A TEXT BOOK OF GEOLOGY (With Special Reference to India) » GIRJA BHUSHAN MAHAPATRA. ‘MSc, Former Geologist (0) 9 CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS NEW DELHI » BANGALORE + PUNE (INDIA)|SON:#1-29800139 Pst Eto: 1987 Rep 1989| ‘i Rep: 1957| Rept: 1999 Rept 2009 epi: 2002| Rept 008 epi 206 Reyint:200) esac 208 ‘Al gs sre No pt of his book maybe eproced or ns tied in any form of by any means, eecttonle or mechan Incleding photocepying. receding or ay infomation soge and ‘evil stem wnat perio, in wing om he sor an ble Pb by "554 1 Day Gar, New Da - 11002 nda) ‘Asin Pinto gph, Stab, Deh-32 (si) Dediated to: he Swot Memory of my Peon atr— {at et BC Map, ho arose of Perel pation to me,PREFACE imac objective in prepriag tis book “A Ter-Book of soar beta topcase mar SAS ay tat aden wil not ony fad wfl fom the extmszation poet of ‘iow, but il abo beable to apprehend Tally the ase rips of ‘Gosia. rn rin ue i of mere gases of Toda UniverienBesden,caraest ert have, ales Beceem sauce te soci eutaaycr sain sionals Shaanti ‘aioe Pie Serce on Comal Temrcesen et e tin ieceeeeeesewerutens Seaiee ery meas ‘TST AHP Gogh avout ose eis snd the Bok en Eocene anagem ener with oped the tons a era ay a ose 2 proved venon of the Soot inte anaequs! ct ‘The whole credit for writing this book goes tomy futher howe nso and eacouragements were oly rips fr my ‘inate topper ia the Uaverniy amy Be. Etame ame mach ankfal 4 sami, of my fete, move {Sioor"s mane at Sh. G. Pangahi fu S.C" Seal 258 5h: Ssh Baoan bed spstal mention hte in this coats ‘Lam thank oth ‘CBS Paiste’ for making best flrs 12 ‘rag tis ook Ina prsetabe for AUTHOR‘conTeNTs: Ciater 1 1s 16 ” 1 BEB PARTI PHYSICAL GEOLOGY ‘Origin ofthe Fath ‘Ageof the Earth Strata ofthe Eat ‘Atmosphere HySropbers, Lihowpere and thei Constituents Process of Westherog CGeologel Agets Bartgeakcs Geseacties and Mounisns Isowasy Continent: Dait Sea-Fior Speeding Plate Tectonics PART I GeomoxPHOLocy ‘Batic Conepts of Gcomopholoy and Typical ‘Geomorpie Fears Produced Dee to—Wind ‘Aston ‘Lastorms Made ty Clases ‘Lanormt Made by the Action of Underground Waer Lakes 9. important Fetus Relating to Onns and Sst PART H ‘STRUCTURAL AND FIELD GEOLOGY Dip and Stren Clinometer Compass and i wet Folge Felt » a seeeessR BEB eeeee RERSSSESREEES SESRSRR o Joints ‘Usconformitie Determination of he Order of Sepepoiion in fhe Feld ‘Misclencou Stature PART (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Hleneas of Cryst Forms end Syametty Laws of Costalogrnby (Gps Systems end Claes (Cysal Habits and Toinning Mirerslony Simple Polring mlcronope hye Properties of Minera ‘Opti Properties of Minera Stuy of Common Rock Forming Minerals Slate Strctre Otrine Prroreos Amptiobols Feléspars, uae Mica CCoites, ‘Garnte carbonates PARTY PermoLocy Pezlog ltotucory Concept) Maga (ts Compoution and Coestiutis) Bowen's Reaction Pode iteration Asimiation ‘Caniestion of gneom Rocka ‘Common Igneous Rocks of dia ny NTE «o 52, rigs of Sedimentary Rocks : 4%, Canicaton of Sedimentary Rocks : ‘S Serctares of Sedinestary Rocks ‘$5 Residol Depts 56, Tent of Setimentary Rocks a 57. Mineral Character of Cac Sedimentary Rocks - ‘8, Sand Stee 59, Sizoas Deposits : Mesmerpaa 61, Metamorbie Sractre : 2. Metamorphic Tture ; ©. ramganbo Carats ot Meanerptic PART VE ECONOMIC GEOLOGY important Termiaooga a Bonomi Oeolony Cuties of Procter of Formation of Ore Deposits ae PART VIE 23 ais a8 B 2 Be ws (ORIGIN, MODE OF OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION (da nda) AND ECONOMIC USES 9 21 264 2 ey m m6 2 22 25aa it PART Vit 90, Pinion of Stetgapty 81 Chronloieal Sbdiviioos 13, Precambrian Groep 34, Paluonoie Group 85. Meomie Group, 6. Gondwana Groep 7. Trias System 88. Deccan Tape 3. Terry Groop 90. Tertiary of Assam 91, Palco PALAEONTOLOGY 310 is 39 =m a Po Fe 4 2 sitzoGRAPHY 1 nf a “OSE wa at ie He et oa a. tn Wy tem ee a to 0 nea ong Ya cn a Pig eeeaasne vas age nnd ce ante Tincey ince iitti ‘enous ond Metamorph Ploy. ‘SFL Turner and. Verhoogea, McGaw Hi Toeous Rocks and Mineral ‘EE, Wablnrom, John Wiley and Som, Bolton of he enous Rocks. ‘TNL Boweo,Prinstn Usivesy res Princes of Parole. ON. Ty, Metin nnd Co, Lad. Peery. Wiles, FJ, Tarner and CM. Gilbert, Freeman Co. Basie Concept of Phat Geology. ‘TELM. Sracer, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Bloment of Sct! Gesoy. ES. Hi, Mobs Stacia Gols. Marin Pls, Prete Ha ld Methods =P, Lake, John Wiey and Sons,l- 6 n, 1% ro BES Ree RR a om ‘Stace Gsleny, LV, de, Stet, Meraw Hi, eonamie Monel Depts AM, Bateman Joba Wily and Sons, Ming sey. HE, Mein, Pete Hal Mina Depot W. Linden Gels of Mn Depot. “OY Simi, Me-Grow Hl MIR Publier, Mex. i —W.D. Thombury, John Wiley and Sous. Ponce of PhS nesting te Bart “1G. Gu, Peer. Sat, REL, Wise, Pope Selden Pho, Kean S. Defi, Robert 3 Harpoe, "Sfiowel Wiliams, Francis J. Tuner, Chaves iter. Paletoogy veteran). The Blement of Poacntlgy. mertbate er Moore, Lalcer, Fhe, Me-Graw Hil ‘An Iodine the Rock forming Minera WA. Deer, RA, Howie aod J. Zasman (EBS). nomic Mineral Depts. AM, Batwes (Asia Publhing House), Courses Mining Geology. ‘Henry Wood, CX, Prose RM, lek, CPs, Arges, ‘Statgrophy and Sedimentation WE. Krumben sed LL. Sloss, WH. Fresmee & Co, Sedimoiary Ros FL. Petijohn, Harper, New York, 3% ” ow Bose Concepts of Hiei Geolegy, EW. Spencer, Onford & IBM Pubtster, Rules Blan of Minersiogy, ‘HLH, Read, Thomas Murby tnd Co, London, Mineralogy. Concept, Descriptions, Determinations, LO. ery na B. Matson Fresca pret Siete. Paul F Ket, Kogakashe Compeay Ld. lemons of Optical Mineralogy. ~Ateandet Winchell, Joba Wily aod Sons, pat Miner EE. Wahstron, Jota Wiley aed Sons, Morphology and Ope! Gels. 8. Rag,PART—1 PHYSICAL GEOLOGYcuarren 1 ‘ORIGIN OF THE EARTH 1, fm ove group, material it pulled ost of the sun by an cater ice sock a raviaional pal eting om the samc Smale tcl afte eu with another ar. Toes are ‘ie Known ar catastrophic theories. 2. The weond group holds that, the pet became ateg snasey of mater of the mateo the lara ot Sovt e ie se Sto haom seca’ o sy "The eis theory fo sh iin ofthe cath was pat forward ‘by Kam aet Laplnce Ga 790 Iss known a» Nevular Hypobest (6) Nelar kph, Aconing to hi hyprbeit th ae cyte ced Hoos large at roung bul tat extended BASRLbe poutaon of the’ eat cstant lant,” As, ths seule Depend Fores tecane narenneph) conestateg tarde Sega dogo ive rte er Seay sar a oot ef the dee wela tare become ull ‘eee teefiga ferent be reat a he inward ath: Sea Rtecion At this positon. a ring of mater was 1 ‘Mop gf entation of the, ceaaining mater continue, 1s this ‘is semen nc pate, see ed net SSSR ecto a "This theory was ceected when it as lena hat the angus momar POR ar eee cooestnted i the planes and ER ole ao ompatible wi he ea that be aUS ate oats mote rally at conden4 A Teas Book of Gelogy Tn 1944, 4 Geman pbylest, CE. Von Weicker rope Pinatas estar pe. {Prt planet ype of Kaiti be et pope appar win tae pre few. Jar nas a AY HiRced nl icky rong nape a ets lpg et Howie cqter actu. in competion. tir cond et gnar {Seas Sed cootans monly hprogen an Delon ih smal amo {his of heaven, bu the deen the sun fel are oust ee a ie de cout oc tenth th mae of tbe onoratatone eal, protopln me Sivirheaat tena” or sete towrdr the ene an ke ghee erica pte romain outers ‘Mar peteds hese sme of ae were fen rotational tion. Aer idetaar oss gore, the gptnun mater these arms Condened 0 Solid material aod aradsly dew together 10 frm poe Sinko, point rar pf eee vere peopeinfed by leane and fel an awe Oy Cytleon But Tile Ticien gradually to is wid acrepacee Senos of the bueno of elcyotevdeet to soppor i ne aX he Dirharg. they i bsne ropvnded by the eit of am expanion wae bebula, wgeug eller tepance | (CHAPTER 2 AGE OF THE EARTH Eventhough there is « divergence of opinion ropounder of he vrout theories on ibe origin of ath Simos woahimourly"Seeved that enth took bi {uscous, lien sit," Dierest ela have Sees we {Ector have ben we 0 determine the ape ofthe earth. "The two gabgfaenae ioeA Tess Book of Geley (ip ors ae, Rige te epost o wind toca formed along fot eta ian . opal ume. Elogatd vie of sand found oe pal tbe econo owing a. Pare dane. Thte of parai hae tet brs point nds te drronopponts ont a the Newiop ind i) Whaleback does very Irge longi! dane vin AS hpm on wl aha of may Sea “Toe space rivopy hed ialed"Gas” andthe ate which stable im stow wel and support vegetation a. Sse TGS oem wat ekoowe Be Oo ‘CHAPTER 16 LANDFORMS MADE BY GLACIERS Davis suggested tat a aia topography is mati cidost ‘har happes to nora eva erouon eects see ey od Bearer eer, Tes gro ef tr ea eat ‘cil lair operating as the tain gomeress Sesh ‘slogeal action “OF liter, fey ero, tsporstioa 22d epontiontogrther costs, whats ow as paseo Fermaton o gas. Under the iafucnce of pesare sod soit, the apow “ake, chunge ito a grantee gs: Laces Save in French and'tr fn German,” When ta ice Beeson ‘hi that We lower lige «become pla outward ot dons ios omens and an ote Gace soe iio eg, ‘Type of pairs, There are thee msrp fain (0) The valley glaciers (Mountain elas or Ale gl. 0 Pledioot lacie~thee are_istermevate in fon and pin, betnceu valley glace and cosbect Tic ae formed a it) Hex setae gre huge covert of ie and ae ao ‘ows 38 Content sce shite tea wo 9 epg recat. Tae ae no of aes Mister ndoiber lon arecuredfrosen Wine ce Su ate Nrnsporoton, in ene of pater raion. Prov by lace tke pace due 10 () pt (raping ei) sage HS eae Plein i aso hrowa a ortedsing or guicryng. Dating tig sumer months th face pars tte grr ef eae "ob. "Ton mts nate eas watt pe dow aly Tig des of Stig htm at ober oe Cees“ AText Bok