FACTORS AFFECTING THE FEAR OF WALKING ALONE AMONG

THE STUDENTS OF LSPU, SINILOAN

A Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Criminal Justice Education

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Siniloan, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

MARK D. DE MESA

2023
 Republic of the Philippines
LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Siniloan (Host) Campus
Province of Laguna

LSPU VISION
The Laguna State Polytechnic University shall be the center of sustainable
development transforming lives and communities.

LSPU MISSION
Laguna State Polytechnic University provides quality education through
responsive instruction, distinctive research, and sustainable extension and
production services for improved quality of life towards nation-building.

CORE VALUES

Spirited

Transparent

Upright

Disciplined

Efficient

Noble

Trustworthy

Skillful

ii
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Siniloan, Laguna
College of Criminal Justice Education
VISION

To be globally recognized center of excellence by developing and

empowering students in criminology forensic science, law enforcement

administration industrial security management, and correctional administration.

MISSION
To provide an accessible, quality, and comprehensive education, thus

producing, highly competent and value-laden graduates in the field of Criminal

Justice Education.

OBJECTIVES

1. Developing an academic environment that will be intellectually

challenging and stimulating to both students and faculty.

2. Fostering a commitment to pursuing the activities of education and

public service in a manner that is consistent with the intellectual tradition

of social sciences inquiry.

3. Providing the opportunity for students who are currently criminal

justice professionals to extend their knowledge and skills in their area of

specialization.

4. Introducing students to the research techniques that will enable them

to undertake independent research in their areas of specialization and

effectively with the other professionals.

5. Providing a sound foundation for the pursuit of advanced degrees

and developing professional leadership skills in the understanding of the

relationship between public policy formulation and criminal justice

system behavior.

6. Providing an intellectual environment that values human diversity

encourages independence and extension

iii
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Siniloan (Host) Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Siniloan, Laguna

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “FACTORS AFFECTING THE FEAR OF WALKING

ALONE AMONE THE STUDENTS OF LSPU, SINILOAN” prepared by MARK D. DE
MESA in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology has been
examined and hereby recommended for acceptance and approval.

MARICON C. PABLO
Research Adviser
Approved by the committee on Oral Examinations with the grade of ____ on _____

RIO FATIMA I. MONZON JERICO R. MASUJER

Subject Specialist Technical Editor

MINERVA S. FERNANDEZ PAUL EMMANUEL P. DEL ROSA

Language Critic Statistician

WILFREDO D. DALUGDOG
Chairman
Accepted and approved on partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Criminology

WILFREDO D. DALUGDOG, PhD

Associate Dean, CCJE

Research Contribution No.: ______________ Date: ______________

MA. CECILIA C. GATBONTON MA. GRACIELA C. PRADILLADA, RGC

Chairperson for Research and Development Registrar III

iv
 ACKNOELEDGEMENT

The author would like to express and dedicate this to all those people who were involved

and who supported him during conduct of this study. He would never accomplish this without

them:

The Almighty God, who never seized to his enough time, strength and patience to

accomplish this in a short period of time and for the blessings and faithful encountered that made

this research possible;

To his beloved parents, Melba D. De Mesa and Emiliano L. De Mesa for their respect

and encouragement that made things easier with them on his back.

To his classmate and cousin Aynie A. Marquez and Evelyn Cabrera, for helping him

by lent her laptop to edit this research, for connecting to their internet, and for the foods she

gave.

Ms. Maricon C. Pablo, responsible and understanding adviser, who was always there to

share knowledge and for all the patient, for her unlimited time and constant guidance that helped

the researcher to accomplished this study very well;

Mr. Wilfredo D. Dalugdog, Associate Dean, for his untiring support and guidance to all

the third year Bachelor od Science in Criminology students;

Ms. Rio Fatima L. Monzon, for lending her time, untiring support and invaluable advice

in checking of the thesis;

Mr. Jerico R. Masujer, for helping in doing the research particularly in guiding the

research about the required format;

Ms. Minerva S. Fernandez, English critic for her sincere appreciation for patiently

checking the manuscript;

v
Mr. Paul Emmanuel P. Dela Rosa, Statistician, for giving a lot of assistance and time in the

statistical computation of his data.

To those Student of LSPU, Siniloan Campus, for their cooperation in answering of

questionnaire;

All his friends that never been stabbed his by his back and were always full of joy and

excitement, namely: Romiel Mansueto, Naizzer Puno, Richmond Mendiola, Aleck Castillo,

Teody Lameyra, also to his cousin James Cabrera that help him in data gathering in each

department;

CRIMINOLOGY FAMILY, his classmates who always showed their support, love and

unity that they build.

-M.D.M.

vi
 DEDICATION

The researcher dedicates this research first to the almighty God, for giving him enough

time and strength to accomplish this in a short period of time and for the blessings and faithful

encounter that made this research possible;

To all those people who were involved and who supported him during conduct of this

study. He would never accomplish this without them.

Most of all his loving and supportive parents, Melba and Emiliano De Mesa, for their

never-ending reminders in every stage of this research especially their love and financial that

gave this research a material form.

-Dem

vii
 ABSTRACT

MARK D. DE MESA, Laguna State Polytechnic University Siniloan Campus, Siniloan

Laguna studied “FACTORS AFFECTING THE FEAR OF WALKING ALONE AMONG
THE STUDENTS OF LSPU, SINILOAN”.

Adviser: Ms. Maricon C. Pablo

The descriptive research method was used to determine the Factors Affecting the Fear of

Walking Alone Among the Students of LSPU, Siniloan. This is stratified random sampling

technique was used to identify the 361 respondents in LSPU, Siniloan and the basic statistical

tool including frequency, percentage and ranking was used to interpret and analyzed the

gathering data. Likewise, the chi-square was used to determine the significant relationship

between the demographic profile of students and factors affecting the fear of walking alone

among the students of LSPU, Siniloan.

The study revealed that most of the respondent were 15-25 years old and most of them

were female. In terms of civil status their 98.9 percent of them were single. The study also

revealed that the significant relationship between demographic profile of the respondents and

factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan. The Age has

the ꭓ2 Value of 12.669 (P-Value = .124), which correspond to verbal interpretation of “Not

Significant”. Sex has the ꭓ2 Value of 4.033 (P-Value = .402), which correspond to verbal

interpretation of “Not Significant”

Based on the result of the study, there are factors the reason of students fear when

walking alone. According to the result of the conducted survey the dark places in street corner is

the highest rank. There is defense mechanism to lessen the fear when walking alone as strategies.

The first on the rank is never walk alone at night that need to consider by the students especially

now a days that the crime is prevalent.

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

TITLE PAGE i

VISION, MISSION ii

CCJE VISION, MISSION, AND OBJECTIVES iii

APPROVAL SHEET iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

DEDICATION vii

ABSTRACT viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

The problem and its settings

Theoretical Framework

Statement of the Problem

Scope and Limitation

Definition of terms

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Research Locale

Research Instrument

CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND

INTERPRETATION

CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings

Conclusion
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

Nowadays, many people encounter threats while walking alone at night. Fear has been

analyzed as an essential factor of gender inequality in the access and spatial mobility of women

within urban areas, there is more possibility to be robbed during that time. Because there are

many cases of this scenario in our societies especially when we don’t know who are the people

that surround us. However, the positive outcome of walking alone at night gives you time for

yourself to reduce stress and personal problems. According to Toro and Ochoa (2017), the most

common risks of walking alone at night in risky locations are being robbed, getting into a brawl

on the street, or having a car accident. Hence, the worry about being a victim of a robbery.

According to Rego (2017). Psy.D,.The dread of the dark is most likely evolutionary,

according to the top psychologist at Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of

Medicine in New York City. The anxiety has historical roots since predator attacks on our

cavemen predecessors were more likely to occur at night. Additionally, in the dark you just have

less vision, which makes it harder for you to defend yourself against any potential attackers.

