For Olfflcu l t P r obl in s

m; 2 xh = mg x(%)
_ ~g r b _ ~9--8-x_2_4_·_5_x_J.-.
or v- 2h - 0-49
= 19•17 m/.
56. Here, r = 40() m. Ii - · I I m
.is 40 _,
11 4,' -;:m //1 Ill!.
6
h 11 " mg
tan8;::;- = -
n r
Tcos 0 == mg
40 1 mg O·l x9·8 _ 0·98 _
-x---
3 400 x 9·8 T -- -cos e == cos 22·62 0 - 0 ·9231 - 1 6 '°
= 0·04 4 m mr 41t2
S • H re, m = O· l g Also, r sin 0 = mr oi = 12
OP=l=l -3m
CP= r = 0·5 m
t2 = 4 1t2 mr
time period t = ? , ten ion T = ?
T sin8
in 0 = !.. = O·S = 0·3846 22 22 O·lXO·S = 4-846
l 1-3
8 = sin- 1 (0·3846) = 22·62°
= 4x 7 x7 x 1-06 x 0-3846
A is clear from Fig. 3(b).38. t = ./4-846 = 2·2s ·

1. ewton s three laws of motion form the basis of mechanics. According to 1st law, a body continues to be in
its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line, unless it is acted upon by some external force to
change the state. This law defines force and is also called law of inertia.
According to 2nd law, the rate of change of linear momentum of a body i directly proportional to the external
force applied on the body, and this change takes place in the direction of the applied force. This law give us
a measure of force.
According to third law, to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. This law give u the
nature of force.
2. Inertia is inability of a body to change by itself, its state of rest or its state of uniform motion along a traight
line. Inertia is obviously of three types : (i) Inertia of rest (ii) Inertia of motion, (iii) Inertia of dire ti.on.
-t -t
3. From Newton's 2nd law, we obtain F = m a
i.e. external force is the product of mass and acceleration of the body.
4. Th~ ab~olute unit o~ force o~ S.I is newton (N) and on cgs system, it is dyne. The gravitational unit of force on
SI 1s kilogram weight or kilogram force. The gravitational unit of force on cgs system is grant weight or
gram force. 1 N = 105 dyne, 1 g wt. = 980 dyne.

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1ifil--t•Jl&t•iit•lH
5. Accor~ng _to th~ principle of conservation of line . 3/91
the bodies m an_1solated system i conserved . d. m momentum, the vector sum of linear momenta of all
isolated s_ystem is that on which no external r •~Ill . Ls n~t aff~~ted due to their mutual action and reaction. An
are ex?lamed on the basis of
and vice-versa.
this
principle~ N~:l:;;,
~~t'.ng. Flight o~ rockets.jet planes, recoiling of a gun etc.
s rd law or motion can also be derived from this principle
6. Apparent weight
.
of.a man in an elevator. 1s
. given
. b
y W = m (g ± a)
where mg 1s real weight of the man · cce cm ion 1s (+ a) • when the•rft
A
when the h·tt 1. accelerating downwards.
1 . t· . · l ·
1 1s acce eratmg upwards and (-a),

When lift i moving unifonnly (upward / d d )

In free fall a = g .
••
w_ (
- Ill g - g) = 0
ownwar s ' a = 0, W =m g = real weight.

i.e. apparent\: eight b comes zero.

7. frictionles
When two bodie
pull of ma ses. m 1 and 1712 are tie
· d at the ends of an inextensible string passing over a light
1
ey, acce erabon of the system is given by
a= (n,. -m2) g
("1, + m2)

h . . 2"1, m2g
'T\ • .
.1.ens10n m t e stnng 1s T = ---"----=--
(rr;, + m2)
8. A rocket is an example of a system with varying mass. Rocket propulsion bas been explained in terms of the
principle of conservation of linear momentum. The velocity (v) of rocket at any time tis given by

V ~ u log, (:: J
where u is velocity of exhaust gases relative to the rocket ; m0 is initial mass of the rocket and mis mass of the
rocket at time t.

The thrust on the rocket is given by F = -u(:7)

where dmldt is the rate of combustion of fuel at the instant t.
~ ~ ~ ~

9. Impulse I= F0 vxt = p 2 -P1

~ ~

where tis the time for which average force acts (p2 - P1) is change in linear momentum of the body.
10. The forces which are acting at a point are called concurrent forces. They are said to be in equilibrium, when
their resultant is zero.

CHAPTER

1. Friction is the opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually moving over the surface of
another body or one body is trying to move over the surface of the other. Two causes of friction are : roughne
of surfaces in contact; Force of adhesion between the molecules of the surfaces in contact.
2. Limiting friction is the maximum value of static friction. Dynamic/Kinetic friction is somewhat less than the
force of limiting friction.
3. Static friction is a self adjusting fon;;e.
4. Rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
5. Laws of limiting friction are:
1st Law : F oc R, where R is normal reaction.
2nd Law : Direction of F is opposite to the intended direction of motion.
3rd Law : F does not depend upon actual area of contact.
4th Law: F depends upon nature of material and nature of polish of the surfaces in contact.

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 m icnt of f lion

) L th an hi h r . ultanl f F and R makes with the direction of R. The r 1 .

e atio11
µ = tan 0
.minimu.m angle of inclination of a plane with the horizontal, such that a lxi<!
gm to de down. µ=tan ex. Y
d wn a r ugh inclined plane a = g ( in 0 - µ cos 0)
in m ing a ody o er a rough horizontal swface W =µRx s =µmg x s
10. ' r d n in m ving a body O er a rough inclined plane W = m g (sin 0 + µ cos 0) x s
. Fri · n i a necessar evil. ome oft e methods of reducing friction are polishing, lubrication ; streamlining
th ~hape et .
12. ntrip tal force i the force required to move a body uniformly in a circle. Magnitude of this force is
mv 2
F = -r- =mr <ii. It acts along the radius and towards the centre of the circle.
13. entrifugal force i a force that arise when a body is moving actually along a circular path, by virtue of
tend ncy of the body to regain its natural straight line path. Centrifugal force can be treated as the reaction of
entripetal force. The magnitude of centrifugal force is same as that of centripetal force. The direction of
centrifugal force i along the radius and away from the centre of the circle.
14. While rounding a level curved road, the necessary centripetal force is provided by the force of friction
between the tyre and the road. The maximum velocity with which a vehicle can go round a level curve
without kidding is v = .Jµ r g .
15. To avoid dependence on friction, curved roads are usually banked i.e. outer edge of the curved road is
raised uitably above the inner edge. If 0 is the angle of banking, then
mv2 v2
R cos 0 = mg and Rsin9 = - - tan0 = -
r rg
16. When a cyclist takes a turn, he also requires centripetal force. For this, he bends a little inwards from hi
vertical position, while turning. Angle 0 of bending from vertical position is given by
v2
tan0=-
rg

. . . . .
17. While rounding a banked curved road, maximum penruss1ble speed 1s given by v = [ --=-s
rg (µ + tan
- --
0)] 112

max (1.- µs tan 8)

When frictional force is ignored, the optimum speed is v 0 = ( rg tan 0) 112 .
18. Motion along a vertical circle is a non unifonn circular motion. Tension in the strong at any po ition i
mv2 ,,
T = - - + mg cos 0 , where 0 is the angle with vertical line through lowe t point of the circle.
r
(i) For looping the vertical loop, velocity of projection at lowest point L is v L ~ .Js g r .. .
• \ ,I J I

(ii) The value of velocity at the highest point His V H ~W :.·

(iii) Difference in tension in the string at lowest point and highest point of vertical circle is Ti - TH== 6 nig

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