of Gesloey ee mas ig yt, ak nd tigen Bee sea ei ole gece rele poe sea ed th the movement of the pace Bey AT “ei : sping sh em eed 1 deri the eng or thntion ra ra att rei poration ore "gvalanching is the process of mast-wasting. Along the margins ora pga aa id Shel Meer teratic te lle Pa fo clanchog wish bi. for sumping, sing aod tbs a fara ag, ont he tp sata of he Bee 2 age, Te ae Sei ek ine ARES to Eaown t+ a ant, This ame applied to he sharyidge produced, name ro cgucrale nteretfort opronte oy gc wep Me edge, elie rete rth. 10 89 $aoge BE or werner. wr tor, Where thre more crqet grow togihe, 8 nary poeepesk famed by the itencetion ofthe aces Seb pal etaowe a+ cat Where opposed cree bave intersected deep, & se oth leds BP eran " “S cuaabtrngh. Glcer Sow consanly deepens std niente to tat ter he jee has Rolly dtappeied there rides Rane Sep wad Ur shaped valle, Anes 2.8 "6. Hangiog alles, Teibtary gles alto cnye "U-shaped swoaols. HRN ate amar a coast, wih ors AE wath ine Fooriel of tbe naietronat, 1, Bale pal 2a oBaen alley ave called Hasna "1 Hac, When the oor of glial ous open fo, ibe sca 10, Fett seta the sorte wil ele a the i= ott se5 tes aay ha ntrow extant, knowa a fo of fra 1. Tarm, ‘The bedock js cot alma evenly eacoated ni Bis etter oa a sooth a aa ie, sled armen anon Made by Glacers ‘Degen fests of valley cer eee ean cree meen antares ee (Rei. Whey in i amano sues efesseate menisl ere Enown a cet Seu orc a mn Teel on a, a Te Sa ee ee Sco eredic aces one Seektionaarau ngs Fetares of rein (Statens The slouly novice ce rape ed - much fd babeock” Leh talad Mee seb Tossed Oe. ‘Sa Seng cma minute abrson mak seroche ced faa anemones They cenit of same osnds gigs vaiing Steen gaia sooth ade peo? 228 Eta a etet sehr slot on eter, “The om de iy mn ad te ae eye ei vee ee EHS Seal lcs ar and ley hy oe Gi) Cnt Som lps ieee aon tobe Seto ed a ee i ee Bede i “Peeadeettats Sas Pat Se SE oy nn Se ea Depo etna Ta an gc elt nena arse fool dein depo nv as ‘Tse depocs may be casted lato ropes5 Aran bn of Oieny (y seme etnies ed ted cay te a tsar encanta mee mus ume rake son ms ct anes ac aie pepe aie aoe iets ai onan, nso nl hh aw nwa of any yam, eee ae aa cee SIR ch spy Span Te og Seni sSeoeth te etoet od tae me Seer Scar nat crn. se me nol akc rem fa See hee “Boag et esa ecto vena te Eee cv erin. nin he es vec ay a Semen, Ragen Pala toe a eed by attest My tea ‘Gasol Depts: (W) Ontnash plain, 1s alo own a overaash lia. Gaia area) Sess huge quali) of roseoezas aud then foam RISERS he Meninus ofgasers Ties ae sated Woes {epson iy Bou se sta pwd ally lao tame wren, Tee, 9 seni after were the srdeal mcewatrs wash sediment femmes Soweto, aati ce uy ae ee ot cen atopy te LOW ae tt ced kame traces ae Wut th (UD) Bakers. These are winding seeped sdgeke fences twit feat once die Time ae ae known 88 Ose” or Ox (us) Errates These aes bocldes of rocks which bave oder pcbnged acl trnsport and have sbeeqenty eed hed an pe we ery ea eo Seer tet” Atte they ae delat Palnsedepoo wait SIS PR are eles ping lgpinesto (0) Ketle, Drs courting in he visinty of a ler and patella thne oy aearspeut tbe ieesemnos, ard ercnay Pe at ae eeCdcpestens, some of whieh 8) ge Pound acer dente Sots holows ae ow ab Hele Landfrma Made by Gicters a (i) Varo, Thewe are geo vith coarse aaa) aot Te epee ay erg wh ‘Other inportet eaters Asoc wth Glace ren Wie sn garg ets oly by i) Ablation, alae roses both evaporation and senting too ane ie tte to St tie ue oand to bao om saa tate scearetotnd to ed hae fades AS pc of wee of dace ows at Sie! 1) Seat, Sia fo, 8 wae in 2 ses sso rte ay be ae atmo no as (0) Taber, Thes ae foting cil onthe setae (0 Ceowoen These ate crc ford due to iret | rmoweble iin ib tt of gact™ fw German ty re Kaen "Bonciud (i) Nena, A socks which projet tro 3m ie ageleerintees Se megan ot aa 2 steeper innacuarreR 17 LANDFORMS MADE BY THE ACTION OF UNDERGROUND-WATER Ground-ateris that part ofthe, eb surface water whichflly saturate toe Erbe eats ana rept Stace Seer ater itleston, tecomss 0 par fe wSeipouad weet nds ao known sr tabeurae wll "The gust eect Soe ‘ls the stead Zoe above ste save ofan. "The pet tac ofthe started zoe the Waterss an ani ee of oon sly pian ice si rows ite sion ion ofthe undergotnd wat. ie whesone, domie ee spat, erp! tei con of, ovate eepay the Kar aes of Yaga Kore CPopagG feat pon hth nes ane ceveail contigo at ised? (0 the sob rocks a sated neato at hee Gl she rocks ace dese, highly jolted, ad thi beds. Two secondary conions alo faour thi developmen wich se @)ihe presence ofa eoplyerenied “ley ofa mat ‘ream and G}"a moderate amount of fa raven estes: (0 Lanes. Ta lacing ation of the pround-nte a it pater trough the mestne fen prosuce igi r=! apogmphy ‘The ound wate may erg he oss af the ime atest of, les and pi, is satace ‘tcmon' eras sufice The Stn ach 8 av ‘glen andthe drat ‘Exim Mad'by ike Aeon of Underground: Wate ° 0 Sak. eis a conical depesion in ‘he ry betel msi Gettin ed le? "SA i) Urata An orate i a fo (oom bythe sonergece ato or oe Saka PH Gp) Covers. Thest are hollow! undergfound with thee (7) Gaeries. These are sient aking pages smmneting avers 2 ani Sat, Th orev enc king pgs of {oi Some carters uaderound of sce feteres ocear {a Himertone ven These fetter "indoding selena ‘olagmite which toasher courte what Known warp woes Stalctites ae columns of limesione that hang from he cing doramards ad saisgmies ae the salamoat feares. whe ‘etal fom the Ar of the cave, tal ah oe peer ghee ees Sevenisee eg ts a aetheane (2) Sovoe, 18s an ieee setae boundary developed i soe, ions, nih sabe ora fay fra STinotion ote bes consened a Gi) Natu rides septs the reman f he rooofa satel taacoe motets cE {i Swalow aes. Sometines sinkholes become 1 mameroos {hat the ides begin fo ouch onganetter Sac drunageBeoomer limited o short iting ers, tos tht disappear ito he ground: ‘ng sch etna real Sk pay wae Intl openings ening nto caverns Sach her a ow be (nid vale, Thee ae ally that ead nto Bi ide sc pally love he Characters of 2 aly ar he tet ‘trenme otto websrace chante, 8) Kat vals. Tee 8 ater, formed by the sonal posta Scout fe Hans a ndA Tet Book of Geology Ff Depa Pate {2 Groa, ie ncriy ina ack ne wih quae eye © Site, gon, Dts tenn toa by om “water are known as silicious or calcareous sinters. a iH (©) Kanker, These are loose gravel and alluvium which have LAKES oon ats Dai eta = mp yg art 1 post See =| S || goatee eel See ta nj a at on | Eee ater masta ee oe ae SPetoere | sitters on. s ia SoCRe Te C ee, ere t elciiotenier gaa ee wee | } Popes, wae: Sneed ase. They ioe it | ‘tom Teper ones of adres quae mio ae Lake are itngished from swamps sae the kes commant | ager soe the mae eae ono ‘eee ands | ‘Shee the wate able be fst eahed the Tanacrace," Daye ‘Treated from aks t they alway have Tir booms below Ih On tte AN en | lay mayf fed by mea i, wih in | (ug oe ea, Sg (Ri ny fee baa sent ef | ASST al ie Fa | Tame its crt a, er er of sei te | (© Saerermey Bock ts fr ae (2 Lats oe I ered ws oo Simro! eo / sabieyanatsst | 2 tense (Rene sae cosas i ae ote oogenesis | Siiorasaeeet a otintwiecvantt ee,A Text Book of Csleny 2 tt de ts 2 saree ce ett georerer oy tng ree G6 Pingetsticeats ‘mauer acu their wales am fhe fSrmpton of ¥ 0 nt i of me bere nneretcs elongate ogi tentin codes SA a tm Dr: een he SOSTUEMME US ening sede tee Sa me aaa 1 Becton ta _deveopnnt apse rt tbe creas of le ter conse fy ‘of the roof-rock giving tise to lakes, which are kaown as Poliee. inl hatter cnantubcrtone on Sattanty heme seer ras ‘uy comraed ni the deposton ef teatnents sv 8 comet & ‘Rowson ser the ders cae by the steams ad tert feeding the Jakes Lats na 1) Pease Inia 1. Comal tes: (o) hits ae, 6) Pata ake, wo eeaeatiaes 6 ie, (@) Pata ne, and Lanne ta Bald 5. Stari. “in Rajan 4 Diss,” Sal lke flan oi, 5 Ramet Kc In Gert. (0) a pra 1, tate of Kat, Wale, Dal are feah wate kes wie ‘Pangkong, Salt lake, Tsomoriri are saline. : 2 The lakes of Koraon wich focude Naini Tal, Bhim Tal af thought tobe of teen os oe sof Maratea (CHAPTER 18 JAPORTANT FEATURES RELATING TO ‘OCEANS AND SEAS 1 Cones helt is that pat of te seafloor adiiing i of cama ‘ghtad mis ow faction waar angie mostly covered. by sh ee TER i er eer tame TS poet ot ‘hon out SE oceans and 8 percent of abd, Aout 207% SUE peedeeson oi ol sad gs comes om them. 12, Contests soe, ‘The conioatal oe joing the belt ‘The average adent_ Of the ope Weyer Sd fat gies pace, tthe Setueg Woe wef er ong tay meee Souci et So mrt 1000 ete tte AEN of ‘Siesta ndmasses 5, Contin ee. 1 ia, pis of thickened sediments soci tcl eevee ofthe eoetpetal lope. ‘The mater of ‘pene eee deed om ihe shld spe, Al the co HRN At te teparted fom the sbi by the consent slope 4 Apa pia sve of en. nod he dent AttateP bee sang rt 00D irs fo 40 mets, SEERSCSSISST G7 dlnys ogte deposit ead “ous” and ted cy. "A associated featare withthe seas or sex t= () Toe corabeal, There are thre types of coabret as (@ Prnging rags Which are but as paforms attache! (0 sore, cote fo he mai sans or volenie cast (0), Barer ref. Which are it away feo he mainland ed separ io he ain asd by angio ote wats they SEES ogy of water beens tbe mula und BemaA Tet Book of Geoony 0 fn, ampere cia ct ‘a lagoon but without any | ad Bom kee aed rar sre dges tein te long ran, nse sbove the seh enema ae he pt mnt mi ont eee they Ste denribed ‘ STRUCTURAL AND FIELD GEOLOGYfrst inc en en rand sm et anit Te wot Bh ety co tas sine es agree tienes tho bodding. Toe dinate ha gt wo ‘siside" Soe ip of bed ‘PiStaatiy. ie tat ot, Pear pe hich rae rows Oto 0" according tothe di ilon of the bed. "The duecton of lip the teomies ny along hicks bol has mesictet dope “ 1 ae of borin beds he ip“ dee ene RES Ge So Acc ays sft os fe boris and wert bel its aap ioe sane SE Sy bese om te alotay Epcwate 1 reat types ot tip, There ate wo pe tip 2 0) Tee dip W Apparet ip i) Te ii te maxima amount of ope ong oe see dee Hels SB es ne wnt He Stet odes Tray ao te aldo he erowapia deco aloes wich on STR cet taps Some Dip and Strike Cinometer Compass nds Use » 0) Aprarn ip. Along sy diction other tan tat of the sed Alene ede ote ona ee cea the ppacent i The apparent ip of ay bed towards ‘y Graton mont alway be le sisted. 2 Surtea, The dietion of he line long. which an incned ‘edit orn pe pon eit Et fre salty gosnagean't he “gos compones, ke diction Sulttthtsaside Thc wei ed dept ‘Balaton benen dip and se. The direction of dip and stike lined bed mus iat rgb angis to each ofr. Troe lp recto aloe a prpeniel tothe =. Importance of weike and ip. tn strcturl geology, site and