People frequently feel more nervous in circumstances when they stand a greater chance of being

assaulted. Furthermore, Lady Saad (2012) the highest level of public fear about being victimized

when walking alone at night was recorded in 1982.

Americans are less scared to walk alone at night in their neighborhood now than they

were in the past, when crime rates were far higher than they are now, including in 1982 and

1993. The decline in violent crime during the previous ten years, however, has been more

pronounced. While the rate of violent crime has decreased consistently each year and is currently

at a record low, the percentage of people who are scared to walk alone at night has slightly

increased, demonstrating that fear of crime is not always based on truth. Uncertainty exists
around how much the way in which crime is portrayed in the media affects these impressions and

how aware Americans are of the crime rate's decline. Walking alone at night a vast majority of

female students are fearful of walking alone at night.

Many male students are, too, although they may be less likely to admit it. Most schools

offer some form of safety escort services. Students can call or text a number, and a security

officer or trained volunteer will meet up with and accompany them to their car, dorm, or other

destination. It’s a solid concept but difficult to execute at any scale. Some services cut off too

early for the study schedules of student night owls, and wait times for an escort can be lengthy.

Reinharz (2022). Young men and women are feared differently and to varying degrees. Young

women report feeling dread as a sensation of panic in various circumstances, but young males

report feeling uneasy or cautious primarily in problematic areas and war zones.

Compared to young women, young males do not feel uncomfortable under the same

circumstances. European Journal of Women’s Studies (2020) is connected to studies like the one

conducted by Graham et al. (2014) on occurrences of sexual assault and intimidation in pubs and

clubs in Canada show that 90% of these incidents involved male attackers and female victims in

night. Staff seldom intervened, and spectators only got involved in 21% of events, mainly to

support the girls but occasionally to encourage the offender. Girls often replied non-aggressively

by utilizing evasion. Evenson et al. (2012) discovered independent connections between felt

safety and police-recorded crime measures and transit walking and, to a lesser extent, leisure

walking, but not with leisure activity other than walking. When examining only those crimes that

took place outside, the inverse relationship between walking for transportation and the police-

recorded measure of crimes was more pronounced.

Women also had stronger positive associations than men with walking more for

transportation in neighborhoods that could be considered safe from crime based on both

objective and perceived assessments. According to Oppong (2021) in a positive way if you walk
alone, it helps you clear your head, relieve stress, get some fresh air, and get in some exercise.

Walking alone is also an excellent opportunity to be mindful of yourself and your surroundings

without distractions. However, if you fall or suffer a heart attack when walking alone, the

outcome could be even worse if you're unable to call for assistance. Also, being alone may make

you a target for attackers who prey on older adults. According to Harvard Health Publishing

(2016) If you fall or suffer a heart attack when walking alone, the outcome could be even worse

if you're unable to call for assistance. Also, being alone may make you a target for attackers who

prey on older adults.

Base on the data collected from the Siniloan Laguna Police Station, there are numbers of

people in different barangays violated the law of consummated comprehensive dangerous drugs

act of 2002 – RA 9165, consummated less serious physical injuries – RPC Art. 265, and

consummated serious physical injuries RPC Art. 263 from year 2018-2023. In year 2018 sixty-

two (62) person violated the law of consummated comprehensive dangerous drugs act of 2002 –

RA 9165, In 2019 there are one hundred thirty-eight (138) persons, in 2020 there are sixty-six

(66) persons, in 2021 there are fifty-nine (59) persons, in 2022 there are seventy-one (71)

persons, and in 2023 there are fifteen (15) persons violated the RA 9165. In consummated less

serious physical injuries – RPC Art. 265 there is one (1) person violated each year from 2018-

2023, In year 2018 there is one (1) person violated the consummated serious physical injuries

RPC Art. 263. The connection of this data to fear of walking alone is there are many crimes that

happened nowadays that has effect to a person who has walking alone. They experiencing fear

when walking alone because of this crime that they might be the next victim. Further, according

Sir Sardan the police investigator of Siniloan, Laguna this crime data is another factor why the

students are being afraid to walk alone because there are some instances that some strangers are

fighting and raising each other voice and they are afraid to getting involve in those

circumstances.
 The problem that the researcher see is the safety security of the students when walking

alone. According to the investigator of Siniloan Laguna Police Station the students of LSPU,

Siniloan are fear when walking alone because they are afraid that they experience being trip by

stranger and maybe hurt them physical and emotional. In addition, the students of LSPU,

Siniloan are afraid to walk alone because of the drug addict that maybe trip them and what else

to do to them while walking. They are afraid that they might get involve when the drug addict

does something offensive. In this study, it is important to know the effect of fear of walking

alone on the emotional behavior of the respondents and that’s why the researcher want to study

this to determine the cause and effect through their experience.

The researcher chose this study because it is the problem that encountered since then but

not all talks about it. In fact, fear when walking alone is true that many students experience it,

especially when the dismissal of class is 6:30 pm and there is the threat of fear when they are

walking alone. The researcher chose LSPU, Siniloan because many students walk thru their

dorm alone. There are students that walk alone even it is past 6:30 pm outside the campus. The

researcher chose LSPU, Siniloan as because there are dark road and alley that the students walk

thru their dorm. It is disturbing not knowing what will happen when you walk thru that place

especially when evening because no one can see you and the reason of that is the poor lighting

condition.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 describes the conceptual framework of the study to illustrate the Independent

Variable and Dependent Variable Model. The first column which is the Independent Variable

contains Fear of Walking Alone and the second column, which is the Dependent Variable which

contain Factors and Defense Mechanism.

 Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1. Factors affecting the

fear of walking alone
among the students.
Fear of Walking Alone 2. The defense mechanism
to lessen the fear of
walking alone.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The purpose of the study is to determine whether students of LSPU, Siniloan experience

fear when walking alone. Because of this, the researcher is interested in studying the Factors

Affecting the Fear of Walking Alone Among the Students of LSPU, Siniloan.

Theoretical Framework

Routine activities theory by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson

Routine activities theory is based on the idea that offenders make rational choices about

whether to commit a crime. The idea is that crime is the result of people’s everyday behavior, of

the way in which offenders and victims go about their daily lives. Crime is not something

extraordinary that requires a deep psychological analysis. Instead, the theory says that for crime

to occur, three elements must be present, namely (1) a motivated offender, (2) a suitable target,

and (3) the absence of capable guardians. When these three elements come together at the same

time in the same space, crime occurs.

This theory is connected to my study because the reason that motivate the perpetrator to

commit a crime is their intrusive thought that do something violent. When it comes to suitable

target the common victim is the person who walks alone. Example is the person who looks like

less able to defend themselves or a person that carry more valuable items might be the suitable
target. In conclusion, the absence of capable guardian is the factor that a person experiencing

fear while walking alone. Another reason is the lighting condition on way to destination that less

light or broken light that motivate the offender and became suitable target.

Because of less vision it became less able to defended self and it is the opportunity to

commit a crime in dark places.

Statement of the Problems

This study aims to know the factors that affect the students of LSPU, Siniloan in terms of

emotional behavior when walking alone. This research will help identify the best ways to

overcome the fear of walking alone at night.

Specifically, this study will seek answer to the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Department

1.5 Year level

2. What are the factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU,

Siniloan.

3. What are the defense mechanisms to lessen the fear when walking alone among the

students?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents and

factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan?
Hypothesis/ses

Ho1

There is a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the

respondents and factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU,

Siniloan.

Scope and Limitations

The study focused on factors affecting the fear of walking alone, this study aims to know

the cause of fear of going alone. Through this research the respondents and researcher will know

the effect of fear of walking alone to their lifestyle that may affect their emotional behavior. It

also includes their experience/s.

The researcher limits the study to the students of LSPU, Siniloan. In the LSPU, Siniloan,

this research will be conducted through students who walk alone are the respondents chosen

through questionnaires; each respondent will be asked to complete the questionnaire.

