{isTM*T IOi{ 0F $SlcB&ryillmry A$f,$ V&$,xg]&tIs]I

,Jn? liI{YS{CAi-i Atrm UUFTERIffA{, MOBE[,$

&r $HIp *sYs'eliM* &ffiI&l/I$I3R.

{.}r . finE " lmnct$sr friovac: H.SUANIA

$iIf${Ar.Y

Tlie rnoc{errmirinq <pt the fLux of ship'$ researehimE - designinE - bui}"dj.ng acld
the n*cessrt,y o{ reuluction i.n the early stages of des!.En and optirnizj,nq
expem"ses
require the ut"i.lj"aation on a J"arqJe sca3.e of ttre semparters nhich, implieit.L]'o Gperate
with nnmeri-caJ. mo<ieLs of the behaviomr ot the ship "system".The preei.sion of the
ner;del.tlrq t:t Ltto *omplex hydrr:dyuarnic phenorneua, i"nvci"ved iu th* behaviour of the
sitlp, consi.l{ereqt as a $vstern, defines i.n fireaL analysi.s the eonnectness in the
tk:sdEmi"ree o"t tlee shi.p "syste&* a&d its optimiaation deqree.
In the sattle way, tlae irnpeissibilitv of model.linq aumerically certain extremely
i:r:n;p!,tlx .[]Tdre{i}Tt;3mir*1 pluer*omema mai.mLaj.ms imtCI up-to-dat*, j.& a EreaF- e.ritent, t}re
ttliJ rsati$n of the piilysical model"s, wtrlose results atre used di.rect.Ly, in ttre
ri+:srrtrj.nci'proeess and imdirec'Llv, for the eheckj.ng and vatidati_on of the nuEnericaL
ic.&'.l!, } mode,ts, corresponclin$ to them.
The Presemt paper offers a Eeneral aud compl.ete seheme of, the cheeki.mg-
';a"!.i*at.iom. prsflsss o{ the physica}. aa$ numericaS, *iodel-s, appl"led in the shi-p
rese;rrcjlim{i a$"d des$.Emtlro irl ICEP&ON&V S.A" anttpwnataates the mcst importamt stages
wfuj"ryfir, under praet,iaa.L e$pact, permit the est,imat.j.on of umeertaiat,y and the
cimarntiticatierm of ttree srror mar-$in, affecting the normal" process of ship desj"Eninq"
There are pi:es*ntett ths fisncreLe conrparative ana3"yses of the result.s neqarding
{i$e ;rmei tta* salila ship "system", these nesu}ts betnq ohtai"med by meams of two
tl:t"ft*rent nurneri"eaL rnodeS.s, by model test$ {physica}. mode}} aud by sea triaLs oa the
netr"L ship.

i." ifypms $.[ mex"ei"mo used i-m mava]- &vdrmdyaarni.es am.d specifi* s&mrees of ernor
ftae process ot a$smmes th* represe*t.at:l"on
teg:hntcal areatj.on varj.ou$ weys j.n
slt $biectlv* reaLitv vhich oovill exj-st" as a physieaS. produet, at real sr:a].e.
l"fue
Ac*ondi.ng to [Xl and [?] , the f irst aad the mort iarportaylt simulati.on LeveL
is tfle "cone€Xltua3. model", defi.ned as the nnestal representat,iou of the physical
realitY, hased on tfie exi.st.ing knovledqe and clbservati.ens at tire rea3. saatre (figure
rai -