| ‘ices outers and lle agli fle rots ini a8 a 2. Faaling. Dcase ofthe disation of rocks due to fst ing sometimes tio happts. th older ross sre sarrounsed [spe ono bet eto rol oe folds produce ‘3, Brain Erion piays a major role ja the formation fouled neg nly i eater where the eepsison ef the feafereertomal “Sosa Seop vale ar tog st 9 fe bss of eroson and when he croton exponesendeyag rocks ‘andthe youngersesmant bed the sling Fructre eed a8 ‘ue, hs process eau appabe forte formation of ner. 2) Nappes and wialans, Nappe is. large body of sock that ‘ag le oa or ter tan oon fs iol pesto ‘ibe byoverbrastng or by recumbent fog,” Deena of the ‘Enlatos of rocks in nappet, vaio fypea have bess recomssed (9 Auochhonou nppes, whee the rock beds have ot Bean i ste (i) Para utochthanous apps in which he hec of rocks have i undergone Felsiely sal tani and which on be raced beck {ole engin or oot.er | 18 A Text-Book of Colesy i) Alcthonos hip, bee the rock sets ave Bee a tates Yor arent toe ‘inden, Sometines trough exosion of ovryng apne, th yon ee SER bees etpred Taam the ees ober rear eet ted pp (bth are recumbent Tle ono tes peetaed s PEP beneath, Known ab a WO Sefer (c) Kip, Wit costnued erosion of a nape, aud window see etal e trae abo eet aa a Flt Back, SER aed pee Cl: Cael Save st Malet of Conte on eval portant Plats (0) Contour These are ingeary lines wich ois pins equ Semcon of ei atten 08 # AP Ene ode throogydengot contour ies. Taconite oe fe oe mi ay ox meen a Wie iy ate elt ad a the ps me ln Seopa, at eee x nent evo pen TRE cOnout Ee lest ale show ave oer tht irs (@) Topographic! maps Theve, maps ar 10 tepresent he ssc ie ees BEE gree eth ee ezrin co aero eh tse bt aes ‘step, locaton of vias ‘Wit the use of sinometer compass, ty the bac-bearng method Sade ate pouvon in tbe Held. wid serense 10 ‘map of ibe are. vs “Geolopant mapping ofa ae aloes te thos by wc expose na EE Gyak a recog inthe Sid ad het SHRRGECtersencd ie opomrapcal map Acco hs hg ey eet he genes of iew 286 he Soest Ue nfus tok type ol ptr can bs Seoted ‘fom it genase map, tn cise of Geological surveying, the repegrtation oft importing ares of oe arate beg. ade abd desta he oR ees Inqonant dees, long wih their cretion TEeipuniouur arn aocoding too Bee 616 PART IV CRYSTALLOGRAPHYcuAPTER 27 ELEMENTS OF CRYSTAL-FORMS ‘AND SYMMETRY {Crna are solid seme faues which are Bounded. by well, eta ore ores pane savas calcd ace" Cyl 10 tot ‘ellowing ever chatacters? © Catal ae polyhedral bots (00 1 poses tpi iteraal atomic structure and scord- Ing the fects yaa re ranged a ela fates, Wi) Tae seglar geometry it deeoped only ander ssitble Puysctabomia cana: Cipla se foed doe We (1) Bs. The line of lntenection of two ance faces is now ta ed (@) Sold angle. 0 na pot where thee o more faces met (2) Fam. “tina pour of fac, sich have «lke potion wis eect tote epitlognpie acs ot etree, Forms may be elasied in tree ways | 1 (@) Slap form, When a costal sade up of, weckcecibe, ouabetron se NP tke faeena A Text Book of Geology (i Combination form. When cna Ae Combine Toran soch as en tone mre sls orm och of which inlining er am. Tove fre whose econo elo ace ‘Th Opes nemsclves, as they co ot ave, adequate number ally gmat, alt oar only tneombantion ean sch a pices ad PS. “en for anemic Ste anal of space sn () Gunerl frm, It one in whe he nde ar wees ferment. je orm tec ely ove ponies of rate (60 Sea Secs en ene cevaedton CD 16 foie athe ets (up Revd fom, ae lio bees cused side the above castetion, form gy tebe forms These forms eit ibe hp ere of sporty pobietes tem "ay Mec re, Tese vn sow bl te gute of es eee a te of ee amen entry foms_Thet forms, ave, Gi se tou tan naan as of me vou te 1 Sot Fe aa el lta forma ou te et the a 3 Pe aM Cane otomaet cy atthe forms, Toey ow ell a got of he ane tt Staging hel fr Foe ors Tums oli ge core of some pareierpie foes, These, frm donot fave. sitet pane) are yc oun Te plano eam, cy camct be cone ao ech BETiyias routun whaoeer Conipen Feros in Close i) din It represented by one fac Mace Ieiean ope frm, ening fo fats wih Bement of ryt Form and Syremery ns ‘908 crtallogapic ans end reins pre tothe remo {40 Pe aa open om, cue i ti a eo plan) nt Sita sr eye SS (0) Byras,1¢ x clo form having ih fect ni cat tbe ert as a oon oe onset Ste oie vera ee ote boil ase, (©) Domes, Its a ope form intermediate da pyran wor ace et he ‘eta asa and ae Diamar Pas, 1 ig formed thre acids which opts tai pace” Thay een Se ‘wr Octobe, Monocic ad "Fadia iytn sai ae Plements of Srmmetey | Cats how sein tplsity of posts of ete na et “rh om tn wu eS Cee ectie eee Inga of eae Nea ioe tos Pus, ASG OSES oP a Teens nga fom he cee ae, ce ni age se toe ‘ered known the sete of set To ther wards acy ‘mide poues wceteof yuma, when fo sh tC, ‘Stacy dicaly ‘a the opposes ofthe eae pom rk dake tg nary vst ah acre ote eo ty eae of ae ‘nee’ iff comes twice, the ats ivan ans of vo id tyme AE oon RASEERER DEMO fo of ome "and io Shi eres Eocene ea ee ‘There ae usinu sie plane of orm sof onetie seas SE MONE WAR“A Text Book of Geooey lar relationship ith the duns aves prc ret ith te era des fa cy Semen at, be oe pat ashtl Stitlcs Ae sath reer yy tet enema uae sana We le a ry. Crystals of certain species imitate the sym- ra Se ean ‘Tiualy elon 1s may te due to twinning, oh Fad CHAPTER 28 LAWS OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY a ic ait ctrl nets soot aa omar, ee See Sas 1 tar ot of a ae 2 eames > matin fitter a Sneed pt, 1 tae gt tn a sy eel gate ies coat altar tava‘ theo ene oneal 2 has bon observed tat he interfacial angles of erst of & pasiclar mineral seman aways Law of constancy of iterfacabanale sated that “nesard ot the ate to ymin {Conactgosiometes and reestinggeiometer ate sed in smeasring the interfcalangle f ery 2 Law of ration idles. To cea ofthe ne sitance tau det egosterasy In appenance tata arer tue sod Sa Sting inivcal aces In rerio date he Sere ae Systaoa matemaca mets of elatngsases 6 Soca aa Shy nes nopeTener tee ee ee — snr ” ee ‘tan of oreo rite a rma toaiy | ayuli se Be iy pepencctanspnecniaay gte se | Hea cri bo Sina at _mmemreasimet eis | RE Chariton Pa iat sce cata aye ee ) ues earn a ane pen gue et OX, OY. OZ repr the cpa aad we tersonvertible and. are devgon “epeenccerenert’s | Rene 4 age a anne a eat cco og oy ant srohamcueaeite Tapetacieredres | Ee ere care ae mtr ggeary bas meson cmy§ etl. nocgitmam te, seein ctl suucti a p , ung aia s creel eae gg startet Sveeayseny comes Saar ttt oa tabe dees gc Gt mare ob Sp Saas pont Fane fhe sepa stich te ‘om Soon ase ara iyperpeaene Sito ack “ede fhe parnmeters ae known ais, eng Tins senso ay gem he of ee ‘Recnlg to the iors statin Milt sw no heart nie ee hat ois henna, tc ape cir mm boa ea) | BEGETS? inet mad yt wl ‘ye the rat twenties oo ac get fie tues Senin Rio” be! omni ron mbes ORPHAN T TY ee tam nae, Ts a stats shat he rai Stns, hte atta tetera of gnc whee thereof Etc ea Abalno Th | SARE MRS ite tuani earned 8 terms of Seroyal, Ban 0 mesic tensor he reser esti ero rte “a nasal pte ge of ean, os em 603, con eee aS | te Henge yen ene of ey 9-1 04889 a8 0 veccmtsrtaprcongreete nin. on | saul teenie de ce as he se ee 5 She sitet ae ( RRae gee ER SET gat ha Hreeniar acme ots Rinw dma | Wie sae ae AC ee Pha Motel ymmety andthe pomaceofeaeot=7-CHAPTER 29 CRYSTAL SYSTEMS AND CLASSES oe t Aswetnow, ‘Crillographi-Are are the inaginay ies ssi" rogaine Dome ef ie cl bo 2a he te Plates wed as nee of reference for denoting he postion of Giga ey ser ch aymetye cPaa t ‘eciety ot spall fp peomioen cage of coat The unliographaaee are of Foamoust weeance i the Seton all tbe eye ate eo mar sbdivons Anon faymabeyent Toe dvsoee of the eval to spt ‘made on he ba ) unberof exter a5, (4) relative loth ofthe eptllogopb, and (Gi) sogla relationship exiting Between the cnstaoereptc Accordingly erste which may be fered te the same sof coytallopapite "sso belong t,t wane ental stam.” Te ‘Sema Wak have Ere ecogaed on his tsi ar as alow anes. length se Is Two tes aod 1 Momeete or Cube Sytem. 6 re, tere ae thee ates which te aut penendna, tear Tateronvet onan ad the done verte 2 Teragona Syste. 