Significant of the Study

The following people and groups will find information from this study useful in

overcoming their fear of walking alone at night:

Students - This research will help the students especially when they are walking alone. This will

help students in overcoming the fear they feel when walking alone. This study may be a guide

and reference for undertaking similar studies.

Community - The results of the study will provide the knowledge and awareness to be alert

when walking alone in all places.

Professors - this research will aid them in their discussions regarding related lessons. It will be

easier for them to tackle related topics in this research.

Parents - This study will be beneficial to the parents to be aware of the effect of fear of walking

alone to their emotional behavior.

Future Researchers - They might use the results and findings as reference for their study.

The output of the study would be beneficial to the Readers and Future Researchers for

them to know how to handle the emotion when unexpected situations occur and also will provide

a special technique/practice that will boost their confidence of walking alone, including the

everyday carry which can help them to become prepared at all cost.

Definition of Terms

Alone - indicating that something is confined to the specified subject or recipient.

Emotion - a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or

relationships with others.

Experience - practical contact with and observation of facts or events.

Fear - an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous,

likely to cause pain, or a threat.

Lifestyle - the way in which a person or group lives.

Night - the period of darkness in each twenty-four hours; the time from sunset to sunrise.

Stress - a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very

demanding circumstances.

Threat - a statement of an intention to inflict pain, injury, damage, or other hostile action on

someone in retribution for something done or not done.

Walking - move at a regular pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having

both feet off the ground at once.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Norman (2015) despite the fact that the majority of Americans feel secure

enough to stroll alone at night in their own neighborhoods or anyplace within a mile of their

homes, this perception is by no means widespread. Over the previous seven years, 36% of

Americans on average have admitted to being afraid to walk alone at night. Women, city

residents, and the destitute all experience a roughly 50% increase in fear of walking alone.

However, Oppenheim (2021) stated that women feel far less safe walking home alone at night

than they did three years ago, with almost two-thirds now feeling in danger, new research has

found. discovered some 63 per cent of women who walk by themselves at nighttime “always” or

“often” feel unsafe.

This is an increase of 17 points from the 46 per cent of women who reported feeling this

way in a poll three years ago. Moreover Godfryd (2019) there aren't many things in daily life that

scare more women than going home alone at night. Our fear of the dark and the evil that dwells

there is ingrained in us as soon as we realize what it truly means to be a woman. Violence,

assault, covert crimes, and the threatening force of the unrestrained masculine gaze are all

associated with the word "night." In addition, according to the 10th International Conference on

Digital and Interactive Arts (2022) the virtual reality experience "A Stroll Alone" recreates what

it might be like for a lady to walk alone at night.

The 33-year-old Sarah Everard, who vanished while returning home from her friend's

apartment in South London, served as the inspiration for the idea. It is one thing to talk about this

universal problem and emphasize the precautions women take when walking alone, but it is quite

another to actually go through it. By invoking a variety of sensations in the virtual reality setting,

A Walk Alone emphasizes showing the user's fragility. The experience is based on a linear plot
with a single nighttime city setting, first-person user perspective, ominous sound design, and

more (4) dim street lighting. Furthermore, according to the study of social science (2013) several

serious local antisocial behaviors (drunkenness and burglary) and feelings of personal safety

(feeling safe in the home and walking alone in the local area at night) were consistently

associated, respectively, with less and more frequent walking.

Conversely, perceiving drug dealing or drug use as a serious problem was associated with

walking more frequently. There was a small but significant association between walking

frequency in neighborhoods with higher recorded person crime (but not property crime) rates

when considered in conjunction with other aspects of disorder and crime safety, although not

when additionally controlling for sociodemographic, neighborhood and community aspects.

Furthermore, Reinharz (2022) instead of walking alone at night, students frequently use their

phones as virtual chaperones to converse or video chat with peers. Although conversing while

walking might be distracting and lead to a false sense of security, researchers caution that this

may help people feel safer. Someone looking at their phone may appear to be ignorant of their

surroundings to a criminal, making them a more appealing target. And Ng (2021) is about half of

women don't feel safe walking alone after dark, whether in a busy public place or on a quiet

street near their home, according to new statistics. About 49% of women say they don't feel safe

walking alone in busy public places like boulevards and train stations after dark, according to the

Office for National Statistics (ONS).

A walk alone is a virtual reality simulation about the dangers women face when walking

alone at night. Discussing this universal problem and highlighting the precautions women take

when going alone is one thing, but experiencing it is another. Emphasis is placed on depicting

user vulnerability by using the sense of the experience focuses on a linear story involving (1) a

nighttime city environment, (2) a first-person user, (3) eerie sound design, and (4) dim

streetlights. Al-Zubeidi, Seo, & DeLaney (2021). Although, Steve (2022) stated that a majority
of women, especially students, are experiencing fear when walking alone at night. Male students

are experiencing it too but they do not like to admit it.

Some schools are offering safety escort services to the students to call and text. However,

once students begin life as freshmen, they experience a new reality: the need to get around

campus on foot after dark. Students can call or text a number, and a security officer or trained

volunteer will meet up with and accompany them to their car, dorm, or other destination.

Therefore, Doering (2017) said that fear of walking alone at night can easily upset locals and

create mistrust and division in integrated neighborhoods. Crime rates continued to decline during

the period studied, but fear was and remains a central issue in at least a quarter. The findings

suggest that neighborhoods influence local discourse and evoke different perceptions of walking

alone at night.

Also, Boissoneault (2017) when people become too afraid, they tend to isolate

themselves, which has negative personal consequences and also ripples out into the community.

If the group could combat the scourge of fear, it might bring positive impacts that stretched far

beyond the individual. Because according to Collingridge (2022) nearly half (41%) of all women

in the UK say they regularly take steps to protect themselves from sexual assault. One in five

women never goes out for a walk alone at night. Half of the female population does not feel safe

walking alone at night, even in high-traffic areas.

Constant threats aren't worth the walk home. Abusers are trained to gaslight their victims

in order to make them feel like they are overreacting. Yet, Grattan (2015) stated they come

together to talk about their trauma experience walking alone at night. They set a goal for

awareness on how to protect oneself to another by the use of learning the self-defense technique.

This technique is for prevention from the perpetrator that wants to harm them and get their

purses.
 While, Roberts (2014) Fear of Walking Alone at Night. Researchers and policymakers

alike are becoming more and more concerned about the dread of becoming a victim of crime,

particularly in developed nations like the United States, Britain, and Europe but also gradually in

emerging nations. A wide range of survey questions have been used by researchers over the last

four decades to examine, better understand, and monitor fear of crime. Many of the studies that

have been done with the goal of understanding, monitoring, and evaluating fear of crime have

come to the conclusion that "such fear continues to impinge upon the well-being of a portion of

the population." And according to Psychologs Magazine (2022) nyctophobia is due to irrational

or unrealistic beliefs about the dark, people can develop phobias. Adults, on the other hand,

frequently have sensible justifications. When youngsters get older, this condition might

sometimes change from an irrational notion to reality.

The realistic belief is most prominently manifested in adults' realistic fears of

victimization when exposed to darkness. People may be less likely to take part in spooky events

as a result of this. According to research, women are more afraid of being victimized in the dark

than men are. According to an article in Psi Chi Psychological Research, when people are

startled or perceive threats in the dark, they tend to feel more fear. Moreover, differences

between gender and sexual orientation in reports of nighttime walking fear. The findings show

that women are significantly more likely than men to report such fear, and that sexual minorities

are significantly more likely than heterosexuals to report such fear. Furthermore, our data imply

that these variations in sexual orientation and gender are the result of homosexual men reporting

nighttime terror at a higher rate than heterosexual men.

Accordingly, the study's findings show that while heterosexual women, sexual minority

women, and sexual minority men all report fear equally, they are all more likely than

heterosexual men to report fear at night. As stated by Grollman (2014). And according to Green

(2015) road safety, crime fear, mobility, and stargazing were the main topics of public concern,
however for the majority in intervention areas, reductions went undetected. However, deeper-

seated phobias about darkness, modernity "going backward," and local government were tapped

into by more private concerns. Furthermore, Miller (2017) stated that the estimates, 11% of

Americans have a fear of the dark. This is so because fear derives from a very sensible

foundation.