&'"s iiL [h* r.taval d*rrlaire it is nelt al-ways easy to observe the neanity, are
equ;lil"y used the n'sca-18 ph],s:.sal mod&Ls" and the "aumetricatr models", hotfi as
si.*lp-li..ti.*at,i*ns ot ttrhe reali.tv, umderLi_ni.$ry " certaim properties of the rea} or
neql"ei:t,in$ o'i:frers, trnetrovarat for ttle pr.oblecil under consideratien.
I[fie s#a {e $hv.si"ca]. modeS.s perrnit the di"rect observati.on of tbe phenemema the
s!:.ip *'rvsteil]" is suhrnit,ted"to" haviuq a repli.eative or deseri.pti.ve eharacter, whi.le
Ltne nmmer:ilaal relei,i$el.s perm"tt, Lhe es{imatiom o{ the syste*ltos e$oLution im time.domain,
ltavinq a pnedictive cha::aryLer.
8esi.eles ptlr* ph.oysieal and numerj"eal models are also used hybrj.d modets, i.e.
nm.meri.cal" ruodels, based on rnathematieal descript,i"on of the physi.eaL phenomsrra, in
whieh are i.nt,r*duced experimentally measured data (as coefficients of equatio*s).
ilonsequ*m,t,ly, i.t inslde eaeh type of model is raiscd the problern of cliecki.nE
ttre pr'eclsaon {r:.t nroitr*.i-lialE} and uncertai.ntv anaLysis, betweeu the types o{ nrorl*}s
c:f t-he same clegr*e, aJ"t beinq submi"tted to the abjestive reaLity, is raised the
$r*b{em of, "parttal. validatisa"" whi}e rel"ated to this reality is raised ttre prmb}.enr
of "g-Lof;a.[ va.l-idationoo.These procedrares of parti.atr- and stroba.l" rra]idati n offer
finally the level. of relianee on one or another model define the practieal. value
of these morlels, making precise the applicability and limits and their confidence
rntervals.
The obiective -
physicat neatity- Futt

Con ceptual

Numerical Partiat validation

Physi ca I
model scate m odel
\
-_..j- -;;* - --,r..
! modet I

FI6URE 1a Different kinds of modets and stages of

their validation

rn thi's eontext the obieetive of the uneertainty analysis for the

experimental data and for the numerieal results is to buttd atrboth interval of
uncertaintv inside vhich mrst exist the "true value., (by definition unknovn), rith
a eertain eonfidence level (usually g5t).Can be distingulshed tr*o categories of
errors: errors of preeision (aleatory or repeatable) and systematie (or fixed)
errors ; the analysis of, uneertainty for each physical or numerieal modelled proeess
implyinq the detailed analysis of all source"-oi error, the estimation of error for
eaeh of then and obtaining of the grobal uncertainty intervals.
the buitdinq of the resultinq intervals of uncertaiuty coarplies
staqes, proeeduren and calculation rethods, ninutely presentea in tJl anavith the
tnl.
As in the present paper re are interestea in ltre aspeet of the behaviour
the rhip "systen" as a rigid solid in irregular waves, tiist of all fron the of
of viev of the motiors, in the fig.lb is presented the general seheme, consideredBoi.nt
complete bY the authors, tor checking-emparison-validation in the nunerieal
(C.f.D. ) and experimental hydrodynanics
Aceording to this general flor diagran, the sources of error, specific for
each type of model, are the following :
a) 3o; t[9- go_lgs].!-qauslx]-clllrolmjgl : fundamontal errors, introdueed
by the neqlected physical effeets and imposed bymodelling the
sinultaneous mental representation of all the phenome[a, developing in ani of the
impossibility
!rit] the
ship "system".The systemic complexity of the ship irposes to ioeus the attention
both on obrerving the unity and structural eonpatiiilily (designaling ttre so_eifiea
main bloclrs of the systen, linked by nain generalized iiput/ooiput eoordinates)
on the sub-systens, rhieh must be espeeially studiea and vithout rhieh and the
eoneeptual representation looses its sense.
b) fp-r*lbe,sqsarrcal*lQ.E.DJ nqdel :
- errors of representation {}f the co[eeptual model by a continuous mathematical
model i
 FU LL SCAL E REALITY
( REAt S HIP )

ERRORS OF CONIEPTUAL MODEL

ERRORS OF PHYSICAL AND
(NE6LECTED PHISITAL EFECTS)
6EOMETRICAL MODEL

STR U CTURAL PHYSICAL STALE

CONCEPTUAL MODEL
MODE L

REPRESE NTATION
P
ERRO RS TESTIN6 ERRORS
A A
R (MEASUREMENT
L
T
I I

A MODEL IESIS D
P
L
A A
R I
DISCRETIZATION T I
ANALYTICAL I
A
SOLUTION L 0
E RRORS A POST-PROCESSING
L
I N
D ERRORS
DISCRETIZED
MATHEMATITAL MODEL vl V
A
T TEST RESULT S
EI A I