6 othe mem, thre are, thes neh of at lagi gd ate Berson, bo bata at toe. "Hee tha ove Je veal and may ‘he hat of ce boron ach 3, Henagiat Sytem, ajo;maite 5 Ae=90" He there ate our aes of which tte are, the horizontal plane tate ual seclied at 0%, bu be ape between tba PSM ASG ese horizontal’ axes ave equal io Teng. hytlSyetomt and Clases Rte eet TET At ct bo een 4 Ortortombie Site. ibe; abAc=O", oases of tne ae ered ite’ tbe ates of unequal lenge eB are mutually 5. Mons System. abe a c90"; BAe Dateien aes engl 2 esiletes a SRT ae Me sa foetal Taate er A rt t set Scone ohne a ees ‘Benoni on PeaG A Text Book of Geoory 6 “Tia Sytem, este nbc" Hee the are thre woeqaal axe, which are inclised to ct cotter sh oboe see Chane, The clasieaton of crystal into case. depends Cet eval pate of te czanis cf ymactny. Ba Hoe teeatekSematicaly that ony thy ore cabacains of Tee eee eat pose "A yun ay be witout Se tool a eal caues AD he 2 ded ede an ehtallopaphie st 95 © Yo. ofetases Chara me . ‘ne 1. Wopeticoreic —$ ayes of fd ‘rca sin, 2 Tego UrjguenY fll aus. : ’ Pig" le “atv fetal ofinesn. 3 Menage! 049) (@ Meamgnat igue vE fi ais wie eton onl dion ‘Uno I ld gs oe (©) Teignacvsion SIT aa of ver 4. oninibomie sem 3 Sse of 1M 5 nit. 5. Movosiscnytem 3 Tas of fod 0 na 6 htc rpten 2 Novas of se of an every stem the else which sows the, ties, ds of some Ri he eel eSpace ae gurney. beet of tyme seme seen Sa ese Pepe emierpie,eantomerric re ‘get cs. a ; “i nw oe mst, we yn gl sae Pee eee shone ty ie ieee Chugiee wale Cpe Systems and Claes m ‘ofthe mers sain nthe Monodinic ates {he Orboroni iin ‘ne Trigonal vison jad 9% the Teagan ‘Shute inthe rpc oral “Th tvious ey sided therezner alone wth ‘Shatner forms may be deeibed as Flows emete System sta eat eh CAEN aaron td ae io cai re font back. canis rung tet. "Unique Fests of soa Sytem = (i) The asi ation are 11 1. (i) Bach ofits cane as 4 as of HE fd symmetry. (a) Eyery form ocotion i the sytem i a closed form ant (9) Te for ovcuring i hie ptem ae aigu i ab the (©) Teisthe only sytem compoued of dusts containing, ore ‘Chases Folded nhs System, L ae pura reais Te er inca ef heh ete tian overt elon Ss Poe Ceraneirnas ‘ems pic system andthe cifereat clase ir smmety element end phic mcs of ferns There ee thee ase of fe Sesgnted ata daca fhertoresan chit al es Tone pedeat dpe corsa systems do not occur in this system. oe a BF doi mmty, whete > Narml dy Holter dl, oleae t cached sss It tno krows ao ‘Galena tye igezan oft nner (Ge) ih ‘sya, Gyro clas ur plaloedral clas or etiomorpie clas Feweieraedal clay, Tetrabedeal eas. Depo or pyritobeal es. “etrobedal els. [Normal das. Syrametry element: ‘ax planes, Slane ofeymmain i) lagoon pao. () 13 ase of symmety# | | | | | |m Text Bock of Gsleey (0 Sasie ft (W) Sais fia (a) ai ft (este of symmetry preset. Forms preset Nooffoces ——Symbet (cabo « oo) (i) Osahedron ' a (ip Dodeeketon 2 9 (i) Teenbetaboirs % tite) (0) Trapenbeiron ot u ma Tego cote (i) Trascahedon 0 Tiga oetedron 24 pu (0H) exsocaedeon “ ma ince of cab, each ae, is ‘agar’; i cthetzon eat eg a, aba sch fae 8 ieeieeteaperobedtn ach fae 4 Tenpesa in Urocae Feito ech ce wan “aosses tinge ‘and beta fowira cen gle” 2 Gyrlil els Symmetry Hlements + No pave of symmetry. Bases of ymmeny # ( B1V fold are (ip atria ans ip 6 fold aes. Recent mat 1 ca ae es Fovms preset, All he forme ofthe arma cas ace peat sn ei chat Sop he beurre lve hee eee 8 ‘Besos Gynt which bs 2 foe and i spn 4D ‘3. Henateenbdeal dav, Symmetry Elements: ‘planes of ymetry—all ae dingonal. ‘ane of eymney () Sold aie (am fold wi No este of meet. ipl Systems and Clases ws Fes present No of face Simtel (0 Tetrabedron ‘ an W Teena ‘taterbedeos| 2 (m.tetet 1 2 a | (oy Hexaterahesron 24 80, Al the thes forms of normal lass are preset ‘ype forms a his cee are hed fome 4. Deplla ass. Symmetry Bement: Splines of symmet. ‘axes of symmetry © sited, (4 fold aa (Centre of symmetry pretent Forms preset Noeffces——_Symbal. (0 Pyabeion & n is) Aden © Deplot Srakcododesbedron on All the oer forms of normal else ze presen 5S. Teartoedrl or Teta claw, Symmety Eleents- [No plane of ymnety. ‘Tare of yametry (0 34tfotd ai (i) 4 id aie [No cate of yet. Forms present (0 Teeaetron () Pyitobedon (i) Tegoaalwistetabecron 12_—_o_—_ m A Text Book of Geology (6) Detoredron 2 on (9) Tetra 2 ow, ‘Ternbedeal penta Somdosnabedeon esds forms tke eb and dodecaedron ae pes peretesl apm, There are seven spmmecy clases ene ‘his tem (@) Normals, | ‘pe | (ey Tetagaal apdsbera cls ox tepeobaa a | (2 Dyctengonal pyramidal or Hemimoratic ca (G, exrngont-ipyremial or Tripramial ast (a Tenaga! senor ls of Sposa a. G) Tetngoa amid or Pada Heninephie ds £2, Tenaga! Cupooial or Tetatobedal das 1 Somat Ces. Syemery Ele () Spine of symmeey = \ () vert (oF which Bingo and 2x. G hoionialPas. | (2) Sas samy ( LAV fold ai (i) A11 oa Go whieh 2a and 2-agod itragonl Sigpranidal class of Zieon (9) Cane of symmatey Prats { arma presen: Moveffoees Symbol | 1) Basal poaoid 2 oot | {@) Prt order 4 10 (3) Prise 2nd order ‘ 100 {© Dicingengim 8 Be i S)Tetragonatbpyeanié © Ge (6 Teimgonal ieyramid— & on Gah ocer own 4 Disragonl pyramid 16 {Tengen apnea clas Symetey Elia i 1 No plane of srimety 2, Saxe of amet. Ctl Systems and Clases Oreveatnn series 1 occ rede peste ai nel ah ee pagiey aa ae aa and‘m ‘A resonk of Gens 2. Henauel emeralds, Symmetry Ble: (0 No pec eet. t) Pau ame . ovectcal axis of VI fold symmetry’, Gaxcs of It fold saa (ay Neer of met. ee atbetorafpraiigursce mms ht epi in a Spec, ee oar orto, Smee hag 12 tard yeh OED Diag pan cin. Syme Element: () eqn some. (0 has ervitas met. 1D No eat oye sib frm ofthe normal cas represen ht lah Dat cacy eee al ie nabero foe of he eorepond= RgeeiaE athe moron cas 1 Disigna dipramial ass. Symmetry Element (eine omen, of we oats iota and (sane of ymmety SESS Otat aid sseumetry, Bans of I fold sence. (4 No cen of symmetry: Forms preset Ne. fofacee Symbol (©) ional prism 3 win (@) Tegal pyamid 6 10110 (6) Ditigonal pin 6 iio W) Ditgona pram 2 aid cling hee forms, othe forme of the nora, class Uk emgbail pi and pyramid of second order sb basal piatcid UB eur fn ts a 'S Hezgoea diyramial dass Symmetry Elements (0 Flage of ryometry (horton pane) (i Fis of VI fol armnetry. (i) Centre of syomety preset te this less all the foe of the pormal dats are preset cneping the sienagonst elem and eberapoaal pyramid 10. Ca Sens ond Cases tas Shi leew te forme ave peat as erga mesg ptt rire witha Ao) hag ye oid ot ihn nh abl MD een {6 Hexagonal pram ls. Syrmetry Elemeots + No plane of symmety @ Laas ot Etts net ete Gi) Nocreuc tammy. Herein thi ra se hn maa te odio alte other for re epesenia by a ace "Tima Sonny Eas ieeerenmare tn aia a Sore Decca sof hae te ee peo ‘vse em ath it pe tl pea" (6) Tego pris Tn onder 3 faces io 2d order Seon 110 Sederder 3h bi (61 gon pyramis st ode Stee ok 2nd odee Stucs 2K ardor Shee id, (6) Basel pnacoid hee ool. Note, The characte symmetry of hexagonal vison tani | ot Visold immer ot tery ever a sie a ‘or fos “Teigmal dv. All te crystals of he trigonal divon ate ‘aactersed bya veel aur of are old wymmey. his Swiaes Incisive stmeny cane sows en TS 1. Rhomohedal or Hesagoos Salenobecal ls,A Text Book of Geleey 10 4. Trishombobedeal css ‘3 Taga pyramidal cls or ttarthedl clas. 1, Rhetbahedrl or Normal dst. Symmetry Elements: (0) vera ingonl planes of ymin tases of symmetry, of which, axis of thre ld are oe ee npn ane ae ffl Sinner (a) Cee of emery preset. sca lhe os tbe inion ae pres exer Steal prado at nee ag ean PE SSMSEIRAE SAL Es pee we ans (©) Rooaboteton tues Goh) @) Satna ntacs (kid 2 Tigo tapered layer les (No pase of ymneu. veunad bass of sym, of which one aut ef I (0 gash of oi ie ice of fou me (uy No cnt ose. sppecaraceiofvm of hs isthe. gosh racabe sion iva snd esp ee ie soon Nc tatoo gona Pram UA 2) ave ee Me neEatpraara fats ete), Roomba et fae gona tppami ed de aes WAI D abd coast 2 Diigo! pyanidl cae, Syomety Elecite (0) Petal ago plans of symnety {ip torical ani od syne. (i Nocenve storm. Toms pre seve (0) ation 1 (© gm pth aeder 3 (0) eae prim Cader) ‘ 6 UO. Heagona prasit (emimorpt) 20d ove) onan Gott Stent and Cis D) Wions pri heninar) 3 elit “@) Dison! praaie ‘ Coemimerphie) ki (nonce i yam, 9 ee amy re Pp aeranang teri ont ot Sore SS ecb ca SoS eS 1 ema mia yey trout 2 oleh amen eon re, MU foros cecusng inthis cass ate, esinorphie. They (©) Digonal pyramid pe Itorder 3tee Goa) 20d onder 3tuce 3k) noe Stace kil) (©) Peon pie: at oder shee 100 2d order 3he 130 Sid order She a (© Pedin 1 fee no: crite, cone tl geomet Jb aires ote oth viauee gaecreniae tas Pg -tun! “Wane slogan ac heaven eer Se sol oe aa “pray ax ‘Pode a ies emerym A Text-Bok of Gslegy 1. Normal es or Othorbombi ipsam ns, 2, Onharbombic rami cass, 3B Onortombe dupbeoidal clas. AL Nema les. Symmeay Element Gp rae of ymncry=3 axilla of syiety (Mat peat 3 asso fll same Cane of pmmetry= Preset Troms prt y= Movoffaccs Symbot (o Baal pinot 2 (G) Beek inci 2° 0 i) Mace innit 2 00 9 is 4 110, ce. ho (O) Brachy dome ‘ ot (i) Mazo dome ‘ ‘ot i Biya 5 me ) ontertonble pyran ass Symmetry Elsen (Beane of ymmetn. G) Vaxieot it 18 symm. (Go cant of syeet: so chav bach pnacid, macro-inacid 20d ri ey Performs ke baal nae = cezuting in. amin nS prams ae corse Ey tection foros oth naa hs. Somber of face oF wy Gunnin pend! cess, Symmetry Element: {qo No place of amet (Gy ease of fl emt. (No cane of gmme. oitoeormaof te normal cass nent he tpyamid te ate forms of ace ote, pve, thre coxa tL Sof our ce ithe ot Od rent yur, of ce ice cesalopaphie as of the aon eT tgown te “Orbos sade Monat 7 ip and anny om the Ober: Keown a8 te “Sioa “Piste eosin ft (U)Normal Prisma as (G)Seteeial ls. ce symmetry eles 2 (@) Domai cass, Cry Systems ond Clases ‘1. Normal class, Symmetry Elements : 0 tae stoma. 