"Darkness makes it difficult for us to see, which is fundamentally uncomfortable. And

also, Rego (2017) said that it is conceivable that the dread of the dark evolved. The anxiety has

historical roots since predator attacks on our cavemen predecessors were more likely to occur at

night. Additionally, in the dark you just have less vision, which makes it harder for you to defend

yourself against any potential attackers. People frequently experience more unease in

circumstances when they are more at risk of assault. Because according to Environmental

Research and Public Health (2022) the study included 178 female university students overall,

with a mean age of 23.0 years.

Whereas strolling across their campus at night, 78 of the students in one group listened to

prepared music, while the other 100 students did not. Participants were asked to judge their

emotional condition, opinions of their campus's safety, and the music immediately after their

midnight stroll (only for the music-listening group). Significant relationships between the

perceived safety of the campus and psychological states (both anxiety and psychological distress)

were discovered for the non-music-listening group; the associations were not significant for the

music-listening group. In addition, I’m not alone. Many female friends have stated that strange

males become potential assailants when they are alone at night. They scan the dark roadways for

exits and walk away from the shrubs. Bad guys, it turns out, are lurking around every corner for

us to let our guard down. Bates (2015).

Plus, Breslin (2021) stated that women shouldn't walk alone at night, but the males who

assault us are the ones who should be ashamed of themselves, not the women. Stop blaming
women, please. Furthermore, Women cannot stay locked up in their houses out of pure fear;

men's behavior is the only thing that has to change. Women who decide to walk alone at night

only want to get home safely, so we shouldn't have to worry about our own safety. And Badger

(2014) stated that the fear of violence is as profound as violence itself because it shapes and

narrows women's life in so many minor ways: We decide against going to an evening event

because we don't want to walk home alone thereafter.

Between 1973 and 2012, the General Social Survey has asked this question of people

surveyed in their home: “Is there any area right around here – that is, within a mile – where you

would be afraid to walk alone at night?” It is difficult to determine how much of women's

perceptions of safety are due to actual decreases in crime and how much is due to other factors

(such as shifting social norms regarding whether it is appropriate for women to go out alone).

Because according to Jackson, Kuha, & Roberts (2012) the “fear at night” measures have been

subject to substantial criticism over the last quarter century on various accounts. have identified

this area of inquiry as evaluating "formless" concerns that are connected to an ambiguous danger

to personal safety and differentiate it from anxieties, such as referring to general feelings of

unsafety when at home alone at night and asking about “your everyday life”.

And also, this led to further experimentation in Europe and South Africa with measures

that sought to narrowly focus on emotional events that negatively affect well-being by

combining responses to frequency and impact of fear questions. The measures' goal was to

derive more precise estimates of the everyday experience of the fear of crime. However, data

also points to the possibility that the measurements are, in some cases, classifying certain groups

of people as afraid. In the end, it seems that the more recent indicators offer greater gradations in

the public's everyday experience of crime worries in relation to "walking alone at night." As

stated by Jackson, Kuha, & Roberts (2012).

 According to Swigert, Singleton, & Ainlay (2013) the background, personality traits,

social activities, physical health, life satisfaction, past victimization, and criminal fear were the

main topics of the interviews. The assessment of formless dread and fear of particular crimes

employed different questions. These results revealed that roughly 59 percent of the individuals

were afraid to go alone at night in an area within a mile of their house, which is consistent with

earlier GSS findings. When questioned about their fear of certain crimes, older respondents

showed a great deal greater concern about going alone at night. Sources of anxiety about risky

locations appeared to outweigh the possibility of being a victim of crime.

Fear of dangerous areas was linked to four crimes: house burglaries, theft from people,

being threatened with a weapon, and being assaulted by an unknown person. Again, the elements

that made up the index of formless dread suggested that people were more afraid of being hurt

than they were of particular crimes. The presence of several categories of possible offenders,

such as drug users, youths, and members of ethnic minorities, as well as environmental

characteristics, such as poor illumination, traffic, and the unknown, were factors mentioned by

respondents when describing risky locations. 13 references and 5 tables. Plus, according to Rego

(2017) Psy.D, the dread of the dark is most likely evolutionary, according to the top psychologist

at Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. The

anxiety has historical roots since predator attacks on our cavemen predecessors were more likely

to occur at night.

Additionally, in the dark you just have less vision, which makes it harder for you to

defend yourself against any potential attackers. People frequently feel more nervous in

circumstances when they stand a greater chance of being assaulted. While, Levos & Zacchilli

(2015) stated that fear is a rapid reaction that enables a defense against a present danger. Lack of

any visual stimulus raises tension, anxiety, and terror, which can result in a fear of the dark. It's

possible that as adults, the irrational dread of the dark evolves into a more sensible phobia.
 The 31 male and 91 female freshmen from a small private institution participated in the

current study. Participants took an anxiety assessment that was adjusted to evaluate fear of

walking in the dark, scored their level of comfort with photographs shot in both daytime and

nighttime settings, and rated their level of dread of several other things. More than half of all

participants listed their top 5 fears as being in the dark. Since, Smith (2021) a recent YouGov

study reveals that they have probably increased women's concerns for their own safety. In

December of last year, almost three years ago, YouGov questioned Britons how frequently they

felt endangered in a range of circumstances. A new poll reveals that women are more likely than

they were in 2018 to feel dangerous, especially when traveling alone at night.

Nearly two thirds of women who have ever walked alone at night say they "always" or

"often" feel uncomfortable. From 46% who stated the same thing three years ago, this is an

increase of 17 points. Evaw (2021). According to the statistics, which was made public yesterday

(August 24, 2021), one in two women felt scared strolling alone after dark on a calm street close

to their home, compared to one in seven males. Compared to one in five males, one in two

women felt uneasy strolling alone in a busy public area after dark. Compared to two out of five

males, four out of five women felt uneasy strolling by themselves in a park or other public area

after dark.

In the past 12 months, 44% of women aged 16 to 34 reported experiencing catcalls,

whistles, unwelcome sexual comments, or jokes, and 29% reported feeling like they were being

followed. Two out of every three women in this age group experienced some type of harassment.

Persons with disabilities generally felt less secure when walking alone than people without

disabilities. Although, more than half of those polled said they had experienced nighttime verbal

harassment. Nearly 90% of women find it uneasy to travel alone after dark. 60% of respondents

to a study said they had been verbally harassed, and 13% said they had been attacked at night.
 More than one-third of the 2,700 women surveyed who were on their way home believe

they were followed. As stated by Shannonside (2021). And according to Bowman (2015). When

respondents were asked if there was a place within a mile of their houses where they would feel

fearful to stroll at night in 1965 by the Gallup Organization, 34% said that there was, while 66%

disagreed. This year, when they asked the same question again, the results were 37 and 63%,

respectively. For the previous ten years, the replies have remained consistent. The percentage of

people that feel terrified is historically about 39%. Women are more likely to mention this area

as being present.

In the recent study, 45 percent of women and 27 percent of men responded in this way.

Plus, Tu (2020) stated that since COVID-19, one in five young Australian women felt less secure

while out on their own. According to recent data from Plan International Australia, one in five

Australian women between the ages of 18 and 24 felt less secure being alone at night in public

places than they did before the epidemic. In Australia's cities and rural areas, the study's almost

500 young women participants were polled by YouGov. Only 5% of people polled claimed they

felt safer as a result of the epidemic. Up to one in three respondents with a handicap stated they

felt less safe now than they did two years ago.