RI 0
rl L
I N

PRO6 RAMMIN6
FI D
A DATA ANALYSIS STALE
E RRORS T

COMPUIER CODE
iltl 0
N
I
I
E RROR S

FINAL
TF

EXPERIMENTAL
ECTS

0i RESU LTS
Ni 0
C

M
P
NUMERI CAL
INACCURACIES ) R
I
FULL SCALE TRIALS
S
0 MEASUREMENT ERRORS DATA ANALYSIS
COMPUTATION N
s ERRORS

ANALYTICAL RESULTS FU LL SCALE FINAL

DATA ANALYSIS OMPARISONS OIHERNUMERICAL RESULTS
RESULTS
E RRORS WITFI:
EX PERIMENI,\L
RESULTS
( BENCHMARKSI
NUMERICAL ( C.F. D. )
RE SU LTS

FIGURE 1b A FLOW DIA6RAM FOR C.F D. AND EXPERIMENTAL

HYDRODYNAMICS VA LIDATION PROCESS
- errors of diseretization, inposed by the replaeement of the continuous model
(impossible or very difficult to solve uith analytieal methods) rith a di.scretized
{numerical} nodel;
errors of prograrwring, rhich appear during the proeess of creation of the
caleulation algorithm and of elaboration of the eomputer codei
- numerical errors. speclfic to the adopted numerieal pethods and to the conputer
used tor the ealculations.
e) r_ep. !-[e phy.sisr} "qg_al-e-,m$s] :
- errors of qeometrical, kine*atic and dynmic rodelling. conbined vith errors of
physical execution ;
- errors of experinentation (instrunental and human) i
- errors of processing/post proeessing of the experinental results i
- errors of tranrposition of the results from the model to the full scale ship
(directly linked rith the errors of nodelling and geaerated by the irpossihility
of sinrultaneous eonpliance rith certain inempatible criteria of sinilitude),
d) f.qr "th"e- fglMe. the 'lreal iLlo" :
- emors of experimentation (irstrunental and hunan) i
- errors of processing/post proeessing of the rerults.
2. tturerical rodelling (C.F.D.).Proeedures of cbactring and partial validatim
Having as a starting poiut paper [5], ve can assert, that the nain c]asses of
theories, usually applied tor the nodelling of the ship's motions are : the strip
theory {in the classical variant Serrlttsna-Beukelnann or noderniaed variant
salvesen, fuek, Faltinsea) and 3-D theory (Zhao & Faltiusen), eaeh of then haviag
its specifie nerits and linits.
ilalinq a profound aaalysis of the uneertainty on the specific of the numerical
hydrodynamics applied in sea*eeping the list of the sources of €rrors can be
completed vith the folloving speeifie categories ;
a ) llruglt*c.e.l"_er&:s
-gqlgmleg_br
3

(for ? D calculations) or the Green functions (for 3 I)