2) Tani of la mete (Cane sym pe Forms peamt Necoffees 1) Basa piscoia affoces Symbol @) Ortho pinacoi 2 oot 1 Sine pact 2 iw {© Pion 2 oo © rte done 4 ie ‘sr 11) Cio dome onan {ra etna ‘ a Domatic or Clighodral cass. Symmetry Ek (Ota soma ore» (0 Nose foe. Farm amt Neots 6) Basa paseo offaes Symbol ©) Onto pinacoid : oo © Cine panes 1 to Ad) Ortho dome 2 10 (©) Hemi clinodome 1 hal YS) Prise 2 okt © Prem 2 ie 13. Speed or Heminerple clas @) No plane of symmetry pened ae! (@) tas of fd sme (0 Nocentreofaymmetey. Esceptng the forms ike Basal pnacid,Oriopiscoid the dome oe oar ae tepesaed yal he mt of fc sti tetonding form of oval Sha They ate as alow © Sptencid Necof faces Symbol ‘a Prism 2 et hoA Text Book of Geoory (8) Cio pinnoid 1 10 (6) liao dome 2 ott “The pyramid ofthe normal as, sbuite in this ass by the phen a cyt of this sytem, the, orienttion some AO Ures teeny aay at ied Sonswats to Serseaty th “Ac outscar as cowpoard to the frost. The, = ieee rooted by etveen anc uo aay e and“ a ace "jes he shorter xr and known 8 loos hat th e-ts | Same Se far lngar"Bcans Koowa au “Matron “This stem nclades two symmetry class 8 1. Normal o Pnesi css. 2. Asymmeticor Hembra or Pein cas. 1. Namal eae. Symmetry lemons (@) No plate of syne. @) Noss ofsymoein. (0) Gene of symmeey preset [All the forma of this cls ace pices. ach form ofthe cts eo espa td eer ey eee Saal pinani, teach paactd, ores, em, ‘asrofome, bachyeome and Fam. ‘Peale, Element of symmety G@ No pane of symmetry. (©) Noatisofsyanec. (0, No ceate of symmetry. 1 hs eas all he form are peor, 4, efoto repay ose a, Hence isc bows a Pe cHAPrER 29 CRYSTAL HABITS AND TWINNING RESlnbty moet en, um oat toe, ‘When the externa arm of cratalicolamn sk, bounded by ‘group a tal es, edt ave prmutehae Sec tefent ctl Gaplaye manit develope of pyeamiaal act, TGs pose promi hai and praia Cale tally {aoe to oppose cnd Whenever aera shows prominent Mt ‘fats Seow othe eevopment taal are the bit of the ‘rst becomes ar oc EN SN ponte nao th mere ieee In tas dete siicatvrnton te ondons ern Sern es pears empresas ome 1 eal sed tus ofe pati sn tinue alae Ste alae Eu ofibeutecnia Stcepmer ates. = Trig Two or ecg he me eee ner Since reer ee a see ate all cma” Ete i tag POL ie etl i rod SoaneP TS see “Twinned esa ae character Wy ‘reentrant anges and there are enrages in diferent rections loon pars of wha It {ppueny the sme eye a ‘Twiapiae. It san imaginary plane which divin» to cota ino two inves ch thal Osean een Oke Se ©) Tolga Tit an imaginary ne about which rotation it secs 19 bring ie wn of atone sae136 A Text Book of Clay “Twinigcenire. When twnpog Is. defn wit symm ee pint the refered point ale the "winecae (@) Compu lane, The pane by which the component cnt oea etna ned eld the composition ise ‘Arwin plane ie alvays.a pole ep fae andthe ton snort" the comportion pane meals Wot not nese SSIURE thera wero en Bees ‘re stalyperrendia Typeetenin: (2 ci, me oso wi nce sion pipe ach tte pur the ror image of the Othe 6 ‘Sidon Peaseton win. Herth twin apenas i te vidoe arate te: Saas, Pre, Arte eHow Bitte ef io Tact of pre, hia viaing called ‘rn-Crn (4 Reese cin = (@)obvanbee or Lar uns. Here he twin planes ap Stach ete, agoe fey, tee vga gegen ee rier et ear ee Sia Guns the indiidots and secordingly this ako KBOwS 38 mimeo ‘ Aagoite appears tobe heapona Incase of rile, te ei tm Is known a4 "Geea neat of Gyprom, ts nown as Puteri “portant Minerals ad tele Caractetie Tia 7 1. Curbed win Twin plane (01), Onboese ad Teitnopnacnd pple 2. paren twin Ton plane 2) oo Teno dome 13. Manchach twin Twi lane (0) to~ TREAT oona 4 Swaocais Twin pase (10), Grp cevohopiaccd (Cry! Hb and Tong 5. Paine win Composition plane S000 ana Bens tien ae 6 Alter Twin planes MBs Ble he taehy ein ‘psa Stet. meet somene ancm Te ‘real ae, (dD 10, Genicuat twin Twin faces 200) 1 troosros ——_Ocabedron fics the has vanng see Pages Acagonite Staroite Stnrlite Rutile Pyrite ef eeans of eatyngcetaincuarrer 30 MINERALOGY ee Propet of ier Study of mineral rs —Frltear, Quer, mptitles, — Pyronnes, Chosen Mies, “Ganciy —— —earbonates ‘OPTICAL-MTINERALOGY Pencils af epics Inshe content of eniest_minealoy. It nodes asin, daeeinton sr tl ineta eet () Refraction, Ax we know. when light pastes fom one etn tart eee gee eis rcs a necondlg tere" ano 8 {Teesion ofits proposstion, When ght eae rom a arr to8 ‘dewar mfium fs fest foward he nocal om entering tbe Tet Refractive nde ic ratio etmeen the sine of he angle of incident andthe sine the angle effec, ich s mays 8 ‘nates or the two. media conereet "The inde. ftaction ‘pens ponte nator othe raance andthe nd af igh wed ‘iS peteatn with deny and eecresein wavelengths Thus ee 1S SSeengh of red it ic rere and that of he wl Tieh the tanh the inden of retuetion forthe let ight seater than that af the reds “The difterence of Ri Between red ad let ight {Seat ‘Dispersion Metso demining rethods of eran tbe reactive nes oir (2) Wih test igus Gmmersion metoo, ©) By Prism methods, Slows! Mnersiogy (2 by Refractometers, 29d (By Poarsng Microscope Te cae of determining the refine index by polaizing aisrnsope, the roive nd of elation of mineral wih espe {othe Yoivering moiium-—The Canada Dahm or the TO ‘djing merase contacts determined. The methods commonly enpioyed, a= (@) Central llaminaton of Beckie method. (@) Obiquiluninaion mrhod. {0 Nechelige meted. The pasciple Involved is the total retectn ih Snide tg tan ec ashe Eesion“Accoviney a poruon of the team i defected {ows the nneal wth gener nex which rca nd flight seu idee boundary of rete index: Ths band SPlghaFeed te ska, whch mene toward be mica Seater ctv inden when the "mcscopetube ‘sed and th evese eects produced when the ab omer oll estat ma. ,Onge Haiti ade ‘Foan‘halir he tad setaon amtated and oes age foe ‘Real pil te dae aed' hs poste ise ted. It hes tesa screed that ofthe rays pss roo eal higher nde nto 8 ‘Brant of lower inde, they are concentrated by teraction sb foe Tigh bang tey pase rom the mount flower nde m0 te Tighe mineral hey aa peend ou by raracton and ao. produce Ta general "i the shadow apes n the side ey fom ‘he dark hate getictie index af oe igre fn gbson ‘ester tan tof the adoliog medium aod ce vom" minerals which ore iSevurce sonny or ebiguly, {ate tworaysbatiog alone ples woh ae perpen to each ihe ins oe an diet sce and ee ‘itereoly refracted Both of eae tay are pase poled. ‘ber wore ty wbrats in dttedrecosst a Sette ase ‘tek t'pbccomtaon whey thar oncre a dvion of he erated Tight iat two ape ala “Dente efacton’ 1a apparent ale row pad ore two ies tm i Eos tte Stig ee ent: ee Stung th yal on the mage resan Nnbecary tee ‘they es sot in tng nage" Te noi es ‘Sie Seay ee oda ye pte day ny ‘Wich ne pased thoesh the etal ar PA wee am oonwo A Text Bak of Gesery ete, kgom athe "arian nae rote ‘The exzaoriinay ray worats jo, plane cootinng 'é- eogulbespiaeenn Dain he pial ecto aad te ‘vdnay a wae perfesielr to the peal seston. In ee anioropic mines tere i ireton in which oth the atsochary anf ordinary rey res it ibe ae soe ‘Fhe Geen aca we ‘ope aa en anhotropie sive the" elt of ornary fy is constant fr al dectons ba tht of {he cioordinry ray vargs wth dtection, tecang mina oF ‘asin igh eles (9 De epic ae Devinge ts may fhe ee, wes te siren (eisai cere shee cad Ibe two aye, Le, catsordiry and erinay ray. Cale shows the SoA somnm eeu SS SEE Se tare According tothe name of directions slong which no double ‘retraction eed, soloseopic mineas ae asied ale (0 soup! (0 vil ince Miao toon ad Mean (Biol minrle. Mises of the erorbonbic, moco- nic ‘ind tele system posses to op se long WER ‘Soabieefration xa Birefringence ao determines the opi sign of the minerals cn Sy leona te: an he ay, ‘RE ctimoranary may, fhe mer snd fo te oegtve™ Silay iettbe ayy ifthe retatne tne of het yf eet hat he ovine). Oe meal ‘id tobe poste: Tavs Calete sopalyaeqae and Quartet ‘picalypotive Biringence of some common minerals areas flows: Quirte DUO, Orthotate = 0008, Kyatte =0016 —Tourmaline=0t2, Zircon 0%. Direingene is wed to determining the tices of the Was alo been oberved tht greater the ireingece, higher Y Minerdegy ‘The mincrals showing double refaction are abo called bieingeat mbes ‘cl pm Thie is. veo produce and aaloe polaized light though the pace of double icon. eo of ‘ombohedego of iste whose ap thre ne. the breadth, ‘Ther tp tod boviom sions te Brovnd dome to ive a sgl ot eng. east hen ct sng ote ‘Cafada Baia wae reece lade i y st trgugh the meal a le devation sad whats et eth sore-diagonal ofthe Gs. Tht led se pin ie ewe hulp ind thw aids the entiation of iran POSS ME PLEOCHROISM 1 is an portant opti peopeties of miele in thine ‘seo ha ey conee Ie Gi and aay es ‘Shure oovotatio of he age ou ot “The clog shows by & mineral i he mecion els tom the sent of craw rag) rom te inert ‘Tie ight; he eating temsmiued ght Seog eomplemetay ta ‘Bier fo thas abvortut Thar feochroen ded athe Prise Son's csour rly fae Seen sears of meen ‘Seren dueetous = a ae gy ceo abstaces. tp ietopic aubaanes te absorp lion of taht samen ever det and there Bo aration oh Intessty ted colour ofthe Ugh during the totcson ‘of the sage ‘Acsordaayotropis absences ne ada lesa 2. Anbatrople sebtances. These minerals show doe, pesca, bat Ht depends on the eystallopaphi petstcnst Getecion cat fom the mers ‘Dierent estas of the case ‘Baral show dest Segre of poco, (2) Unit ier, Basal setons of (eragonsi_an Sows Sana ms ett ody ama tae ‘Now slethroum The gente Jere t pisces Sens ace Se calorie deen fell ether lst ENE wih howe ofthe odin and extraordinary Ta, "FsEEE —————__ rs ne peochroaa 1s sea only jn two iectiot and sccordicaly IM Beare sald tbe aioe (anal ll ection of Mei minal ot | sgh seal 2a ty stn ond bee = fowope ection. | oer sections of the Biull winras, the ration of coin ole Seacng tote thre opi eons X,Y 420 2. PULSE ie tie a ihe aoe, ei of “sorption ie tee fom baa ‘eam tna miner ary tetfore, known a chic. should be noted tha plocbroim