Women and persons of color under the age of twenty reported feeling uncomfortable 42

percent of the time, primarily as a result of sexual harassment. While over a quarter of

respondents said they felt frightened because of the stories their friends had told them. In

response to a guy assaulting her in a public place earlier this year, one respondent talked about

the continued trauma she is currently experiencing. Another person made a statement on the

psychological toll COVID-19 had on street harassment victims. Therefore, Ekman (2022) stated

that the danger of injury, whether actual or imagined, is the most common cause of fear. This

danger may be to our bodily, emotional, or mental health. Although most of us have some fears
that are specific to us, we can learn to be scared of almost anything. Darkness or a lack of

peripheral vision are frequent fear-inducing factors.

SYNTHESIS

Fear of walking alone at night is a virtual reality simulation about the dangers women

face when walking alone at night. Fear was and still is a major issue in communities that shapes

local discourse and shapes how people see being out alone at night. It's one thing to talk about

this widespread issue and emphasize the safety measures women take while traveling alone. In

addition, people frequently feel more nervous in circumstances when they stand a greater chance

of being assaulted. According to research, women are more afraid of being victimized in the dark

than men are.

Older respondents expressed much more anxiety about walking alone at night when

asked whether they were afraid about particular crimes. Sources of anxiety about risky locations

appeared to outweigh the possibility of being a victim of crime. Crime possibilities: stealing

from persons, being threatened with a weapon, and being assaulted by an unidentified person—

were associated with a fear of dangerous regions. Furthermore, according to an article in Psi Chi

Psychological Research, when people are startled or perceive threats in the dark, they tend to feel

more fear. Additionally, in the dark you just have less vision, which makes it harder for you to

defend yourself against any potential attackers.

People frequently experience more unease in circumstances when they are more at risk of

assault. The majority of women, particularly students, are afraid to go alone at night. Although

they are also affected, male students are hesitant to admit it. Plus, having a background

knowledge about fear of walking alone at night the researcher will gain interest in overcoming

the fear of walking at night. The researcher will also determine the effect of walking alone

among the students of LSPU, Siniloan. The researcher will know how to handle emotion to boost
confidence when unexpected situations occur and also to determine the cause and effect of

walking alone through their experiences.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The aim of this chapter is to present the method used in the study. It contains the

discussion on chapter research design, population and sampling technique, Validity and

Reliability of the Questionnaire, Statistics Treatment and Ethical Considerations used in this

study.

Research Design

This study used the descriptive method of researcher including self-made survey

questionnaires based on the existing related literature and result of the studies. This method is

appropriate to answer the research problem of identifying the respondent’s profile, the defense

mechanisms to lessen the fear when walking alone among the students. All necessary data

regarding the factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan.

According to Siedlecki 2020, the Descriptive method is to describe individuals, events, or

conditions by studying them as they are in nature. The researcher does not manipulate any of the

variables but rather only describes the sample and/or the variables.

Although a descriptive study can explore multiple variables, it is only a design that can

also explore a single variable. Descriptive method is the best to use in this study because it aims

to systematically obtain information to describe a phenomenon or situation such as factors

affecting the fear of walking alone among the students and the defense mechanism to lessen the

fear.
Respondent and Sampling Technique

The researcher will conduct a study in the students of LSPU, Siniloan. The researcher

will conduct according to the person/s who will be the interviewee regarding fear of walking

alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan.

The researcher chose Stratified random sampling because it allows them to collect a

sample population that most accurately reflects the whole population being investigated,

ensuring that each relevant subgroup is represented. The researcher uses Raosoft application to

obtain the total sample size per department and it use to choose the respondents at LSPU,

Siniloan. There were 21 respondents in College of Agriculture, 12 in College of Food, nutrition

and Dietics, 27 in College of Art and Sciences, 55 in CBMA, 48 in CCS, 27 in CCJE, 41 in

COE, 44 in HRM and 104 in CTE total of 361 respondents.

Research Locale

The researcher chose LSPU, Siniloan to conduct a study. It is a good location to conduct

a survey because the researcher will be able to get information from real experience of the

students of LSPU, Siniloan that are needed for the study and the most accessible place. The

researcher chose LSPU, Siniloan because many students walk thru their dorm alone. There are

students that walk alone even it is past 6:30 pm outside the campus. The researcher chose LSPU,

Siniloan as research local because there are dark road and alley that the students walk thru their

dorm. It is disturbing not knowing what will happen when you walk thru that place especially

when evening because no one can see you and the reason of that is the poor lighting condition.

Siniloan is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines and a municipality

that has a land area of 64.51 square kilometers or 24.91 square miles which constitutes 3.35% of

Laguna's total area.

Data Gathering Procedure

The following procedure will be undertaken by gathering data through questioning the

respondents. The researcher will conduct several steps which may lead him in the final

completion of the study. First, the formulated self-made survey questionnaire will be validated

by the thesis adviser. After the approval of the questionnaire, the researcher will personally

disseminate self-made questionnaires to the respondents which is the students of LSPU, Siniloan,

after the filled-up copies of the questionnaire the researcher will collect it. The data gathered will

be treated statistically and interpreted as well as the recommendation.

Research Instrument

To attain the objectives of the study the researcher used Survey Questionnaires to gather

necessary information needed in the research study. The instrument will use the formulated

based on the self - made questionnaire for the person who experiences fear of walking alone at

night. The instrument was used on the presumption that respondents are literate and clearly

motivated and willing to participate. The researcher will use a self-made survey questionnaire in

order to gather data. This study consists of four parts; the first part was the demographic profile

of the respondents. The second part is to know who walks the most at night. The third part is the

cause of fear of walking alone at night. And the last part is the effect of fear of walking alone at

night to the lifestyle of respondents.

The data will be collected to the respondents which is the students of LSPU, Siniloan, to

determine their experience in walking alone at night.

SCALE VERBAL DESCRIPTION

INTERPRETATION

5 Always Fear of walking alone is always experienced

4 Often Fear of walking alone is often experienced

3 Sometimes Fear of walking alone is sometimes experienced

2 Rarely Fear of walking alone is rarely experienced

 1 Never Fear of walking alone is never experienced

SCALE VERBAL DESCRIPTION

INTERPRETATION

5 Strongly Agree The defense mechanism is Strongly Agree

4 Agree The defense mechanism is Agree

3 Neutral The defense mechanism is Neutral

2 Disagree The defense mechanism is Disagree

1 Strongly Disagree The defense mechanism is Strongly Disagree

Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire

The self-made questionnaire will be validated by the research adviser and (5) members of

the faculty and it will be validated by the statistician to check the reliability and validity of

questionnaire through pilot testing in Cronbach’s alpha.

Statistics Treatment

The following statistical procedures were used to attain an in-depth analysis of data:

Frequency count. This determined the number belonging to the group.

Percentage. This was used to determine the magnitude of apportion if a variable to the whole,

following the formula:

Percentage: % = f x 100

Where:

f= the frequency

n= the sample size

Ranking. This was used to determine the category of responses depending on the

magnitude of the variable. This method of ranking consists of assigning numbers (or rank)
according to their value relative to the others in the array. The value is ranked as ‘1’, the next, ‘2’

and so forth.

PROBLEM/ANALYSIS TOOLS

1. What is the demographic profile Frequency, Percentage, and

of the respondents in terms of: Ranking

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Department

1.5 Year level

2. What are the factors affecting the fear Mean score & Ranking

of walking alone among the students of

LSPU, Siniloan.

3. What are the defense mechanisms to Mean score & Ranking

lessen the fear when walking alone

among the students?

4. Is there a significant relationship between Chi-square

the demographic profile of the respondents

and factors affecting the fear of walking alone

among the students of LSPU, Siniloan?

Ethical Considerations

The purpose of this study is to know the effect of fear of walking alone to the emotional

behavior of the respondents in LSPU, Siniloan. Plus, the researchers want to study the fear of

walking alone to determine the cause and effect through their experience. The responses of the

respondents will be kept private and will never be associated. In addition, the protection of the
privacy of research participants will be ensured. Voluntary participation of respondents in the

research will be treated very important. Moreover, they have the right to withdraw from the

study at any part if they want to do so.