- the sortrce function
calculations);
- problens of eonvergetrce for large aud complex equation systens, assoeiated to the
matrixes of added mass and darping coeffieie[ts i
- irregular frequeacies on eonrputations of these hydrodFramic quantities ;
- the number of "strip" under consideration and the number of polnts, describing
the shape ot each section (2I)) aud respeetively, the arnber and distribution of
the panels. over the hulf (3DI ;
b) Phy-s"_i-c_il gmpr"qr.*gsgsg-e!_A1!- hv :
- the effeets of the linear poteotial floy {the systen of non-statiotrary flaves,
generated by the hull's oseillation, interaction vith the stationary }ocal
potential around the ship, the three-dineasionality of the flor, etc.) i
- the etfects of the non-linear potential flov (the linearlzation of the condition
on the free surfaee, of the eondition on the hull aad the exciting foree
expressions) i
- vlseous effeets i
- the uncertainties in the rodellXng of the rave speetrum, sarpling choice of the
frequency domain of the irregular yaves and unproper rodelling of the vaves
propagation.
The existenee of a such large range of sourees of error inposes, according to
fig.lb, three cateqCIries of actions :
r) ghe"-c}l!.s -a{_ :
- the correetress ot the eontiuuous aad discretizeil rathenatical model trm the
point of vlev of the boundrry and initial condltions ;
- the eoherenee and eoaslstsncy of the eonp[ter code tthe renoval of the progranming
errors and the eorreet pertornance of the eonaectiona betree$ rodulee) i
.. the numerical inprecisions and i.nstabilities.
These checking are perforned ou test data, rhich can be eompared to the exact
analytical results.
lI ) cq"r3Bfl[]-i;q&g--[9- :
- the exaot analytical results ;
- other numerieal results (asyrptotical forrulae) i
- other calculation prograras, based on the sane prenises.
rrr) The cheekiag and conparisons pernit the staiting of partiar validalion in the
numeriealhydrodynanie8,consirtingintheconfrontlngotmtained
results to :
- the behaviour of the coneeptual rodel in case of test data and of exact analytieal
solutions ;
- the experirental rosults, existiag in the benehnarks ;
- the experinental reaults, obtalned by rodel teots
- the re$ults, obtained by neans nf other calculatlou; prograf,s, reeognlzed as [ore
advaneod and more preciae.
An exanple of partial validation of the !ll8$lll progran (sAnBvlL
variant), pernittiag the dsterninl*g of the ship's roiionr hy a variantcomputorof
eode
the strip
theory, based oa the mltipol potentials Tasai-Porter and a eonforral yith
nultiple coefficionte, ie. the eorparlsoa rith the rerults, obtalned bytapping tire nrisstan
speeialists of TNII}{T saukt Fetersburg by using the ealeulatlon progran of the
ship's sotions in operation at CCI{I in Odetsa, this prograr belng basei on the sane
physical and lathematieal prenrises, but perfor*iag tho deseription of the rections
torn and the calculation of the hydrodynartc coofticients of prank close
tit nethod (sources distributed over the rean yetted body ofbya reane cross-;ection). ThIs
progran, essentially identical yith that, elaborated by galveaen and Faltinsen (by
adopting sranh's results) at the level of the year 1985, is currently used in the
naiority of the hydrodynarie laboratsrles aud hportalt elaaslfieation gocieil,eo
(nanoly : 'l{orr(E{s" - Drll$ g.Ir.A., TRrAL' - T.H.D.Holland, * Det fiorslre
Veritas, l{orvay, '}IOnH-A8C,,-!ur€aE Veritas, franee, .glllpll0.'-f"l{v-{lz*
.T.L., Canada} and is
unanimously considered as having the best perfomanees in the eathation of the
seakeepinq charactoristies of the ships for noderate sea condltions.
The results, nutually transnitted betveen rcEplot{AV s.A. and rNrr}lr san[t
Potersburg via RR3 Bucharest by r€aRs of the paper [6tr, are obtained for a contalner
ship of 8000 tdr. having the eharacteristics in the table l, in three regimes of
irregular sav€s, eharaeterized by the epectrun rBBC (tabte i), for three running
speeds (0 ; I I(n aud 16 I(n) and tive relative anglos sbip-rave (0, {So, 90o, 135"
and 1800).
As analysis variable raa used tbe root-rean-square value of the proeess,
eonsidered for a yave height equal to r r {at a eovering of 3t} aad, in irder to
tacilitate the cmparison, the synthesis diagrars, contaiaing tLe evolution of a
certaln parar€ter depending on the relatlve angte 'g, ad tle af,ip'e speed *v.,, have
in their ordiaate a percentage dtvision itron 0t to 100t, the value l00t
corresponding to the biggest abrolute value, ealeulated yith thl tyo program
written above the respectlve diagraa) and all the other values being ixpiessedand as
percGntages of this naxinrn value.This vay of repreeentation
has tro advantages :
a) the ranges of values of eorresponding eurv.s have the same referene€ Eyster,
permitting a direet and easy estiratlon of the retatiye percentage differeneo
between the tvo series of results ;
bl the absolute {dinensional} values for a certaia corbinatioR sea csndition-heading
angle-speed are quietly deterninable calcutating the product betyeen the
percentag€, eorrespoading to the respectlve polnt talren out trm
the maxinum value. rritten above it anil the vaves heiqht (3t) in yhieh tbe diagrar,
navlgates
the ship
?his vaY of, representatlon is also adequate for the irplerentation on the
board computers aeelating the captain to selCct the best shipplng roui" teipert
navigatiou systen), as it shovs very clearly the tendency of tnese eurvos depending
on the heading angle and shlp Bpeed.
For illustration in fig.?a, b, c is represented the evolution of the pitehing
angle'lh"-and-in fig.3a, b, e the evolution of the relative notior
perpendieular (the signless eurves belng the Ronanian results aad tbose, at ihe tore
rarked sith
signs the Russian results).
The analysis of thase diagrams, the qualitative and quantitative co*parison
of the values and the calculatlon of tha systeaatic error pertit ur to foraulate the
tolloring concluslo&f :
a) tor the heading angles of practical interest, respactively B'=lg0c-135" (doninant
head vaves) and p-o"-45o (dominant tolloving yaves) the results are eategorically
in the sane domaias, that reans that the partial nutual valldation of the tno
computer programs can be considored satisfied ;
b) tor the naves trom transverse direction U={5o-135" (especially at 90o} the
differenees are sufficiently large, the f,.onanian eurvei having a nore abrupt
aspect, vith rore larked peaks, rshile the Russian curveg are .,snoother*.
Theae differences ars dre to the tact that rhlle the tomanian eorputer prograir
yorked vith unidirectional ISSC irregular vave*, having the vhole- energi
eoneentrated on their directisn of propegation, the f,ussian cmputer prograr
rorked vith multidireetlonal vaves, having an energy spreading funetion of ttre
type " ;leostf ", that euphaslzed the degree of intercomelation of the
motions in real yayes and led to inportant seeondary responses.
3. liodel testr and tull seale reasure.onts. Bethation of uecertalnty aad global
validation
In aeeordanee vith the general validation sehene in fig.lb and vith the
assertions in the previous ehapter, it results that the globat valiAatlon procedure
ean be perforned only in relation rlth the absolute obiective reatitf, in the
measure in vhieb it is knoyn and observable
The internediate stage of the nodel tests, affected by nany sources of error,
permit in its turn only a partial validation either of the uuneiieat results or of
its orn experimental results in relation to the full scale measurenents.on the other
hand, even the results obtained by full scale experinents are *ffected by errors,
introdueing'a eertain degree of uncertalnty.consequently, the global vitidation
representc tho direct colparison of the tman yalueo, possibly true ln their om
confidence interval, obtalned in different vays as the fereat sourees of error
belong to the full seale experiments, thea€ are consldered referential, being also,
qualltatlvely and quantitativoly, tbe ',nearest'. to the objective reality.
The estimation of uncertainty and the deternination of the confldence
intervals, aecording to the practieal proeedures, presented in detail ia
[{}, reguire the interactive porfomance of the full seale tests ard nodelr[3Iteste
anit
in tLe basin for tro reasons :
a) it must. be knoYl. reallstically and eritieally the F*e _qondfllon, uader r*hich the
full scale tests vere perforned (in fact, this ig-*the mostJn?ortant source of
error of the glolal. validation) and lnplicitly the ship,s behaviour ;
b) this experinente nust be physieally and nunerically rodolled as aceurately aa
possible (strictly observing the reeomendatlons given in paper
the neeessary rua length of the experlmental sampias, rhiel arsures [T], ""gaiaing
a correet,
statistie €rror estination).
for exenplification are used the full scale tests perforred rith the same
container shtp in August 1988 for the determinatlon of the pitetring and rolling.
angles of the ship and for the esthation of the ship,s anti-rolllng syeter
effieieney'The testa uare perforred at the speed of 16 f,n, acaording io a
senioetogonal sehene (u. 0n, 45o, 90", r3so and lg0o), the rlnd state being 4o-5oB
and the sea state 3-4 D.fhe ehip'r load cradition yas the heavy brllast, orie, rith
the eharacteristlcs in the table I and during the test rere situttaneously recorded
the pitching and rolllng angles, the rind speed aad direetion (inplieitfy the
dominant Yavea direction), the ship's speed and directiqr.Iletails rlgarai"-g ih"
performance of these tests are given in the palor
tSl.As the exact values of the sea
raves characteristies rere not available (beeause sf the iaek of specialized buoys
in the place and in the moment of the testa) yas used tLe ship's pitching as a
"loyal" and relatively regular re$potrse value (in a ratbematicai sense), ha-vinq a
pronouneed charactor of linearity related to the yav6c height.For
the deter3lnation
of the real speetrum of Yaves, yere modelled ia the basin exactly the sase
experinental load condi'tions and ras determined the response tunctlon in the
tretluency domai.n tor pitching in regular head raves and applying the seeond relation
l,lrener-ttruci.n. hy means of a Fourier B&( analyzer lras determined the demanded wave
eneounter speetrum, dividing the pitching speetrum measured at the ship (the real
pitehinu) by the square of the pitehinc response function (measured on the model and
considered valid at the ship).?he calculatisas led to a signlficant height of the
sea yavesot 2,834 m and a nodal period ?-6r31e , values used in both calculation
programs, being made at the same time, in the Russian program the spreading factor
equal to *lrr in order to bring the yave speetra to the same unidirectional
expression.
Uader these eonditions, the four series of results nere reBresented in one and
the same sytrthesis diagram (fig.4) in vhich, besides the tvo curves, obtalned
numerically (CFD) ras also represented the absolute experimental eurve, reeorded at
the full scale, respeetively the senl-experinental curve, obtained in the end of the
year l98B by model tests and transposed to the real ship, each of then vith its
confidence interval.
For transverse yaves do not exist experimontal points for pitching, being,
effectively recorded only rolling, rhat means that the disturbing vave Yas a full
developed sea, being more like a unidirectional vave thar like a rnultidireetional
one and produeing very reduced or non-existent seeondary responses.Arryvay, for the
four heading angles for vhich exists the possibility of comparison can be remarked
a good grouping of the mean values, especially in head vaves.The analysis of these
values anil of the confidenee intervals, both ln relative and absolute setrse, led to
the validation table 3, aceording to vhieh the global validation can be considered
as satisfactory, both the tendencies of evolutlon of the caleulated values related
to the measured ones and the existenee domains of the solutions, i.e. the confidence
intervals are in full eoneordanee.