i the propery of clo | noel nt Barta atsred mineral arene Deecor | ‘mifgories miberals there ie bo question of plecehroisn. | Aearamssion of light in en an Boe re the mF redoacive ainegraton and see Tec aad prodace the onaton fest on the | ‘Pleochroic oes, These ate, cireslar areas around, Reo atare te product tn 6 mea belong to ie Ris eeer ee eatoyed welt Ae opp limit of formation of ach miner [EXTINCTION Wee tan eno hea an ate ary 1 opi mineral tea . Bal ofa icole ina pelos! merecape no og teal peste: ie "WS Ofelia ight wich campus the pola ato ane. aaa eed by tae tne, af as a wbraton erection ‘plier Th paesomenon oer Pepegelr ta of te | es tiner. dang theo ihe wage ofthe mien ‘RU, MBszAS"thrdugh an ange of Seq” under crore nites wr tg inl aa te oun, of ces easy tet oF enincon ate nparted rom tach ober by gests a “There ae four types of entinction 8 Fons © Sta etintin, Tf ibe eton, becomes darkest when ial a aes) ora prominent setae ites cen A Text Book of Gelay Veschcichalne are ceeved ia muscovite toi, fourm: vine, ite Maluatespyrxene,amphoe ce, nd the pat. ute, shen ee The “Se Span burbs in tre eee Py direction ig patil any of izaon ig pri to ay of the cosets, the etncton i eu Obine ot Int exo, When a minal iin {he Famer tin f hwo ats fy cine Se ese irc the estoction iy sido be Tecingd or OSique’ All the ‘Eas acals(Orertomble novel Wi) how oblique {it) Samet election ea ysis winsmarth eating or aie catenin ‘Es mineral sean extinguishes withthe planes of witation being parallel to the dagoals of th hominepatern, singe eral oat maybe owing fo in heal tht oe imine" extaguoh ‘completely. “Quarts ofa shows many Eutnton ange The angle bet ‘oa sain vec acrysallogaptic rection uth ponton of tuna extneon ald ts eatcon Sax, “oi th age enue wih feces clesvge Stone ithe ane of lesa, tye cation, ome cack Toto acotat nese of amt Asi ean totem Pte Saree eet een bec dey seeioT™, bw denend open the hictoess of the mineral spon. icing! a the Scion, eslopapicenerron Ioe, Oetzaiy seston fe 703 mint,(CHAPTER 31 SIMPLE POLARISING MICROSCOPE ‘ Kisan opel devise wed to ty mineral and rock in thin section Hikes ts of polars gt forthe poops of enti Skis aioe Teh equipped ib tie foowag secant ‘opal pe 1, Mecha parts: (@ Base foot. (@ Pe, atsched to the bate. (0) Son far mag the upper pat of the microscope inn’. (CO Arm, ached othe uper end of he il. (Tue, attached othe epper part of be rm, about 10 ip Tb esas or lcrng certain opted deve, uch ‘Sie ple, eypan plate, qarteedge ee (9 Seas which ea eae dee with ole in the exnse, SBRG GRR the mineral ection, ue, he side cloned Nae ne inn Cons Sad Pise—sehing (0) Micor Arm aod Foek toate and tar the itor, 2 Optical parts: (@) Miror, ooe sie plane and the otber side concane 10 tec ga (0 eer esti, poer to pede plane plriek ia (6 ys Diaphragm lentes sumsoation of fed, if sly (4 Condens, to intete the tensity of ht. (© Obieatves, two of mote leses of diferent foc lent, SSelte mceaty the image of chee Single Plerang Mrexcope ws (A Upperaiel (Anas) or he Upper Nicol Prism wed to Silene tn of ae Ssh pes veg coappeer One, een vit ge Eee EE ea (dedi, nt nat ic cour, oe ii sel a Alb nown a8 quartecave pate of glimnet ehh avers pal eal pay erence our, we de "CHa Uatcinay be opal bn ct (e) Gyymm plats, Alwo_ known a seastvtne plate, as le rd fterarnce color of ist der ie opted er (a) Bereck compensate. An opal vce made of cite. ‘Troadh the examination by a Pewoonel-nizoscops, the tutoving tastes neta econ at ets Colour (i) Form ot & mineral, Le, wheter ened, sobbed et » ede (a Cievage (i) Ral of «mise (6) Retracie ades (i) Tecaions ofan oter substance (st) Alteration. (i) Preston. (Ge) interes lou. (G) tinea (Ge) Extneton ange, (Gt) Twinning.‘CHAPTER 52 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS — Mines generally act in agrees of mot of et sey tae Sl "Suche te, wal scoff agsepton or shape ofthe mols, web EY $eotieotowine bps (explo Whe he mia ae inthe form of Imge- fey Scope ia (i) mrp or was, Wes the mea ee sok poses yale or (Ud Eat, 189 eiorm agente of exeedngy minute pari ike hoe china. Ge) Colmar. An gue of orf les paral pect rise eae ange (0) Ble. An ggrecae of fated impel prismatic ey Sante () Fen, Ao agept of She which may of mayo be soporte baton ep old An guste of hn separable sheets sto {ui) Hamel. Mineral ade p of eprale plates or Haves snil'mo teeta ‘or unis xs BP (ie) Taal, When th ine sows bond Bat sues a, (©) Grier or scroll Aa agree of crystaioe puri oto ncbant one ea chon (i One, An agree of sll pres (sh ste (et Pie." An ages of ag ptercs bt ihe, (uid Btryeltal,An setts ike beh of apo Iai) Aer. Aa agyrenats of pedis eral Phyl Propet of Minerale 1 (co) Reloem, Kidoepsaged agaeste, (90. Mamata. 1, coasts of targe and sully ntertring ‘romlorno es Malate ana Ca¥) Stace. Cylndcal ot coat form of sera ser eto deposition By spying wate. vo Jat, Hepes upon the absoation of soe andre. on of eters ofthe oolored ‘comnts wae Sene mine thow tsi tor sfatowe ” "= cua” Celie, Bae, Magee, Argo, Opel, Tas, (2) Be, Aza conte, ‘ayes te, Soda Lente, Lanai, ©) Green, Fluoite, ery, Malchits, Microeite, Olvne, pict, Chore Serpent oe Yel. Sulphur, Mascaie, Chalo inet cin site a Gee ne, (Bet Reis, ns, Ondo, Prop, Zico, Cntr (P) Lead gray. Gaon, Grapi (@) Sec gray. Hematite, (0) Bras yellow. Pyrite. (@) Coles, Hale, Quart, Catt, Zenit te. ‘ation io cour may be due to (ort tert, 6, dence in composton, (re sence Ss aa of ore mace 9. seas hcl te poner of «mint in gl anoont gad tmeraesn que deen ion tbe our of te Shula Porta (sere tow thea clus’, (moat aoe tne er ey (0 cacy Hak sta car 4, gn pe he fsa te ‘ose fan fir bo recat sotiet etapa ante of terion oe Cohan tate oftalowse pes {oy Me fs, vet copper, leh soya ae Motybdeive ete.rr. on A TexeBook of Gesony (0) New meat tse 1) Meow sre, isthe tare of a broken ats, 5 coer “up Greasy tre, We Wate of an sly lth es {Uy Resnous ste, The stuf sn sin paler (0 imac tie, ithe ste of mess (0 ity sore, 0 ieiowa by mies posing Hons steers ike eto Bios appre, dos eae (i) Pet fe Ics he se «pea 8 in ae op sxroum, gate (ct) arty hare, Tie Gait te 8 oft cha ‘ea te dees oar in more, tbe sce shines Hee a ict dis Lesa escent ete. “Sloan. Its he dept of tansparery of & mierat andi efoionne bes (0, Tempore," When sset al ih aig ot in trani tit (i) Semtirans parent, When the jess are sen throegh, but the ooinas te not dese eon. Woes ih asintedthrowgh 2 mista ‘at bc ae tee oud (0) Sub-onacent. When mercy the ees are trans oat, (©) Opoque. When no ght tnsmitedtroogh 2 mine, seis opawee _Pimomene, dyn oe. Some, nae ie () Ply felor Aes. colours ar seen at vasins anges ev ibow Mu) Change of cla, Sesion of cours proved whem te wil ine ao (a) Opoecence, 1 mio (0) lrdeacnce, 1s the elas nour shown by copper 0 rie panty een Ho he nr Physical Propet of Minerals we (9) Séllerisaton, 1s nd of metalic colowe shown ‘oo-mtiatic peibene, tH ainey (0) Forecene, Thove minerals whi ‘to uheavie pt emi gt ae kan wo (i) Phoptrescence Is he property of contnaed emis light afer eubsaoce bas been seed Wo rng, Benne ‘et radon te aes 2, lerge, Ths the property tht one nial exh of betsy lon dette tapes Trae of thee PisSin atin tone he Lateices Sen of vee, ech so te cya hos he peony of tage at imately coneted with he tome mre loeale In namber, hee ay be oot oro many tt decors of teres’ The ome ste t Siti 3 tt penal cease ‘Sreliceios orn more tans duces . “Type srg: (0 Poses, Pare othe insect face, suite: onl: 'épacoldal. Kyat @) Wpincodl. Gypeam, (e)-piacold Alan Known as bul, clevage 3 mi aroha et aoa Ta elisa, tere ar "pinsoi en at rah sie (Wrist Para “phos yor mays Bs Tow is peo eesrage elf) Cai. This diectont ath anges a8 to axle, (@) Rombodedrat_ i tection, paral ‘ofthe Hhambobedron sin help group of mata” N° M* (9) October Pale the faces of sn ethedon. ie ‘zetia ene of dumond aad Beatie” NCEE. Te (0) Pyramidal It is eestion par ‘ees, py hese ‘i Dodeeaeta. Par othe faces of the dodeahetron, leis etic, apace, a 8. Prsare (0 Cenctitl Wen a mineral beak with eared cooevte, snore oes deep at int broken gs estan a to the pyramidataE 10 A Tent Book of Geology (ap tora. When he fectare surface appfornates fo» ane, i) Unre.” "When the fexctore sfc is ough. Ue) acy, When the vara ie toed with Jae clever tos ad deprenicn 0) Spey. When the mineral separates oat i Shes si ‘Practre i, hus, te character of the eurface obtained when ® miner nein ker than that oF cena 9, Tecaly. Ts te behaviour ofa mineral wader srs 288 amy be (ae, When prs of mine separates in powde + cate: y Sect, Whes a mioea can tect with aif, bat te slices Jed wader petee Grape, Grp Ti neal, When he mineral canbe et with ie wich ‘ates ot under bam. es BO i) Mexbe, When a eral bends, without bresklbg v= when dh re removed mia, core erate When foe miseral atxine Hs ecvons poston ner tre tthe foes a. Hardocm te este ofa mlacra fr to abrasion, Malis Seale of Harte. 1 Tae, 2. Onsen. 3 Cate, 44 Forte Apatite 6 Fest 1 Quan. 2. Tope 9. Coreedam. 10, Damen. ‘Semomete ivan jnstrunent ee for determin 41, Specie gravy. It the ato of the weight, forthe ane i ewig a cgul volume of water Hi determines ‘Broa OE (@) Welker’ ste yori balance. For are speci (© Spee grey ble (Pyeameter). For sual inerel (6) Chil lence meted, For sal rapmentsof mineral 12. Magu propery. A mice capable of being atc toe Seep neE ET ana egs onset sod poe Pie Pope Ms us 1 Beaty (0, Pract, Th epost pore nt gine charges of electricity on different parts of the same crystal ‘s SRR biously atsed eet prousarsiy ey. are (©) Pemshertin, The gooey fedora ee changes on: ‘mineral by pressure or by tension ee eh emt ae ae (Pte. When. mg mint a ened ‘radiation they produce electricity, ¢.g., Auorite, * 1 ates Mica coaiang en toe sos teat, ern eugene ae See eich seiscuarreR 39 PROPERTIES OF MINERALS eee ‘ propeing of nr, vie te warious, ae, cn rn SP route etrlope meeespe Sia incde 1. a Polaid iht Bai Pet (9 Form — Reset Zieas outing (0) Color and poco. ar beter patie oc seqairethrongh Becks abo (a Cearge and factor. (9 teetsioe. 