 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered in determining

the factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan. It discusses

the demographic profile of the respondents, the defense mechanism to lessen the fear when

walking alone among the students.

Table 1.

1.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Demographic Profile of Students

According to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

15-20 177 49.0

21-25 175 48.5

26-30 9 2.5

Total 361 100

Age. Table 1 shows the frequency and percentage of demographic profile of students

according to age. The age of students are 15-20 years of age has a frequency of 117 or 49.0%.

The data explain that mostly of the respondents that experienced walking alone were teens that is

common nowadays. According to the studies of European Journal (2022), it shows that the range

16 to 22 years of age have fear of walking alone and at specific times – a feeling that is made

worse is specific public spaces. Further, the age of students are 26-30 years of age has a

frequency of 175 or 48.5%. It shows that being adult enough or being familiar with the

surroundings didn’t bother them that much. To include the study of Coble et al., (2019) says that

there are strategies that are being applied of the adults who range 20-50 years old in walking or

doing an activity alone, like avoiding perceived threats, modifying their participation in walking

alone, expanding their knowledge and skills.

Table 2.

1.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Demographic Profile of Police Students

According to Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 130 36.0

Female 231 64.0

Total 361 100

Sex. Table 2 shows the frequency and percentage of demographic profile of students

according to sex. The female has a frequency of 231 or 64 %. The data shows that most of the

female respondent are more afraid to walk alone than male. According to study of Gallup (2022),

females may be more fearful of dangers than males are, or they may be more alert of prospective

threats. It's also possible that women are more inclined than men to admit their fear. Males

frequently exhibit or exhibit overconfidence in their own safety. Moreover, the male has a

frequency of 130 or 36.0%. The data shows that the male is also fear in dark when walking

alone. To include the study of Levos (2015) says that men experience fear when out alone at

night and another man is coming toward them. This may be the result of a number of things,

including prior encounters, societal stereotypes, and worries about one's own safety. It's crucial

to keep in mind that everyone's experiences and sentiments are different, therefore it's unlikely

that all guys will respond in the same way to this circumstance.

Table 3.

1.3 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Demographic Profile of Students

According to Civil Status

Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single 357 98.9

 Married 4 1.1

Total 361 100

Civil Status. Table 3 shows the frequency and percentage of demographic profile of

students according to civil status. The single has the frequency of a 357 or 98.9%. The data

shows that the respondents are most likely single because they are students. According to study

of Einstein (2019), The person who follows the crowd will typically stay inside its boundaries. A

lone walker is likely to come across places that have never been seen before. The data reveal that

some married students are fear of walking alone even they have a partner. In connection to the

study of Condon et al., (2017), stated that students who have been married are more afraid to go

out at night and most likely afraid to go by certain street and also a place with few people

nonetheless do go to out at night alone because not all the times their partner is always beside

them.

Table 4.

1.4 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Demographic Profile of Students

According to Department

Department Frequency Percentage

CCJE 27 7.5

CBAA 55 15.2

COE 41 11.4

CTE 104 28.8

CCS 40 11.1

CAS 27 7.5

CA 21 5.8

CHMT 34 9.4

CFND 12 3.3
 Total 361 100

Department. Table 4 shows the frequency and percentage of demographic profile of

students according to department. The CCJE has the frequency of a 27 or 7.5%; CBAA has a

frequency of 55 or 15.2%; COE has a frequency of 41or 11.4%; CTE has a frequency of 104 or

28.8%; CCS has a frequency of 40 or 11.1%; CAS has a frequency of 27 or 7.5%; CA has a

frequency of 21 or 5.8%; CHMT has a frequency of 34 or 9.4%; and CFND has a frequency of

12 or 3.3%. The table shows that the CTE department were the most and number 1 in the survey

due to the number of populations in their department. According to Pinos (2018), Always keep

an eye out if you're taking a late-night stroll around campus. In order to fully appreciate your

surroundings, try to avoid using headphones. If necessary, carry pepper spray with you.

Additionally, don't be hesitant to speak up because you never know who you might be able to

assist.

Table 5.

1.5 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Demographic Profile of Students

According to Year Level

Year Level Frequency Percentage

1st 101 28.0

2nd 69 19.1

3rd 90 24.9

4th 98 27.1

5th 3 0.8

Total 361 100

Year Level. Table 5 shows the frequency and percentage of demographic profile of

students according to year level. The 1st year has the frequency of 101 or 28%. The data reveal

that the 1st year level was the number 1 in survey because of there schedule of going out after
class is late evening. According to the study of Steve (2022), due of the inadequate lighting,

students must consider how they will get home and whether they have friends to walk with them

because of afraid of walking alone. The 5th year has the frequency of 3 or 0.8%. The data shows

that the undergraduate students have a strategy to lessen the fear of walking alone. In connection

to the study of Starkweather (2017), says that the undergraduate students have strategies that

both women and men do to control their perceptions of safety, such as avoiding particular

circumstances (such being in particular locations or leaving the house after dark), taking safety

precautions, and making confident declarations.

Table 6. Factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan

Statement Weighted Standard Verbal Rank

Mean Deviation Interpretation
1. Feeling unsafe to crowded people 3.60 1.14 Often 7
2. Dark places in street corner 3.85 0.99 Often 1
3. Experienced being trip by stranger when 3.55 1.09 Often 8
walking alone
4. A lot of people hanging out on way to 3.53 1.10 Often 9
dorm/house
5. Less light on highway/or on my way 3.76 1.02 Often 2
6. Thinking negative thoughts while walking 3.71 1.05 Often 4
alone
7. Horrible past experience in walking alone 3.50 1.12 Often 10
8. Hearing gossip or bad story to the area or 3.74 0.97 Often 3
abandoned place
9. Few people pass by 3.65 1.00 Often 5
10. Few people live in the vicinity 3.64 1.08 Often 6
Overall Weighted Mean 3.65 -- Often --
Legend: 5 (4.21-5.00) Always, 4 (3.41-4.20) Often, 3 (2.61-3.40) Sometimes, 2 (1.81-2.60)
Rarely, 1 (1.00-1.80) Never

Table 6 shows that indicator 2, Dark places in street corner obtained the highest rank and

had a weighted mean of 3.85 (SD = 0.99), which correspond to verbal interpretation of Often.

This demonstrates that the LSPU, Siniloan students are more afraid to walk in dark places in

street corner because they feel unsafe when the walking alone through that place. Furthermore,

the study of Miller (2017), stated that fear derives from a very sensible foundation which
darkness make it difficult for us to see, which is fundamentally uncomfortable when walking

alone.

Additionally, statement number 5, Less light on highway/or on my way obtained the

second in the rank and had a weighted mean of 3.76 (SD = 1.02), which correspond to verbal

interpretation of Often. This illustrates that it is difficult to walk alone in less light highway/ or

on my way because it is hard to see the way. Plus, according to study Rego (2017) in the dark

you just have less vision, which makes it harder for you to defend yourself against any potential

attackers. People frequently feel more nervous in circumstances when they stand a greater

chance of being assaulted.

Further, item number 8, Hearing gossip or bad story to the area or abandoned place

obtained third in the rank and had a weighted mean of 3.74 (SD = 0.97), which is interpreted as

Often. This shows that the hearsay from other people give impact and has a result of fear when

walking alone abandoned place or area. Moreover, the study of Doering (2017) stated that fear of

walking alone at night can easily upset locals and create mistrust and division in integrated

neighborhoods. The finding suggests the neighborhoods influence local discourse and evoke

different perceptions of walking alone.

On the other hand, statement number 7, Horrible past experience in walking alone

obtained least in the rank and had a weighted mean of 3.50 (SD = 1.12), which is interpreted as

Often. It explains that they are affected about their horrible past experience in walking alone.

Furthermore, in the study of Rego (2017) stated that anxiety has historical roots since predator

attacks on our caveman predecessors were more likely to occur at night.

