1.

Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per cubic meter for copper at 1000
°C. The energy for vacancy formation is 0.9 eV/atom; the atomic weight and
density (at 1000 °C) for copper are 63.5 g/mol and 8.4 g/cm3, respectively.
2. Derivation of Composition-Conversion Equation
3. Composition Conversion—From Weight Percent to Atom Percent
Determine the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that consists of 97 wt%
aluminum and 3 wt% copper.
4. Computations of ASTM Grain Size Number and Number of Grains Per Unit Area
a) Determine the ASTM grain size number of a metal specimen if 45 grains per
square inch are measured at a magnification of 100×.
b) For this same specimen, how many grains per square inch will there be at a
magnification of 85×?
5. The surface energy of a single crystal depends on crystallographic orientation.
a) Does this surface energy increase or decrease with an increase in planar density.
b) Why?
Answer: The surface energy of a single crystal depends on the planar density of the
exposed surface plane because of the number of unsatisfied bonds. As the planar
density increases, the number of nearest atoms in the planar increases, which results
in an increase in the number of satisfied atomic bonds in the plane, and a decrease in
the number of unsatisfied bonds. Since the number of unsatisfied bonds diminishes,
so also does the surface energy decrease (That is, surface energy decreases with an
increase in planar density.)

6. Does the grain size number (n of Equation 4.16) increase or decrease with
decreasing grain size? Why?
Answer: n increase with increasing N. But as N increases the grain size decreases.
In other words, the value of n increases with decreasing grain size.