2 Coder Crome Nico: (otra ato Bietengens ana itereence colo, i) Type of exintoe. {i} atinetion ange, i (9) Toiniag nn 70 0 Aeration, en bythe ero, (i) Asodaion. (ates opt propertt maybe sen fom the pros of pts deed eae (Cheaea Prope of Mine Trectoe with Aci, Facepting siete, and fecromagneian ae ee TN a of he easbonateminray and sible: socal wales focvesencewbences they come i coolact wih woe ‘The folowing chemical phenomens are stally found wit niet of vanous eatpote Proper of Minerals i (oy tomeron. Chen compends_ ich tae at sounstaanmitn, PO Se bred ese fs He SNE iat “the met or ere Sus fom’ on gre toe “ate he Fee ene age scien sammie so omer ieee Nyman us ith phen niche eases Seniesa eee Bee Re falowng ors 7 1 On te bait wor of pao oe bart then shia copped etn i omer a athe rage, Pte and Manne, a) Trichet chal _gamoond eg tie Dat tino Fen of Anant Pratt Se tate mete shearer seein roc es in et of anette fnows a “8) On the asf reves eg crea testator, for BADD, = ht and GeateS Tey (@) Monropy, Whin the chanesbilly is fom one bse tance ibe Shee i ate reves, es MateastesPyce ‘Doses the ave itinto be poted thatthe high empertue puipmeipr have he dese of spam. thaa ity Toe tem Palmee poarch ha ower epee of apmmety aera isa to exit peeudomer- Sc oue form of dierent mineral an teen csoibersatem, gue to? 1, Toulon! *Replacetent, 4 Alerton, ee (G) Honeomeplism, Saxe minerals clos reset ters neo atte ney ae dere a chet comgostin. Fens OP Be arangenent of the die fos he we emer cyte ny ele Rate and Zico, which Beal fo eat nal Spot mop i Ei mmm, eames Be peor Sacer cation Shore ces {SBloaite aad eragonte change fo eal,(CHAPTER 34 STUDY OF COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS ——E———————— ‘As we now, eral arth invidunt of rocks foming the cst" toe earth, Ther rocks consti he sorhowe of ‘Moats, “On theta of eftess al te miners can be prouned ie"G) Beatonle minerals aed @) Roce foraing miner “The rckforning minerals form a. preatee proportion fhe rocks and sre produced by normal metal forming procs, Within Seat ae atgorle of rocks, he diferent rocker are ieee yee ow tpl meal wemblage, Sia are Sartor myosin et of Tee tartan SF pgs, Lema! well ol 1. Geoupforming eats 2. Nonfualy sates 3, Newalieate mineral ste nies sone eae ml ced mine ee em a ia Settee nee de SoBe tent pea aa on ten Sener eeme oh @ylte cer re Seep te ET et inca aE eg Sranees ameter ace wet a Neveu, Tarot oie GOD Se (@) Serosliaes, Two terabdea sariog one ono, (4, SLO, Beli, Shay of Common Rock Forming Minerals ass. ( cydosente, These axe done sins of tbe, stare Songun i,be rato between ‘Sand "O13 ‘Tare are tre pe of gnaw () ech of Meeabedeasbating an orypen om, 65 Pestle, oe (0 etch of teraedea sarap an oxygen som, AX. (Uo) eae of6tetebede sharing an ones ato, 6. Ber. GO tnosteates, Toes re ao own as cain recture and swe oftno apes? i) Sigh race a tigcae vg. oygen stoms of she sida etahoton sated Sm 13, Tome contoe ‘Sofinous sgl alan af eae Pyrotene. i Donbiechain smetre, Thre sce contevous_doube sfaios of fabs serail sharing two and tee one ‘ato stim to omgen HA tilyeeAmphiook Fie are ‘known a Band sce a (9 Petes The, a contin, hn af tre sate ac ee mR neo agen 41, (f) Toto sets Ths a thredipensonl fame-ork of teeth dow ge sone eared Abe tore fae Sokeoe nate SPRINT pps ATA CG, Gua, Acsrtosy the foloreg major alt ans bee been Olive ro. (0) Buea group. (© Fespuboid group. (2) Pyrontoe romp. (@ Amphible goep.—_(/) Mica groom. (ther state groups which Se a abuadant, ae 1. Garvet group. 2 Bpidte group. 3. Zeolite group. 4. Katie oop. 5 Alumina Toe cther site micas which donot form roeps are a8 (0 Zion, u Speae, (8) Tops, 9) Saat) oo cdi} Yours, "a Na, tS Btpeslnn aS1% A Text Book of Geloy 2. hms ina Tes, de SSSR, eer escort c ypibotess and i ne gut, pr, i mp pr civ ae ee woe at ea Se : aan ing heya iat nfs it conta rd recon gatatan acer oe irae Ge cee Saha Se Seer mh cm nana el cee, CHAPTER 35 SILICATE STRUCTURE Teco sie tls sof ser inp sy EELS er acts area be were se ote Tees See sae oer satel 1 ae Sle Be sae. Oa et niet cet lt rad Tessar byt cand plates Use cod Ue a Spee ee ey catia ea Eis eae ae SSeS Ma lee Alb siale smcnee wr rat‘ tte soon tage eat area ys Se eee ecard ECP SL Saad a eet hoe see reat td kl tutte Steele ey Sees Eee Saag sg a ees ora Sanayi Theat rao’ of fet at ton op Wt of agp ne, i ae A ita ee eta as eee ee te ita ‘othe oxygen ows inthe tetabedeon, a ‘tract! fondant Stareg of ne osyaea between any two adjceat ttahedra suay, Wn opgons eo snd gle se fo eustare wi= A Text Book of Gola ime eager eee ae Soca eae oregon: oe emdnesa ty oo aoe of polymesaton and ibe extent of ee he alte ame-vone my beimee etbsrae mule etaheinl OUP Se ra raked erdiensnel Box WOoe pote 193 tanya sates wee intercede nee oe dat een aah mm she ope ete inne Oy ae lta i: Fr eed tt mel lg a tne uct ae core 8 Ens iss MaBOe Sy Tue sate sturtaes, 0 AF i edt ene Te gin el 0 se ar tse ole SRS i i el ay ce Se pyc SS tice ones e $. varie tats Satta sco RRS Spc cl Sinemet Cnaeratiareetcaan apt porenzie sa rat nicer ee Saunas Shem) esa encom Pe uamtsin re suo eum ae buntatre epee Soe cy seulement eae at fare paey Sea ccante LE Agi ataai uaa Se ae tt PR ct eats GIGS Sin et sis ie mc, oe eho te 23 ovens gn wie ras aban oom TOFS contfurntio of this Hind may exis 6 19 (acho to thes etabden share (© Bach of the oer tae sae onan som (© “Bich ofthe se icaedr shares a ope atom, ‘het ae all havin the forma hike malpien of eae DER = ‘The SO rng occur together with sroopt tt cone strstr ofthe lar msc eanaee? OD ‘me screen ere hoy eter pr Soe ee bad ete SR eas ia sae ae Sorte zt pt et ws iunlen em eng Pe ‘fundamental Sencha’ ait te he wel we ple set tourmaline erystal. ol Sere aan oa Rigs 4, hates Tawar alo gata ter Here Soviets a eo "ined topsthe to form chain of ache ‘Theta wo principal mote sonentiteiferentcmpeaion Sm (0) Single cans, io which i: 02 Sicha hie O18 13 canted by te ls sete vedi (© Double chain, wer ater ove cin, whee nate ets into, pai Eade sai it ache ad the Oana ey arsed by the ambi. 2 () Slagecaia Sratrs. The gunel? ttt Sr peam cath uaa ents aa RE Ee composition wo "Hare te tnes Rege chp 09 te Slo, in ace by te ees ft etn Pie chan i paral ote ean ofthe “fended oe by de aot ad magnet on {0 Doatleealn stare. These are oder. Hee te aliens teehee arsed ‘ho paral was andthe aie are. odct ein exe and stn nay a Spittopapi ecto andre bound by Sheet graces (S40). auo know 2 1 i Terma wen the 40 tube ane Bf tne sib Somer esto indeSocly int trodimetional‘erwe10 A Text Book of Geloy taut, wish bs a slo and onygn sto of 410, Thi Reda btn aman an Sorte " fe bet member have play oF MEL Rer are genraly rt of rela low speeieeavity SESS sac Heatly or eve easy othe clevape avec abt and one pro Depending on thé mode of co-ordination of the hydroxyl onsen Pen. re ‘Stet Sectore ier ie eas 1. ther are two types of coniguaion; nels called tbe ‘Hoe cOaT hes tnd omer seals the wiocthearl beet 6. Tocaleain, Italo Known a8 amenork srt when oth of th foie Open atone of each eredron bared ‘Weeder iatecoo, rere the formation of tection Blather Side teushedron hares cours with fr feta HGS S052 Sle dimensional netmork 9 which St Od £2 Here the bond ie stable aed srong_and the frame-woc in lect ay eval nd doesn coun the stra it. Thee ‘Eesti wayne baked tebe ye oFustcuteao ee “Minerals, Members of he Felspet, Felspthod, Zeolite, Qua soup ef aint ee show tha ype of sae erste,‘CHAPTER 36 ouvinE ee ‘ ‘tis ina grou of rokforming cates The alata are live eee ERR Gh Al hee miner ctlize to onberh- ‘BBE oye 1 Aton sacar, These ace neyo seates which esenially omit nner aad Stead ih ae Tk) ‘Stun of metal enions “2 Choncalcomputon, The goap ices mineral which may repented tpt Torml RSiOy where RM ot Fe nay De epreeie grou bsles fo a Contincos sere of se. ‘ibs bona omic gsc and Fac BOS solr belts race the with exes Mp a te formule Siaprevened ov (i Fe. ‘Various mmere re thot in he toorghous sre, in which beer seat before aed fayalite ‘Fovsterte Fox, Feat Cipslite Foam FO 0% Tiylmidente Pomeroy Flows Horonolte Fosawsen Fo, Fenerbiowtlé Fomiewy °°. Prion Fayaite Foowen Faso 10% ‘Other miners: Karbelte FeMaSiay Mootle CaMyS.Ou Lariente PozaSiog —Tephorte Mo,Si0y 2. Phys properties 1. Copal stem Onthorhonbic 2 Colosr Olive green 3. Serene Coioaiess 4 Lane Vireo stare Otriae 5. Handoon 6 Cleavage 1. Sp. ervey 2 Froue Covet 9. Twinning ae. 4. Opti proper: (%) Coloals snd non plese, (i) Ref inde, High pot ali, High Ref index. A) Berefingence. Sing O03. (9) Betncon Sih su, iin The emauiy fol ae edo 6 Atenas. Oise commonly alters 10 scosntine anos) and sendy rnd Ta basalt rocks, the ley, MionStte aueeiomich tim of slvse prodoce a brownih red ‘Bier cod dante 7 Ocoee, It characterise the ala base neo ok ‘gave peter serpenunites abd base fol Tike aoe, sb, doen, barat, ce The common sis ace chrom, Sean prone elie ad ur nay) ae Se Tanita nin ris ea aq teatnaneraeagms macuarren 37 PYROXENES t forming slcates contin the. Sie sng cain ie ote oi, en rd nates ot Mg ek fave Beate MgSiov. ) Brosite (Fe ich estate). CO Hypenene ——M FSIOy i Rerrotypertene Febiz50, (Bale ‘Mg content 1010 30% Fereiite FeSi0y (0) 2 Monee: (@Clnoensatte — Masi. (6) Diopiae ‘caMs5i,04 {e) Sante Che, FESO, (2) Hedesbergte ——CAFESAOW © Augie (Ca, Me Fe, ADAISIO. (A) Pieosite (GMpIMEFESiON (@) Atatipyroxens: (e) Acie NaFesi0, (Jaa sais, (0) Spodunene LAssiO,. (Giobseaseate ———CaMs, S10, 2, ke Toya lated stay te pe Bite tingle chain of heed SiOy teeabers whieh Ty no the ele ‘cn ‘of the pyeseees- They are commonly koown at 1 Prose 16s uni anit nly Ihe Wolutnite (C0), | PESTS AMOT CT aaah WUE SER BESS ome Para Popes yen Tie a Fine Pope Fynee Tie ae way nate 1 Caw, Ney cor of ron hee ae | of metepecy asare ened Sse | 13. Cleage. 