In general, majorities of the respondents are often in table 6, which the factors affecting

the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan with the overall weighted mean

of 3.65 with the verbal interpretation of Often. It shows that there are factors affecting the

students to experience fear when walking alone. In connection with this, Oppenheim (2021)
stated in current study that women feel far less safe walking home alone, new research has found

and discovered some 63 percent of women who walk by themselves at nighttime “always” or

“often” feel unsafe.

Table 7. Defense mechanism to lessen the fear when walking alone among the students

Statement Weighted Standard Verbal Rank

Mean Deviation Interpretation
1. Never talk to anyone suspicious when 3.86 1.10 Agree 5
walking alone
2. Look for male guardian to accompany to 3.81 0.96 Agree 6.5
destination
3. Use a phone while listening music 3.75 1.02 Agree 9
4. Remove any valuable things to avoid 3.78 0.98 Agree 8
harm 3.94 1.00 Agree 1.5
5. Never walk alone at night 3.87 1.04 Agree 4
6. Study physical combat 3.81 0.95 Agree 6.5
7. Avoid everything I meet on the way while
walking alone 3.94 0.97 Agree 1.5
8. Not give attention to surroundings while
walking alone 3.92 0.97 Agree 3
9. Walk faster than usual 3.66 1.10 Agree 10
10. Carry a non-violent deterrent such as a
whistle 3.54 1.29 Agree 11
11. Carry a pepper spray
Overall Weighted Mean 3.81 -- Agree --
Legend: 5 (4.21-5.00) Strongly Agree, 4 (3.41-4.20) Agree, 3 (2.61-3.40) Neutral, 2 (1.81-2.60)
Disagree, 1 (1.00-1.80) Strongly Disagree

Table 7 shows the indicator 5, Never walk alone at night obtained one of the highest

ranks and had a weighted mean of 3.94 (SD = 1.00), which correspond to verbal interpretation of

Agree. This demonstrates the one of strategies to lessen the fear when walking alone is to have a

accompany while walking especially nowadays. Moreover, the study of Breslin (2021) stated

that women shouldn’t walk alone at night, but the males who assault female are the ones who

should ashamed of themselves, not the women. Stop blaming women.

Further, statement number 8, Not give attention to surroundings while walking alone also

obtained the highest ranks and had a weighted mean of 3.94 (SD = 0.97), which correspond to

verbal interpretation of Agree. This shows that if you are walking alone you should focus on

your way to not be distracted while walking. Because according to Bates (2015) in his study
many female friends have stated that strange males become potential assailants when they are

alone at night. They scan the dark roadways for exits and walk away from shrubs. Bad guys, it

turns out, are lurking around every corner of us to let our guard down.

Additionally, item number 9, Walk faster than usual obtained the third in the rank and

had a weighted mean of 3.92 (SD = 0.97), which correspond to verbal interpretation of Agree.

This illustrates another strategy that used as defense mechanism of student to lessen the fear

while walking alone. Further, the study of Nunez (2023) stated that the body responds to walk

faster when there is danger by going through the fight-flight-freeze cycle. It happens as a result

of hormonal and physiological changes that enable fast action and self-defense.

On the other hand, statement number 11, Carry a pepper spray obtained the least in the

rank and had a weighted mean of 3.54 (SD = 1.29), which correspond to verbal interpretation of

Agree. This shows that the students used pepper spray to defend themselves to possible threat or

danger. Furthermore, in connection to the study of Strybel & Kumar (2020) stated that pepper

spray is effective self-defense devise and useful in deterring an attacker.

In general, majorities of the respondent are agreed in table 7, which the defense

mechanism to lessen the fear when walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan with the

overall weighted mean of 3.81 with the verbal interpretation of Agree. It shows that there are

strategies to lessen the fear and it used it as self defense to protect them self to possible assault or

threat when walking alone especially at night. In connection with this, Safetyrespectequity

(2023) stated that in current study being prepared is the first step to walking alone safely. This

entails making essential preparations and safety-related measures. Always be aware of your

surroundings and keep your head cocked. This entails being focused and being alert of potential

hazards while avoiding distractions like headphones or your phone. Knowing how to defend and

protect yourself in those tricky situations is equally crucial. Learning the fundamentals of self-

defense might make you feel more prepared and in control while you're out on your own.
 Table 8. The significant relationship between demographic profile of the respondents and

factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan

Variables ST ꭓ2 Value P-Value Decision Interpretation

Age 12.669 .124 Fail to Reject Ho Not Significant

- ChiTest
Sex 4.033 .402 Fail to Reject Ho Not Significant
square
Civil Status 13.017 .011 Reject Ho Significant

Department 103.537 .000 Reject Ho Highly Significant

Year Level 34.558 .005 Reject Ho Significant

Significant – p-value ≤ 0.05

Table 8 shows the significant relationship between demographic profile of the

respondents and factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU,

Siniloan. The Age has the ꭓ2 Value of 12.669 (P-Value = .124), which correspond to verbal

interpretation of “Not Significant” and fail to reject the hypothesis. The age is not significant

since all person experiencing fear when walking alone. In relation to the study of, Gitnux (2023)

stated that feeling unsafe on them alone in a crowded public space after dark or on a quiet street

close to their home. This demonstrates how common it is for women to be afraid of being alone

when out at night and how this anxiety affects their behavior. It also underscores the necessity

for more robust security measures to give women confidence to go out alone at night. Sex has the

ꭓ2 Value of 4.033 (P-Value = .402), which correspond to verbal interpretation of “Not

Significant” and fail to reject the hypothesis. It shows that male and female have experienced

fear when walking alone and by that they built strategies to lessen their fear and to feel they are

safe. Further, according to study of Sarah (2017), says that they employed a variety of tactics to

feel safer, including as remaining home after dark, coming up with plans for self-defense, and

convincing themselves that they had nothing to worry. While an emphasis on tactical responses
revealed areas where the experiences of men and women overlapped, gender inequalities were

also glaring.

Civil Status has the ꭓ2 Value of 13.017 (P-Value = .011), which correspond to verbal

interpretation of “Significant” and reject the hypothesis. It shows that there is significant

relationship to the civil status which conclude that they experience fear when walking alone

because they are single in life. In connection to the study of, Gitnux (2023) says that it proves

that it is risky to go alone at night, especially for women. While being aware of the risks is vital,

it's also crucial to keep in mind that most people who walk alone at night do not encounter any

trouble. Department has the ꭓ2 Value of 103.537 (P-Value = .000), which correspond to verbal

interpretation of “Highly Significant” and reject the hypothesis. It is highly significant

relationship to the department of college students because they are more likely going home late

evening because of the class schedule and they are feeling unsafe to walk alone in dark way on

thru their home. That is why on the study of, ASO Staff Writers (2022) college life is natural to

explore, test limits and shed inhibitions. Fear of walking alone can lead to feeling of depression,

isolation, homesickness and loneliness are quite common in college and according to research

75% of college experience it. Year Level has the ꭓ2 Value of 34.558 (P-Value = .005), which

correspond to “Significant” and reject the hypothesis. The data shows that year level has a

significant relationship because 1st year level mostly walk alone it is because freshmen students

facing new reality and they just tour around to familiarize some places, giving freedom to their

selves not knowing the consequence of it. Furthermore, according to the study of Gaber (2021),

every college freshman is excited, bit nervous and unsure what to expect. Buying anything that is

needed and the warnings ring in the ears of freshmen only half percentage who walk alone in

year level.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter present the summary of findings, the conclusions drawn and the

recommendation given the researcher.

Summary of Findings

The study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the fear of walking alone

among the students of LSPU, Siniloan.

The objective of this study is to determine the demographic profile of the students; to

know the factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan; to

know the defense mechanism to lessen the fear when walking among the students; to know the

significant relationship between the demographic profile of the students and factors affecting the

fear of walking alone; and to determine the recommendation to have strategies to lessen fear

when walking alone.

