Seismic Site Response Analysis

Soil-Structure Interaction:
Basic Concepts

Steve Kramer
Steve Kramer
University of Washington
University of Washington

EERI Technical
Seminar Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures
Series Seminar 2: Practical Applications to Deep Foundations
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Soil-Structure Interaction

How does the presence of soil affect the response of a structure?

Soil

Rock Rock

Does the structure founded on rock respond differently than

when founded on soil?
Soil-Structure Interaction

How does the presence of a structure affect the response of the

soil?

Foundation
input motion
Free-field motion

Soil

Rock

How does the motion at the base of the structure differ

from the free-field motion?
Soil-Structure Interaction
In reality, the response of the soil affects the response of
the structure, and the response of the structure affects the
response of the soil

Soil-Structure Interaction

Two components:
Kinematic interaction
Presence of stiff
foundation elements on or
in soil cause foundation
motions to deviate from
free-field motions.
Inertial interaction
Inertial response of
structure causes base shear
and moments which cause
displacements of foundation
relative to free-field.
Soil-Structure Interaction

Kinematic SSI has three primary causes:

Base slab averaging – results from stiffness of foundation
Embedment – variation of ground motion with depth
Wave scattering – scattering off corners and edges

Base slab averaging – stiffness of

foundation prevents it from matching free-
field deformations. Exists even for
massless foundation.
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Soil-Structure Interaction

Kinematic SSI has three primary causes:

Base slab averaging – results from stiffness of foundation
Embedment – variation of ground motion with depth
Wave scattering – scattering off corners and edges

Flexible pile
Deformation matches free-field
deformation
Surface motion = free-field motion
No rotation at surface
Soil-Structure Interaction

Kinematic SSI has three primary causes:

Base slab averaging – results from stiffness of foundation
Embedment – variation of ground motion with depth
Wave scattering – scattering off corners and edges

Rigid pile
Deformation different than free-
field deformation – can translate
and rotate
Surface motion = free-field motion
Rotation and displacement at
surface
Soil-Structure Interaction

Kinematic SSI has three primary causes:

Base slab averaging – results from stiffness of foundation
Embedment – reduction of ground motion with depth
Wave scattering – scattering off corners and edges

Ground
motion
amplitude
decreases
with depth
Soil-Structure Interaction

Kinematic SSI has three primary causes:

Base slab averaging – results from stiffness of foundation
Embedment – reduction of ground motion with depth
Wave scattering – scattering off corners and edges

Vertically
propagating
shear waves
can cause
rocking as
well as
translation
Soil-Structure Interaction

Kinematic SSI has three primary causes:

Base slab averaging – results from stiffness of foundation
Embedment – reduction of ground motion with depth
Wave scattering – scattering off corners and edges

Wave scattering
reduces
amplitude of high
frequency
components
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Soil-Structure Interaction

Inertial SSI results from compliance of soil

Soil is not rigid – will deform due to loads from structure

Translation in
three directions
 Soil-Structure Interaction

Inertial SSI results from compliance of soil

Soil is not rigid – will deform due to loads from structure

Rotation about
three axes
 Fx   k11 k12 k13 k14 k15 k16  u x 
 F  k k 22 k 23 k 24 k 25 k 26  u y 
 y   21
 Fz  k31 k32 k33 k34 k35 k36  u z  6 x 6 stiffness matrix to
    describe foundation
 M x  k 41 k 42 k 43 k 44 k 45 k 46   x 
compliance
M y  k51 k52 k53 k54 k55 k56   y 
    
 M z  k61 k62 k63 k64 k65 k 66   z 
Soil-Structure Interaction

Inertial SSI results from compliance of soil

Soil is not rigid – will deform due to loads from structure

Displacement in
two directions
Rocking about
one axis

 Fx   k11 0 k13  u x  3 x 3 stiffness matrix to

    
 Fy    0 k 22 0  u y  describe foundation
M  k 0 k33    compliance
 z   31  z
Soil-Structure Interaction

Inertial SSI results from compliance of soil

Soil is not rigid – will deform due to loads from structure
Deformations resulting from structural forces will propagate
away from structure
Energy “removed”
from structure –
radiation damping
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Soil-Structure Interaction

Analysis of soil-structure interaction

Two approaches
Direct approach – model soil and structure together

Requires detailed
model of structure
and soil in one
computer program
Can handle nonlinear
soil and structural
response
Soil-Structure Interaction

Analysis of soil-structure interaction

Two approaches
Direct approach – model soil and structure together
Substructure approach – model separately and combine