4. Conclusions
a) The complexity of the phenomena and proeesses to rhich the ship "systen' is
exposed in irregular vaves inposes its research by means of different klnds of
models-eonceptual, physical, aumerieal (CfD), between rhich nust be performed
partial and global validation ;
b) Before their perfornanee for eaeh model is neeessary a serious analysis of the
sources of errors, their quantification, the determination of the sensitivity
to errors and the determination of the final eonfidenee intervals, resultinq from
the uncertainty analysis ;
c) The complete general scheme of validation in the nunerical (C.f,D. ) and
experimental hydrodynamics (flg.Ib) clearly lndicates the signiticance of the
"cheeking" and "comparison" ntltions and their connection vith the "partial" and
"global validations" i
d) The numerical and experinental results, obtained for a container ship of 8000tdv,
indicate that the numerical nodels rhich vere used are partlally and globally
validated ln a satisfactory Yay ;
e) The insuffi.clency of the data, obtained at full seale, re$arding the behaviour
of the ship "system" in irregular vaves imposes in the future the focusing
of the attention on the performanee of seakeeping tests as eomplete anil precise
as possible.
5. Ieferenees
lll "Predicting the
G.VAN OORTIIIERSSBN, hydrodynamic performarce in ship design :
tests or computations ?
CFD and CAD in Ship Design. I{ageningen, The Netherlands, 25-26 September 1990,
pp. 233-245
121 I.NOVAC, "Cercetari asupra oscilatiilor generale ale navelor si stabillrea
pararetrilbr sistemelor de anortizare pasive", Teza de doctorat, Galati,
Romanla, 1991, Op.7-22
t3l "Report of the banel on validation procedures", Proceedings of the 19th
 TABLE