The data gathering in questionnaire was analyzed, interpret, and evaluated using stratified

random sampling technique. There were 361 persons participants in the study.

The frequency and percentage of students as age, sex, civil status, department, and year

level. The following were the result of factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the

students of LSPU, Siniloan and the defense mechanism to lessen the fear when walking alone.

As to Students demographic profile, the female numbers is greater than male with 231 to female

with the percentage of 64% and 130 for male with the percentage of 36%, most of them are with

the age of 15-25 years old, their status is 88.9 % with the frequency of 357 in Single. As per

department CTE department were the most and number 1 in the survey due to the number of

populations in their department. The factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the

students of LSPU, Siniloan has the overall weighted mean score of 3.65 with the verbal
interpretation as Often. The defense mechanism to lessen the fear when walking alone among the

students has the overall weighted mean score of 3.81 with the verbal interpretation as Agree.

Conclusion

The following are the conditions drawn based on the findings of the study.

1. There are factors the reason of students fear when walking alone. According to the

result of the conducted survey the dark places in street corner is the highest rank, the second

highest rank is less light on highway/ or on my way which is true that it is scary to walk alone if

the road hasn’t enough light that might put yourself in danger. Which is connected to the third

highest rank hearing gossip or bad story to the area or abandoned place that adding fear or

nervous when you walk through that place. Another factor is the least in the rank which horrible

past experience in walking alone.

2. There are defense mechanism to lessen the fear when walking alone as strategies. The

first on the rank is never walk alone at night that need to consider by the students especially now

a days that the crime is prevalent. The second on the rank is not give attention to surroundings

while walking alone because who ever know that the perpetrator waiting for you to let your

guard down. The third on the rank is walk faster than usual to arrive to the destination as early as

possible. The least on the rank is carry a pepper spray because according to studies the pepper

spray is effective as self-defense tool.

3. The Relationship between the Students Demographic Profile in Age has no significant

relationship.

4. The Relationship between the Students Demographic Profile in Sex has no significant

relationship.

5. The Relationship between the Students Demographic Profile in Civil Status has a

significant relation.
 6. The Relationship between the Students Demographic Profile in Department has a

significant relationship.

7. The Relationship between the Students Demographic Profile in in Year Level has a

significant relationship.

Recommendation

1. Students need to walk with confidence and peace of mind by being ready, following

their instinct, understanding self-defense tactics, staying alert all the time when walking alone,

especially at night.

2.The fear of walking alone is true that encountered since then but not all talk about it, in

fact many students experiencing fear when walking alone. Learn the defense mechanism as

strategies to lessen the fear when walking alone.

3. Do not walk alone in evening if there are parents that have, please accompany with

them for the protection and to feel safe.

4. Bring self-defense tool such as pepper spray to protect yourself in danger.

5. Always focus to your way and be attentive when you are walking alone especially in

evening.

6. Learn physical combat and to have skills that can defend yourself.

7. Read this research to have more knowledge about the factors affecting the fear of

walking alone and the defense mechanism to lessen the fear when walking alone.
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APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A
Request Letter for Pilot Testing and Conduct
APPENDIX B
Request letter for Permission
APPENDIX C
Result of Cronbach Alpha
Reliability Test

SET 1 INTERPRETATION SET 2 INTERPRETATION

10 11
12.9624 12.5432
GOOD GOOD
56.2576 58.0096
0.8551566 0.87092098
APPENDIX D
Result of Chi-Square Test
 Variables ST ꭓ2 Value P-Value Decision Interpretation

Age 12.669 .124 Fail to Reject Ho Not Significant

- ChiTest

Sex 4.033 .402 Fail to Reject Ho Not Significant

square

Civil Status 13.017 .011 Reject Ho Significant

Department 103.537 .000 Reject Ho Highly Significant

Year Level 34.558 .005 Reject Ho Significant

 APPENDIX E
Raw Data from Research Conduct
APPENDIX F
Questionnaire
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Siniloan (HOST) Campus
Siniloan, Laguna
Dear Respondent/s,
Greetings of peace and prosperity!
I, Mark D. De Mesa, a third year BS Criminology student at Laguna State Polytechnic
University Siniloan (HOST) Campus, currently conducting a research study entitled “Factors affecting
the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan” as a partial fulfillment for the
completion of this subject.

In this regard, I would like to ask for your cooperation by patiently answering the questions
provided. Rest assured that the data gathered will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours,

MARK D. DE MESA

Student Researcher

_______________________________________________________________________

Part 1: This part aims to determine the demographic profile of the respondent.
Instruction: Kindly put a check mark ( / ) on the part that suits to your answer.

1.1 Age:

___ 15-20 ___ 26-30 ___ 36-40 ___ 21-25 ___ 31-35

1.2 Sex:

Male Female

1.3 Civil Status:

Single Married Widowed

1.4 Department:

CCJE CBAA COE CTE CCS

CAS CA CHMT CFND

1.5 Year level

___ 1st Year ___ 2nd Year ___ 3rd Year ___ 4th Year ___ 5th year

Part II. Factors affecting the fear of walking alone among the students of LSPU, Siniloan.

INSTRUCTION: Kindly read each question carefully. Put a check mark (✓) in the box that

corresponds to your answer. Use the following scale as your guide.

SCALE VERBAL VERBAL

INTERPRETATION DESCRIPTION

5 Always Fear of walking alone is always experienced

4 Often Fear of walking alone is often experienced

3 Sometimes Fear of walking alone is sometimes experienced

2 Rarely Fear of walking alone is rarely experienced

1 Never Fear of walking alone is never experienced

As a student, I fear of walking alone because of… 5 4 3 2 1

1. Feeling unsafe to crowded people

2. Dark places in street corner

3. Experienced being trip by stranger when walking alone

4. A lot of people hanging out on way to dorm/house

5. Less light on highway/or on my way

6. Thinking negative thoughts while walking alone

7. Horrible past experience in walking alone

8. Hearing gossip or bad story to the area or abandoned place

9. Few people pass by

10. Few people live in the vicinity

Part III. Defense mechanisms to lessen the fear when walking alone among the students?
INSTRUCTION: Kindly read each question carefully. Put a check mark (✓) in the box that

corresponds to your answer. Use the following scale as your guide.

SCALE VERBAL VERBAL

INTERPRETATION DESCRIPTION

5 Strongly Agree The defense mechanism is Strongly Agree

4 Agree The defense mechanism is Agree

3 Neutral The defense mechanism is Neutral

2 Disagree The defense mechanism is Disagree

1 Strongly Disagree The defense mechanism is Strongly Disagree

As a student, the defense mechanism I do to 5 4 3 2 1

lessen the fear of walking alone is because I…

1. Never talk to anyone suspicious when walking alone

2. Look for male guardian to accompany to destination

3. Use a phone while listening music

4. Remove any valuable things to avoid harm

5. Never walk alone at night

6. Study physical combat

7. Avoid everything I meet on the way while walking alone

8. Not give attention to surroundings while walking alone

9. Walk faster than usual

10. Carry a non-violent deterrent such as a whistle

11. Carry a pepper spray

APPENDIX G
Certificate of Content Validation
APPENDIX H
CURRICULUM VITAE
 CURRICULUM VITAE

MARK D. DE MESA
Brgy. Pacabit, Catanauan, Quezon
09517417981
mark.demesa@lspu.edu.ph
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : August 16, 2002
Place of Birth : Calamba, Laguna
Age : 20
Gender : Male
Height : 5’7”
Weight : 69 kgs
Name of Parents : Melba D. De Mesa
Emiliano L. De Mesa
Name of Siblings : Mae D. De Mesa
Dary Mae D. De Mesa
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BSCrim)

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Siniloan, Campus
2020-Present

Secondary : Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) Academic Track
Lucena, Quezon
2019-2020 / Senior High School

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Inc.

Catanauan, Quezon
2014-2018 / Junior High School

Elementary : Catanauan Central School

Catanauan, Quezon
2008-2013