Kinematic SSI

Inertial SSI

Can use different codes for

soil and structural response
Superposition requires
linearity
Soil-Structure Interaction

Analysis of kinematic soil-structure interaction

Soil-Structure Interaction

Analysis of kinematic soil-structure interaction

Influenced by stiffness
qFIM and geometry of soil and
uFIM foundation

Model foundation as Compute foundation

massless but with input motions, uFIM
actual stiffness and qFIM
Soil-Structure Interaction

Impedance function – foundation stiffness and damping

Qv
M
Qh kh
kq

cq ch
cv kv
Kv = kv + icvw

6 x 6 matrix of complex impedance coefficients

3 translational coefficients
3 rotational coefficients
Cross-coupling (off-diagonal) coefficients
Soil-Structure Interaction

Analysis of structure on compliant base subjected to FIM

Based on principle of
superposition – assumed
linearity
Frequently performed
using equivalent linear
approach
kh
kq uFIM

cq ch
cv kv
qFIM
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Soil-Structure Interaction

Effects of soil-structure interaction

Consider simplified model

Base of structure
can translate
and rotate

SDOF
SDOFsystem
systemon oncompliant
compliantbase
base
Horizontal
Horizontaltranslation
translation
Rocking
Rocking
Soil-Structure Interaction

Effects of soil-structure interaction

Displacement
Displacement
Consider simplified model due to rocking
due to
distortion of
structure

Displacement
of ground Displacement
due to
horizontal
translation

SDOF
SDOFsystem
systemon oncompliant
compliantbase
base
Horizontal
Horizontaltranslation
translation
Rocking
Rocking
Soil-Structure Interaction

Effects of soil-structure interaction

Consider simplified model

~
T k kh 2
 1 
T ku k

~ ~ 
  0  ~
(T / T ) 3
Soil-Structure Interaction

Structure on
circular footing of Period
Periodlengthening
lengtheningis isnegligible
negligible
radius, r for
foraasoft
softstructure
structureon
onstiff
stiffsoil
soil––
it’s
it’seffects
effectsincrease
increasewith
with
increasing
increasingstructure/soil
structure/soil
~
T/T relative stiffness.
relative stiffness.
SSI
SSIeffects
effectsare
aresmall
smallforforflexible
flexible
structure
structureononstiff
stiffsite,
site,but
but
significant
significantfor
forstiff
stiffstructure
structureon on
soft
softsoil.
soil.

Stiff soil h/(VsT)

Soft soil
Flexible structure Stiff structure
Soil-Structure Interaction

Radiation
Radiationdamping
dampingisisnegligible
negligible
for
foraasoft
softstructure
structureon
onstiff
stiffsoil
soil––
it’s
it’seffects
effectsincrease
increasewith
with
increasing
increasingstructure/soil
structure/soil
relative stiffness.
relative stiffness.
Relative
Relativeimportance
importanceofofradiation
radiation
damping
dampingdecreases
decreaseswith
with
increasing
increasingh/r
h/r(increasing
(increasing
rocking
rockingresponse).
response).
SSI
SSIeffects
effectsare
aresmall
smallforforflexible
flexible
h/(VsT) structure on stiff site, but
structure on stiff site, but
Stiff soil Soft soilsignificant for stiff structure on
Flexible structure significant for stiff structure on
Stiff structuresoft soil.
soft soil.
Soil-Structure Interaction

Effects of soil-structure interaction

SSI can decrease
Consider simplified model structural
deformations, loads
With
Withincreasing
increasing
foundation
foundationflexibility,
flexibility,
Period
Periodlengthens
lengthens
Damping
Dampingincreases
increases

~
T k kh 2
 1 
T ku k

~ ~ 
  0  ~
(T / T ) 3
Soil-Structure Interaction

Effects of soil-structure interaction

SSI can increase total
Consider simplified model displacements

With
Withincreasing
increasing
foundation
foundationflexibility,
flexibility,
Period
Periodlengthens
lengthens
Damping
Dampingincreases
increases

~
T k kh 2
 1 
T ku k

~ ~ 
  0  ~
(T / T ) 3
Soil-Structure Interaction Basics

Summary
SSI is not significant for cases of flexible structures on stiff
soil deposits
SSI can be quite significant for stiff structures founded on
soft soils
Fundamental period of soil-structure system is longer than
that of fixed-base structure
Effective damping of soil-structure system is higher than
damping of structure alone
Total displacements can be increased by SSI – can be
important for closely-spaced tall structures
Neglecting SSI is equivalent to assuming the structure is
supported on rigid materials
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations

Why?
Poor soil conditions

Soft, weak,
compressible
Deep Foundations

Why?
Poor soil conditions

Soft, weak,
compressible
Deep Foundations

Why?
Poor soil conditions

Soft, weak,
compressible
Deep Foundations

Why?
Poor soil
conditions

Soft, weak,
compressible
 Deep Foundations

Pile Foundations

All deep foundation photos courtesy of Geo-Photo

album (Ross Boulanger and Mike Duncan)
Deep Foundations

Pile Foundations

Note excavation
outside of forms
Deep Foundations

Pile Foundations

Note excavation
outside of forms
Deep Foundations

Drilled Shaft Foundations

Deep Foundations

Drilled Shaft Foundations

Deep Foundations

Drilled Shaft Foundations

Deep Foundations

Drilled Shaft Foundations

Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – vertical loading

Applied load

High in clays (adhesion)

Low in sands (friction)
Skin resistance

Low in clays (cohesive)

High in sands (frictional)
Tip resistance
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – vertical loading

Applied load

High in clays
Low in sands
Skin resistance
Possible
momentary
suction

Zero* in clays
Zero in sands
Tip resistance
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – vertical loading

Applied load

How do we
measure vertical
Skin resistance
load resistance?

Tip resistance
Deep Foundations

Pile load test

Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – vertical loading

Applied load, Q
Qult
Q

Strain
gauges Skin resistance

Tip resistance Tip Skin

Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – vertical loading

Pile head load
Q Applied load, Q
displacement
Qult
Q
Qult

Strain Nonlinear
Nonlinear soil
soil
Skin
response resistance
gauges responsedmeans
meanspile pile
stiffness
stiffnessisisnot
not
constant
constant

Tip resistance Tip Skin

Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – lateral loading

Applied load No lateral load

Horizontal plane

Lateral load
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – lateral loading

Applied load No lateral load

Horizontal plane
p
Lateral load

y
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – lateral loading

Strength
Applied load p
pult
Stiffness

Horizontal plane
p
Lateral load

y
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – lateral loading

At large depths,
p
pult

Pile moves through soil

Soil appears to flow around pile
p
Soil movement in horizontal plane Lateral load
Solutions for pult available

y
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – lateral loading

At shallow depths,
p
pult

p
Lateral load

Wedge of soil is pushed up and out

Vertical and horizontal components of movement
y
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – lateral loading

At shallow depths,

Same resistance
in both directions

Wedge of soil is pushed up and out

Vertical and horizontal components of movement
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – lateral loading

At shallow depths,

Symmetric loading
leads to generally
symmetric response

Wedge of soil is pushed up and out

Vertical and horizontal components of movement
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – lateral loading

At shallow depths,

Much greater
resistance to loading in
upslope than
downslope direction

Wedge of soil is pushed up and out

Vertical and horizontal components of movement
Deep Foundations

Single pile/shaft behavior – lateral loading

At shallow depths,

Symmetric loading
leads to asymmetric
response

Wedge of soil is pushed up and out

Vertical and horizontal components of movement
Deep Foundations

Determination of p-y behavior – lateral load test

Applied load

Strain
gauge
pairs
Deep Foundations

Determination of p-y behavior – lateral load test

lateral soil shear bending

resistance force moment

d 2M (z) d2y
p M ( z )  EI 2
dz 2 dz
Deep Foundations

Determination of p-y behavior

lateral soil shear bending

resistance force moment

d 2M (z) d2y
p M ( z )  EI 2
dz 2 dz
Deep Foundations

Determination of p-y behavior

lateral soil shear bending

resistance force moment
Nonlinear
Nonlinearsoil
soil
response
responsemeans
means
lateral
lateralstiffness
stiffnessisis
not
notconstant
constant
p

d 2M (z) d2y
p M ( z )  EI 2
dz 2 dz
Deep Foundations

static cyclic

sand

stiff clay
Rate-dependence has been
observed in some fine-grained
soils (increases with increasing
plasticity)
May provide ~ 10% increase in
soft clay stiffness/strength for 10-fold
increase in strain rate
Implies frequency-dependence
in dynamic stiffness
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations
Analysis of deep foundation response – lateral loading, single foundation

4y 2y 2y Dynamic beam on nonlinear

EI Q  mp Winkler foundation
z 4
z 2
t 2
 y  2 y y ff 
 P y , , , y ff , , G , ru ,  
 t t 2
t 
Deep Foundations
Analysis of deep foundation response – lateral loading, single foundation