DENOMINATION

LENGTH BETWEEN CONF.

PERPENDICULARS PROJ E CT

BREADTH

H EI 6HT

MEASURED
DRAUGTH ( FORE ) 3,852
ON BOARD

DRAU6TH ( AFT ) 6, 318

DRAU6TH (MEDiUM )

BISPLACEM ENT 79 45,4

TORRETTED METACENTRIC
H EI GHT
1,7 66
TRANSVERSE 6YRADIUS IN
ROLL DIRECTION 0,410
LONGITUDINAL 6YRADIUS IN
PITC H
DIRECTIO N 0,253

NATURAL ROLL PERIOO

MEASURED
SHIP SPEED ON BOARD

TABLE 2

ISSC WAVE SPECTRUM

C HARAC TERI STI CS
SYMBOL MU 508 70 B 908

SI6NIFICANT WAVE
HEl6HT
H 1t3 m 2 I 7

M ODAL PERIOD T s lr,4 6,3 8,9

DIMENSIONLESS
MEAN PERIOD Z=TE 1...1,5 1,5.. .2 >2

Y'
DIMENSIONLESS
MEAN WAVE LENGTH - 0,25 0,25 .. .0,5 >0,5
WAVE
SHORT M EDIUM LO NG
DESIRIPTION
 TABLE 3
-------_8ELATIVE sH tP- WAVE
Item 1800 135 0 900 450 0o
DENoMtNATtoNNTtoNS
Pitch measured on board
1
lship triats): \; 3,63o. 3,130 2,97o 3,220

