal and maternal circulations occurs through the
placenta.
➔ It forms inside mother’s uterus and attaches to umbilicus (navel) of the fetus by
umbilical cord.
➔ Umbilical cord contains blood vessels that branch into capillaries in placenta.
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ Blood passes from the fetus to the placenta via two umbilical arteries.
➔ These are branches of internal iliac (hypogastric) arteries.
Human Reproduction
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ At placenta, fetal blood picks up O2 and nutrients and eliminates

CO2 and wastes.
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ Oxygenated blood returns from placenta via a single umbilical vein.

➔ This vein ascends to the liver of the fetus, where it divides into two
branches.
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ Some blood flows through the branch that joins the hepatic portal vein
and enters the liver.
➔ Most of the blood flows into second branch, the ductus venosus, which
drains into the inferior vena cava.
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ Deoxygenated blood returning from lower body regions of the fetus mingles
with oxygenated blood from the ductus venosus in the inferior vena cava.
➔ This mixed blood then enters the right atrium.
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ Deoxygenated blood returning from

upper body regions of the fetus enters
the superior vena cava and also passes
into the right atrium.
Human Reproduction

Foramen Ovale

➔ Most of the fetal blood does not pass from the right ventricle
to the lungs, because an opening called the foramen ovale
exists in the interatrial septum.
Human Reproduction

Foramen Ovale

➔ Most of the blood that enters the right atrium passes through
the foramen ovale into the left atrium and joins the systemic
circulation.
Human Reproduction

Fetal Circulation

➔ The blood that does pass into the right ventricle is pumped into the pulmonary
trunk, but little of this blood reaches the non-functioning fetal lungs.
➔ Instead, most is sent through the ductus arteriosus, a vessel that connects the
pulmonary trunk with the aorta.
Human Reproduction

Adjustments of Infant at Birth

➔ At birth, a physiologically mature baby becomes much more self-supporting, and the
newborn’s body systems must make various adjustments.
➔ The most dramatic changes occur in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
Human Reproduction

Adjustments of Infant at Birth

➔ When umbilical cord is tied off, blood no longer flows through the
umbilical arteries.
➔ These fill with connective tissue, and distal portions of umbilical arteries
become fibrous cords called the medial umbilical ligaments.
Human Reproduction

Adjustments of Infant at Birth

➔ Although the arteries are closed functionally only a few minutes after
birth, complete obliteration of the lumen may take 2 to 3 months.
Human Reproduction

Adjustments of Infant at Birth

➔ Umbilical vein collapses but remains as the ligamentum teres (round

ligament), a structure that attaches the umbilicus to the liver.
➔ The ductus venosus collapses but remains as the ligamentum venosum, a
fibrous cord on the inferior surface of the liver.
➔ The placenta is expelled as the “afterbirth.”
Human Reproduction

Adjustments of Infant at Birth

➔ Foramen ovale normally closes shortly after birth to become the fossa ovalis.
➔ It is represented as a depression in the interatrial septum.
Human Reproduction

Adjustments of Infant at Birth

➔ When an infant takes its first breath, the lungs expand and blood flow to the lungs
increases.
➔ Blood returning from the lungs to the heart increases pressure in the left atrium.
Human Reproduction

Adjustments of Infant at Birth

➔ This closes the foramen ovale by pushing the valve (primum septum) that guards
it against the interatrial septum.
➔ Permanent closure occurs in about a year.
Human Reproduction

Adjustments of Infant at Birth

➔ The ductus arteriosus closes by vasoconstriction almost immediately after birth

and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.
➔ Complete anatomical obliteration of the lumen takes 1 to 3 months.
Human Reproduction
Human Reproduction

Respiratory Adjustments

➔ The fetus depends entirely on the mother for

obtaining oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.
➔ Fetal lungs are either collapsed or partially filled
with amniotic fluid.
Human Reproduction

Respiratory Adjustments

➔ Production of surfactant begins by end of sixth month of development.

➔ Respiratory system is fairly developed at least 2 months before birth.
➔ Premature babies delivered at 7 months are able to breathe and cry.
Human Reproduction

Respiratory Adjustments

➔ After delivery baby’s supply of oxygen from mother ceases, and any amniotic fluid in
the fetal lungs is absorbed.
➔ Carbon dioxide is no longer being removed so it builds up in the blood.
Human Reproduction

Respiratory Adjustments

➔ A rising CO2 level stimulates the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata.
➔ It causes respiratory muscles to contract, and the baby to draw his or her first breath.
Human Reproduction

Respiratory Adjustments

➔ The first inspiration is unusually deep, as the lungs contain no air, the baby also
exhales vigorously and naturally cries.
➔ A full-term baby may breathe 45 times a minute for the first 2 weeks after birth.
➔ Breathing rate gradually declines until it approaches a normal rate of 12 breaths per
minute.
Human Reproduction

Cardiovascular Adjustments

➔ After the baby’s first inspiration, the cardiovascular system must make several
adjustments.
➔ Closure of the foramen ovale between the atria of the fetal heart, which occurs at the
moment of birth, diverts deoxygenated blood to the lungs for the first time.
Human Reproduction

Cardiovascular Adjustments

➔ The foramen ovale is closed by two flaps of septal heart tissue that fold together and
permanently fuse.
➔ The remnant of the foramen ovale is the fossa ovalis.
➔ Once the lungs begin to function, the ductus arteriosus shuts off due to contractions
of smooth muscle in its wall, and it becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.
Human Reproduction

Cardiovascular Adjustments

➔ Ductus arteriosus generally does not close completely until about 3 months after
birth.
➔ Prolonged incomplete closure results in a condition called patent ductus arteriosus.
Human Reproduction

Cardiovascular Adjustments

➔ After the umbilical cord is tied off and severed, they fill with connective tissue, and
their distal portions become the medial umbilical ligaments.
➔ The umbilical vein then becomes the ligamentum teres (round ligament) of liver.
Human Reproduction

Cardiovascular Adjustments

➔ When the umbilical cord is severed, the ductus venosus collapses, and venous blood
from the viscera of the fetus flows into the hepatic portal vein to the liver and then via
the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava.
➔ The remnant of the ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum.
Human Reproduction

Cardiovascular Adjustments

➔ At birth, an infant’s pulse may range from 120 to 160 beats per minute and may go as
high as 180 upon excitation.
➔ After birth, oxygen use increases, which stimulates an increase in the rate of red blood
cell and hemoglobin production.
Human Reproduction

Cardiovascular Adjustments

➔ White blood cell count at birth is very high—sometimes as much as 45,000 cells per
microliter.
➔ This count decreases rapidly by the seventh day.
 Telegram APP

tinyurl.com/unacademychat
tinyurl.com/neetmobile
Unacademy Subscription
LIVE Classes
Interact with Educator
Live polls & Leaderboard
Test Series & Analysis
LIVE Doubt Clearing Sessions
India’s BEST Educators Unacademy Subscription
SCHEDULE OF LECTURES

CLASS XII SYLLABUS CLASS XI SYLLABUS

Monday, Wednesday, Friday Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday

5 - 6 pm : Biology- Dr. Sachin Kapur

6:15 - 7:15 pm : Physics- Mahendra Singh
7:30 - 8:30 pm : Chemistry- Anoop Vashishtha
Step 1 Step 2

INSTALL
Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
Step 6 Step 7

SACHINLIVE Apply

27,000
32,400
Let’s Crack it!

School at Unacademy
#NEETLiveDaily
SACHINLIVE
MSLIVE