Dynamic beam on nonlinear

FF Winkler foundation
NF
NF FF
NF FF
NF FF
Free-field
NF FF displacement

NF FF
NF FF
NF FF
Deep Foundations
Analysis of deep foundation response – lateral loading, single foundation

Near-field element p
Nonlinear, inelastic
behavior close to pile
y

mnf (1,1) mnf (1,2) D

mnf (2,1) mnf (2,2)

.y
Deep Foundations
Analysis of deep foundation response – lateral loading, single foundation

Far-field element
Frequency-dependent
radiation damping
Deep Foundations
Analysis of deep foundation response – lateral loading, single foundation

Far-field element
Frequency-dependent
radiation damping

y
k k k ff
1 2 3

m
ff
c c c
1 2 3
Deep Foundations
Analysis of deep foundation response – lateral loading, single foundation

Far-field element
Frequency-dependent
radiation damping

y
k 8
k k ff
1 2 3
7
Imaginary part
6

5 c2 c3
Stiffness

4
m
ff
3

c c c Real part
1 2 2 3
1

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Dimensionless Frequency
Deep Foundations
Analysis of deep foundation response – vertical loading, single foundation

Discretize pile, represent nonlinear skin resistance using t-z curves

t-z

Tip resistance
mobilized at larger
Skin resistance z
displacements
generally mobilized Q
quickly

What about tip

resistance?
z
Q-z
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations
All forms of loading

p-y
t-z

Q-z
Deep Foundations
Vertical loading
Deep Foundations
Vertical loading
Deep Foundations
Vertical loading

Adhesion/frictional
Adhesion/frictionalresistance
resistance
ofofsoil
soiland
andinterface
interfacestrength
strength
mobilized
mobilizedalong
alonglength
lengthofofpile
pile
Tip
Tipresistance
resistancemobilized
mobilizedinin
bulb
bulbbeneath
beneathbase
baseofof
foundation
foundation

Vertical
Verticalstiffness
stiffness
influenced
influencedby byentire
entire
soil
soilprofile
profile
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading at pile head
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading at pile head

Resistance (stiffness) dominated

by near-surface soils

Deeper soils don’t

contribute much to lateral
resistance (stiffness)
Single Pile Stiffness – Static Loading
KMM
KMH
KHH KHM
Es
1
1

d Es*

Homogeneous soil modulus:

Rocking and
KHH ≅ Es d ( Ep / Es )
0.21
*
swaying are
coupled
( Ep / Es )
0.75
KMM ≅ 0.15 Es d 3 *

Es d 2 ( Ep / Es* )
0.50
KMH = KHM ≅ - 0.22
Single Pile Stiffness – Static Loading
KMM
KMH
KHH KHM
Es
1
1

d Es*

“Gibson soil” modulus:

KHH ≅ 0.6 Es d ( Ep / Es* )
0.35

( Ep / Es )
0.80
KMM ≅ 0.15 Es d 3 *

Es d 2 ( Ep / Es* )
0.60
KMH = KHM ≅ - 0.17
Single Pile Stiffness – Static Loading
KMM
KMH
KHH KHM
Es
1
1

d Es*

Parabolic soil modulus:

KHH ≅ 0.8 Es d ( Ep / Es* )
0.28

( Ep / Es )
0.77
KMM ≅ 0.15 Es d 3 *

Es d 2 ( Ep / Es* )
0.53
KMH = KHM ≅ - 0.24
Single Pile Stiffness – Static Loading
KMM
KMH
KHH KHM
Es
1
1

Layered nonlinear soil:

Use p-y analysis

Deep Foundations
Lateral loading from ground shaking – uniform soil profile

Very flexible pile

High
Highcurvatures,
curvatures,low
low
bending
bendingmoments
moments
Flexural
Flexuraldemands
demandscancan
be
be as high at depthas
as high at depth as
near
nearthe
thesurface
surface
Pile
Pilehead
headmotion
motionisis
same
sameasasfree-field
free-field
ground
groundsurface
surfacemotion
motion
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading from ground shaking – uniform soil profile

Stiff pile

Low
Lowcurvatures,
curvatures,high
high
bending
bendingmoments
moments
Flexural
Flexuraldemands
demandscancan
be
be as high at depthas
as high at depth as
near
nearthe
thesurface
surface
Pile
Pilehead
headmotion
motionisis
different
differentthan
thanfree-field
free-field
ground
groundsurface
surfacemotion
motion
––reflects
reflectsdistribution
distributionofof
motions
motionsalong
alonglength
lengthofof
pile
pile
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading from ground shaking – uniform soil profile