2 Uncertainty interva[ : ! 2 oh
r0,0730 !0,0620 r 0,057 0 r0,0640
Pitch measured in model tests;
3
l? ( transposed ) ger/s' 3,1+2o 3,10 0
3,570

It Uncertainly interval: t 4./" ! 0,1500 !0,1370 t0,1240 r 0,1434

Pith f rom C.F. D. russian

5
resutts, L€ 3,90o 3,620 3,05 o 3,45o

6 Uncentainty interval z! 7 oh !0,2730 I 0,2530 !0,213 !0,21+2o

Pith f rom C.E D. romanian

7 resu Its : rt?e. 3,92" 3,530 2,9 60 3,380

I Uncerlainty interva[ : !Bo/o 0,305 0

0,2820 0,2370 0,27 00

9 Bias ernor, (rLi - \E I 0,120 0,29o 0,230 0, 35o

Re la tive bias e rpop oA
10 ( 4 -:q/[t rtY, 100 .r" 3,2 8,49"/o 7,1+2oh 9,8 o/o

11 Bias error: tli - rUF I 0,27 0

0,49o 0,19 o
0,25 o

Re [a live bias error ;

12 (tI-n€)/rLIx 1oo.h 6,920/" 13,510/o 5,9 oA 6,67 "

13 Bias error: tr{-rtil 0,19 0

0,40 0,09 0
0 ,160

1L
iiElft,7,},',.'i'oi ," 4,g7oA 11,33'h 3,0 4"/o 4,73oA

15 Bias ePror, I l!- ,tlt 0,15 o

0,20 0,0 5o 0,120
Retative bias €tpor:
16
l:n{ -rtl I t rt?, 1oo .h 3,85o4 5,52Vo 1,64oA 3/+8Y"

17 Bias ernop : t r(-rtl, I 0, 070 0,110 o

0,14 0,19
Relative bias error :
18
l\!-:[Ftt:|Gx 100./. 1,g3oh 3,12o/o 4,73"h 5,62o/"

19 Bias error , (ef- nf t 0,09o 0,0 go 0,09o 0,07o

Relative bias err or :
20
ttI-tt?l /rL, x 100 "/. 2,09% 2,55"A 3,04oA 2,07 "/"
 a
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w tkN) /KN)

fr,'a l,*,
--
90 .45 ot80 laf 90 b- 0
'Pl-d&^ees] ="otlaeg'-1fl
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16
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fg. zc' fig. Ec.
-Aclegraas]
 fTTC, vol.l, lladrid, $pain, 16-22 $eptember, 1990, pp.5T?_604
[4] "The Ouarity contror Group',, proeeedings of ttre-loiorril;
Francisco, caritornia, u.s.A., rg-25 septeiber, 1993, pp.zs-iorvol.r, san
t51 o'FAtTrNsEN, T.svENsEN, "rncorporation of seakeeping'theories
cAD ir ship Design, sageninqen, The Nethertanas 25-26
in cAD.,, cFD and
I64 , $eptember r9g0, pp.l4?-
t6I A'I'ttAKsrMAD'Ir' o.A.osrPoV "Calculul earacteristlcilor de navigabilitate
rezistenta strueturala pentru nava portcontainer de fabricatie romaneasca si
conform programului de eereetare tehnico-stiintlfiea intre facut
m{rrHr tunss)
Registrul Naval Roman - ICEPROHAV S.A. (Romania), Leningrad, l9g9 (Catcule si
valuri neregulate), pp .L7-24 in
171 R'D'PIERCE, "Run [.,ength and $tatistieal Error
Estimation for seakeeping Tests
and Trials',, proeeedings of the 23rhA.T.T.c.. Ig93, u.s.A., p;.if_Oe
t81 r'NovAc, "Anallea comparativa a calitatilor ile navigabiritati-ale
porteontainer obtinute prin ineercari pe modele si ta natura (iI", unui
Tehnic RN[, nr.lsl, Iggl, Bucuresti, pp.l-tf Buletin