2st, prismatic at anges 67 28493 4 Hines. 5106. 5 5p groniy. Low wo moderate, 6 Triming. Contac win cave of monodiis members. Opt! Charan (@) Oxhopyozene 0) Geen nd pleocric (xcept in eos. (i Ref index. High Opty“. (4) Ierference colour. Is ore. () Bxetion. Parallel (© Cinepronees + (©) Coleus to pte green and pleoetros (i) Ref index. Higher tha Canada Bale. (a) nt. colur, 208 order. () Beacon Tatsd, 48: Vase: ) Dialage. Taneoent adie Sous angie, Gi) Omphaste.Fotated dope, ound i Elosite. (ii) Kurt. Goaeraity of epoduseoe (i) idee, Bald green spodumene (ge-vsiy). enn Mo nn eh it sonal a ott es ie Gee ae Sen eer earchauprm 33 AMPHIOBOLES a t “Thee are hydrous ferzomagecrian alate ier 4 lon i ee tata IB otal be Laora roe "Meonic scare. Inoszates characterised by double hain Cheneal yo ce of Maes (Cacsn,Alomiom awe a All ea hse properties: roads, St Semen’ SE athe esr pny me Sra tn tien er SIO- (2) Onherhembie, (O Asthopbtite MEFOXSLOnNOHy (Monee () Commingonite (i) Tresette (9) Horablensé (9 Tehernabite (Ge) Hangs (Gf) Lamprobalte (at) Olacophase (©) Tree, Comp 2. Calor, Mott of the menbers ae pecish tock Io colont” (0) Croecite 9) Actioie 7) Beste (i) Parasite “Keer (ei) Astvedsoite (eh) Ribecie. tare, Viteous, Carag 2 vets, ptr, pati (110), a $6 4“ sate, 5 Harte S108 © seems, 25035 1 Tite” coma tant comer, Ont pope: (Grom on common ese (i eet i (ay mere ctr, {Seton re () Exincion. Orhounpiboer paral, ‘rioxrpaibots 10% 20 Veh: ©) Srp. Folinted setontte i) Ural. Secondary emai etn at ees ree teat (@) Amoste—Fiteou anthoptylite te—Pirour bette, (@) ChryteFbrou erpentig. (0) Neplte. Fae gained trenoliteactiolie ‘Ocearmac Monty ost In metamorphic rooks and lo ia gga Tt “Cosi smu ig ceaFELDSPARS ‘ This ithe most Important group ofthe ocferming sete. “They costae soot 27d of te Iau reek ‘Mamie rctreTetoallets: Cente compesion, They ere aluminositieates of pots, soaion, ease sp bari, and may be tebaded at ments ‘Bites of the fourend nemo gen below, of wbich he ht, {rece cominen whe the forth re 1. Ortheclae aod Mizoclne KAISLO, 2 Ate NaABiO,, 3. Anon CHANSO © Cohan BLAlSiO, ‘The hee nomorpows series ae (@) Anethsuse seen, Retmecno*Keand Ns fldpe. © Myron sere, Deven o°K? dar and 0B ‘elds or with K>Na. = (laos seven. Between ite and anorthite: © Avie (1 Olgsetse Ml) Avssioe () Labaderie (©) Brtowst (8 Avontite. ‘Physical Properties: (@ Conta form. Onhosae ie monic. Mieoline and other papas arene Cole, Orhetze ie Retired in eclous, Microctioe is seen in Golo andthe lout fiagioanstnge rom wie ~ (i) Last, Vitreous of pary (ay of enour ie marked) Wi) Charge, 2 se6—ove parallel (C1) fae aed oter to ‘Ge Feldgors 1 {2.0 ase bern he cag i" in ae foals (6) Hadas, 6 (58) (i) So. eran, 7513, scodig aclu content. (i) Toning (@) (0) Carod—'e axis is the ein composts ple (2) Borns. (0) be win plane, sisadome), (©) Masetach. (00) se wn lane “These tre ate conmonly ued in ortiele. (@) Misting: (1) Atte, Twin pare (00, ia ais perpen thi Da i ee, sad ee and (010) he (2) Paget ‘They show all te above twinning spe Mieco aes 1. Form. Sabbedal oasholea 3. Bireingece. Weak (Ref indexlow), Le, 000, Doin ‘@ Ortholate: simple wisn. i) Micrsie : com-atched tinaing, (i) Pagoctee : polysrthetic ot ane. 3: Betton angle 13 10 20 MichathLeyy method is sed determine thi Vesies: {2 Sziine A high temperntee porno felipe (in (@) Adare. Lortemperatureoethoclae (©) Moon sone Oplecent alr orale, (0 Aventure. Gera vaso aie, (©) Amazon sone. Bright een mole, caren. Alkali flspary,(e, orthots,mierodie and————E—————___ 10 A Tent Book of Gelory ae common i ed gpon rocks it, grit, rane oe, sth te, teases eas encaes aetemorpale oo) ‘gain ower in teeta to base gous =k, point Fates of Oscar teow tetesn onthe a ieee BE ae satches fond te mierosie Fete, Miosn ifound etal a predomi sat nes out a0 “Pompe. Interowth Yetween quart snd ontocne a we styrmektie.Ttrrowth tees quarts and pagode seta. 7 zoning Yuin of compostion arkea in tse magia! seion of aspen 200 arts texters Spo siete Ger Lachraiec. ie sytane vane een de iow Sviccteems = 9 Quartz (a) Tedymie (4 Ceistabace (9) Coeste () Stove (0 eat, “Thee ae the thes cotaice polymorhs of lca, While quart his low-ienpertare povmorpt formed telow S70, Mya fomnedtetnen to 1A90C and exstbulte formed at eperture above 100. ‘The non-crytalline vaity ofc cours a8 (@ Lachaise (4) Opa and (4) Chskendony. Phys cares: 1, Form. While quart a member ofthe Hetgooal te srigrbite lone te Srborentle scm nod Coole Sgt {olbometne ten. Steak. White. asa, Vitreous to sub-viteou. Hardens. 7 eres). {Cearage No denvage (an important characteris) Spry. Low, be, 265. “Twining () Common twin are Daphne 172, peoe tetog inn hte ss ben a * (U) Brel ype A peneteton tw with (130) a8 she twin, tomar “Ut Japanese, Conte tine with (1122) as win plane.eEaEEE———___ m Text Book of Booey Bc gropety. oats ‘pleat a well a8 ‘ro ec 9. Colt, Quarts clouies but the sonerysalie varie: | ties areclouet. Open properties G) Nompeocese clones. W Ref inex, Low +e, ireingence= 009. a) Potaration colar. order ray or yn, (i) Exincion. Wavy (Gay varieties are isotope). 10 ‘Brac tvinod pit an79 masse. Palymorpeof quarts. Besides ym, citable, cei no mosibeaons ef quart ey quai ‘wicowi, hee Beware (6) equate, Lov-tenperstare quai formed blow S75C. (@) ger Hiphtemperaure gars, fed teemeen 573° ana 80h band in vofnae foots a penser) ‘Vari of quer brsog 08 col (0) Reckerytal, Cleat 08 transparent GD dmetiya.” Vl (i) Cra. Pae ye (0) Arion. Black quae (©) Cotsene., Fibrous variety, showing opalecece due to the pose of am (oi) Rowe ques. Pick (oa) May quar White, ‘Nonxytlin asiy. Facet sien hae “Lecatlrie i the obStiaee tes opal ted chesdony ‘comains some wal | Sion. Opa i of sane eye dicot ee { ‘Catectony i havog vate Hke, oun per, sd, cbt, At, pepe, lod stone (he are), hora tose ee ‘Occunecs, I: preen i slen rich igneous rock 1 the trsie aeteinl of sandstone nd foond fm metro 10k Tks SRELSNDIE, Charoatts sod Shonda jeies lke Fire opal, sieous sinter or 1. Atom state, “These ae phyloiote the SiO sheet rete. Phyliss which poness 2, Chemicon 6 ae byte stung. of k, Neorti with Me orem saker mente me ses 3 Clsienion. Som cision of mia pou ae as © Diocesan (©) Triad group. Pologpt aod Bio, oe eeoee ses hse cnr oe W) Maseonie soap. Time ate ate of lel sh nto his SEE ae cw ids Sa 0 cr, stata om coca eit © teary anne wae ‘contain Mg, Fed nee dak in colour. Fine as 0 Pie eat Ast (OH © Fount (2) They cess in mone eel inke see bat the forms aea A Text Book of Geology () Mosconi, Coloute @ Botte, Duck eoloue. (@) Lanne, Peep, splendat. (© Ceaoge. Perfect bast enags CD Manes 203, (] Speranty. Low. ) Foiing ary — (0, Spal hr. They poss wigue combination Lor tad ps ofa: naan Diottes dark brown. ip Rapides. High. (@) Beringenes. Strong, £2, 0033 to 005. (0) Estnton Pai © Vere (@ Saree, Sesondary mien (musovi) i) Puce Cebearing mi. Gi) Gertie. Fed macovic, (6) Rosoele” Vanadium beating muscovite (©) Domourte, Secondary mascot by hydrothermal alter tin of fpr “i) Leplomelane. Ao onic Wott. (oi) Yericuter Aero bot 7. Oecurare. Mucovite onus, ie acdgnegus rocks. Bite sur im ll gueous rock, pestcary the aid and ar= eae ones Ta sedeatay socks sho they are peesot as an aubigene Important character, Mics show ap propery town Seb esac whichis bo ors tprencbed. Peroutionfigucs ae also the character features found in sain, when aby plated ole presi alt ‘CHAPTER «2 i cHtonires ‘These ae micacous mineral which are gree in eal ‘are eevage: fake whith are"Soibe but Sot date hey ae Spd of Ei met End bn ston They show gests a wr Biren. The inrtaa specs of ite 1. Giohlor. 2. Pennine, 2, Prctort Phys properties (0) Tony lf cesta inthe onseline tem. (a) Clove. Perf i) Hare V0 3, ) Speaeoniy. 25103. (0) Teng Not rcopibe in hendopecies, Optics ropes: (@) Green le colour nd peoeroe. () Ref ndes. Wight han Canada Batam, ©) Brefingnce, Very weak=B001 1 001, W) Interference clo. Pitt oder, (©) Eston Pal. Veey | 1. Ghamast, An ratchet, eieade pSoreplote. A chloe formed by the ateraon of | ondary rwting by a Terdoapbeesnisiea. oop of x minerals which are iomerphous ata See Eee pre as mpeented by tha chemical Sopa. sane rae, Thee we tees, formed of nse, aoe mmpnig Ths gn tral eet dnt eta Fg oan RS RSnae Ge Cuneta Many tre rt wou = (p Prat Coan tee meter: © Pyne. MEAS @ Amite PoAdSO (© Spent Gu Uae Itcnining of ee mea ke: {o) Urea. CHC 8 Gramtries Case “A. Phys popestes: (0 Geroes ere exernally eble In form (Rhombododeea- edz) prone Aas atts Seer Saka cock hinPcadr back oou. : i) Lasire, Veco to sbi, (i) Cavape. Nove. (@) Hardness. 1. (9) So. rary. Win. (Gi) Trang. Nose. m 5. Oneal properten: rol elena low rometine pl ik clu. 0D Ref index. Very Bah. (i) Under eosed mes. Dat, atop 6 Vat () Melinie, ack andra. (1) Schoramie,Taiferou andre. Gi) Demonoid. Clare araie (G) fmt. Also known a4 iepamon sone is ‘wowauh rn of sromalarte Oe meee (0) Tperle.Yellow-andradte cerns, Gants sully metamorphic intl, ut tope ab unr in gest ebay cuter they are caracteacl by Gee {pal tubes i Soin areaed by Gee pial eoboloeeabesn oo