High
Highfree-field
free-fieldcurvature
curvature
Soft atatboundary
boundary
Flexural
Flexuraldemands
demandscancanbe
be
Stiff
much
muchhigher
higheratatdepth
depth
than
thannear
nearsurface
surface
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading from ground shaking – uniform soil profile

Stiff

High
Highfree-field
free-fieldcurvature
curvature
atatboth
bothboundaries
boundaries
Soft Flexural
Flexuraldemands
demandscan canbe
be
high
highatatboth
bothlocations
locations
Stiff
Deep Foundations - Lateral loading summary

Inertial Kinematic Lateral

spreading

Crust
Loading from Loading from
superstructure cyclic soil
deformation
Loading from
permanent soil
deformation
Deep Foundations
All forms of loading

p-y
t-z

Q-z
Deep Foundations
Lateral loading

P
y

Liquefiable soils

d
p-y curves are “softened”
as pore pressures increase
– shape remains the same

Actual p-y behavior of

liquefied soil is more
complicated – stiffness and
shape both change
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups

Increased
Decreased
axial load –
axial load –
potential for
potential for
bearing
pullout
failure

Lateral
Lateralloading
loadingofofpile
pile
groups
groupsmobilizes
mobilizesaxial
axial
resistance
resistance(t-z,
(t-z,Q-z
Q-zsprings)
springs)
as
aswell
wellas
aslateral
lateralresistance
resistance
(p-y
(p-ysprings)
springs)
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups

Axial
Axialresistance
resistanceofofpiles
piles
generally
generallysufficient
sufficientto
to
greatly
greatlyreduce
reducepile
pilecap
cap
rotation
rotation
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups

Axial
Axialresistance
resistanceofofpiles
piles
generally
generallysufficient
sufficientto
to
greatly
greatlyreduce
reducepile
pilecap
cap
rotation
rotation
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups

Axial
Axialresistance
resistanceofofpiles
piles
generally
generallysufficient
sufficientto
to
greatly
greatlyreduce
reducepile
pilecap
cap
rotation
rotation
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups

Axial
Axialresistance
resistanceofofpiles
piles
generally
generallysufficient
sufficientto
to
greatly
greatlyreduce
reducepile
pilecap
cap
rotation
rotation
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups

3 x 3 group
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups

4 x 4 group
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Zones of influence overlap with each
other and with other piles
Not all piles produce same resistance
Zones of
Pile-soil-pile interaction can affect group
influence
capacity and stiffness

Piles interact at spacings

less than 7-8 diameters
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups
Single pile

Row 4

Row 3

Row 2

Row 1
Row 1
Row 2

Leading
Leadingrow
rowtakes
takes
Rows 3-5
greatest
greatestload
load
Trailing
Trailingrows
rowstake
takeless
less
load
load
Group
Groupeffects
effectshandled
handled
Trailingby
byp-multipliers
Leading
p-multipliers
rows row
Multiple
Multiplecycles
cyclescan
can
diminish
diminishrow
roweffects
effects
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups

Leading
Leadingrow
rowtakes
takes
greatest
greatestload
load
Trailing
Trailingrows
rowstake
takeless
less
load
load
Group
Groupeffects
effectshandled
handled
by
byp-multipliers
p-multipliers
Mokwa, 1999 Multiple
Multiplecycles
cyclescan
can
diminish
diminishrow
roweffects
effects
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups

Single
Singlepile
pilehas
hasgreater
greater
bending
bendingmoment
moment
Leading
Leadingrow
row piles
pileshave
have
largest
largestMMin
ingroup
group
Trailing
Trailingrow
rowmoments
moments
stabilize
stabilizeafter
afterRow
Row33
Rollins et al., 2005
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups – Embedded pile cap
Passive resistance
on pile cap

Pile
Pilecap
capcan
canprovide
provide
substantial
substantialcontribution
contributionto
to
lateral
lateralresistance
resistance
(stiffness)
(stiffness)
Effectiveness
Effectivenesscan canbe
be
affected
affectedby bycompaction
compaction
ofofbackfill
backfillsoils
soils
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups – High overturning moment
M

High axial demands

placed on outer rows
M
of piles – upward and
downward
Can lead to yielding of
q these piles – plastic
deformation of soils
Deep Foundations
Pile Groups – High overturning moment
M

Dissipated High axial demands

energy placed on outer rows
M
of piles – upward and
downward
Can lead to yielding of
q these piles – plastic
deformation of soils
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Single Pile Stiffness – Dynamic Loading

Under harmonic loading, pile will respond (deform) harmonically

Both amplitude and phase of response will vary with frequency
Can model resistance (pile impedance) as having two parts
Elastic resistance – K(w) In phase
Viscous resistance – C(w) 90o out of phase

Can model dynamic stiffness using stiffness multiplier

K(w) = k(w)Kstatic
Deep Foundations – Dynamic Amplification Factors

αo = ωd / VS

Frequency
Frequencydependence
dependencefor for
single
singlepiles
pilesnot
notthat
thatstrong
strong
Not
Notuncommon
uncommonto
toassume
assume
k(w)
k(w)~~11
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Methods of Analysis

Direct Analysis
Model entire soil-pile-structure system
Compute response in single analysis
Direct Analysis

Attach p-y
curves to all
Attach t-z
p-y nodes
curves to all
nodes
t-z

Attach Q-z
curves to pile
tip nodes Q-z
Direct Analysis

Apply depth-varying Coupled

Coupledanalysis
analysis
free-field motions to free of
ofsoil-pile-
soil-pile-
ends of p-y, t-z, and Q-z structure
structuresystem
system
elements
Compute resulting
response p-y

t-z

Q-z
Substructure Modeling

Cut piles at mudline and replace with springs/dashpots

Apply kinematic pile motions at mudline to free ends of
horizontal, vertical, and rotational springs
Compute resulting response
Substructure Modeling

Cut column at pile cap and replace with springs/dashpots

Apply kinematic pile cap motions to horizontal, vertical,
and rotational springs at centroid of pile cap
Substructure
Substructure modeling
modelingcan
canprovide
provideexact
exact
Compute resulting
solutionresponse
solutionfor
forlinear
linearsystem
system
Can
Caniterate
iteratetotoapproximate
approximatenonlinear
nonlinear
effects
effectsusing
usingequivalent
equivalentlinearization
linearization
No
Nodirect
directway
waytotohandle
handlenonlinear
nonlinearsystems
systems
Outline
Soil-structure interaction basics
Kinematic interaction
Inertial interaction
Analysis of soil-structure interaction
Effects of soil-structure interaction
Soil-pile-structure interaction basics
Deep foundations
Single pile/shaft behavior
Analysis of single piles
Forms of loading
Pile groups
Dynamic response
Methods of analysis
Conclusions
Conclusions
Physical behavior of deep foundations is complicated
For buildings …
… kinematic interaction can affect foundation input motions
… inertial interaction effects are more significant
For bridges, wharves, etc.
… kinematic interaction effects can be very significant
… kinematic effects due to permanent deformations can be critical
… inertial interaction effects can still be important
For inertial interaction, estimation of stiffness becomes important
… single piles – resistance mostly flexural
… pile groups – resistance provided by flexural and axial components
… pile cap stiffness can be significant – backfill characteristics important
Approximations to actual behavior frequently required – requires
communication between structural and geotechnical engineers
Thank you
References

Gazetas, G. (), Chapter 15 in Foundation Engineering Handbook, Winterkorn and Fang,

Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Lam, I.P. and Law, H. (2000). “Soil-structure interaction of bridges for seimsic analysis,”
Technical Report MCEER-00-0008, 119 pp.
Mokwa, R.L. (1999). “Investigation of the Resistance of Pile Caps to Lateral Loading,”
Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Tech.
Rollins, K.M., Lane, J.D., Gerber, T. M. (2005). "Measured and Computed Lateral
Response of a Pile Group in Sand," J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE
Vol. 131, No. 1, p. 103-114.
Stewart, J.P. (2000). “Variations between foundation-level and free-field earthquake ground
motions” Earthquake Spectra, 16 (2), 511-532.
Stewart, J.P., Fenves, G.L. and Seed, R.B. (1999). “Seismic soil-structure interaction in
buildings. II: Analytical aspects,” J. Geotech. & Geoenv. Engrg., ASCE, 125 (1), 26-37.
Stewart, J.P., Seed, R.B., and Fenves, G.L. (1999). “Seismic soil-structure interaction in
buildings. II: Empirical findings,” J. Geotech. & Geoenv. Engrg., ASCE, 125 (1), 38-48.