Solutions to selected problems from

Exercise 8
Prof. Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

1 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.1

(a) A horn antenna with low side lobes has HPBW of 220
and 230 in E- and H- principal planes.

Determine the approximate maximum directivity in dB
of the horn antenna.

(b)Consider a dipole of length L=3m, determine the
electrical length of this dipole at 90 MHz and 9 GHz.

State whether the antenna is electrically large or small.

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

2 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.1 (a)

For narrow beam antennas

41, 253 41, 253

Dmax ≅ deg deg
= = 81.53 = 10 log10 ( 81.53) = 19.11( dB )
θ HPBW × φ HPBW 22 × 23

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

3 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.1 (b)

Dipole length L=3m

At 9 MHz,
3 ×108
λ= 6
= 33.3m
9 ×10

Electrically large

At 9 GHz,
3 ×108
λ= 9
= 0.033m
9 ×10

Electrically small

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

4 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.2

Find the total power radiated by an isotropic antenna
whose electric field intensity is given as
r 2 − jβ r

E = e θˆ V/m.
r

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

5 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.2

Average Poynting vector
1 r r*
Pavg = Re{ E × H }
2
r 2 − jβ r

Q E = e θˆ V/m
r

r 2 e− j β r

H= φˆ A/m
r η0

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

6 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.2
1 
 Eθ
2
 1 Eθ
2

∴ Pavg = Re rˆ = rˆ

2  η0  2 η0

Total radiated power
π 2π
Ptotal = ∫θ φ∫
=0 =0
Pavg r 2 sinθ dθ dφ

2
1 1 2 2
π 2π
= ∫ ∫   r sinθ dθ dφ
θ =0 φ = 0 2 η0  r 

1 4 × 2 × 2π 4

= = W
2 120π 60
Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh
7 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.3

In the far field, a small dipole has an electric field
r E0 sin θ − jβ r
intensity E = e θˆ .
r

What is the radiation intensity and directivity of this

antenna?

Also find the main beam position of the dipole and its
beamwidth.

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

8 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.3

Radiation intensity

U(θ , φ ) = r 2 Pavg
1
2
r r*
= r Re{ E × H }
2
2 1

 Eθ 
2

= r Re  
2  η0 
 
2
r Eθ2
r 2 E 0 2 sin 2 θ E 0 2 sin 2 θ
= = 2 =
2 η0 2η0 r 2η0

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

9 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.3

Directivity
4π U (θ ,φ ) 4π sin 2 θ
D(θ ,φ ) = π 2π
= π 2π

θ
∫
=0 φ
∫
=0
U (θ ,φ )sinθ dθ dφ
θ
∫
=0 φ
∫
=0
sin3 θ dθ dφ

4π sin2 θ
= = 1.5sin2 θ
4
2π
3

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

10 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.3
E0 2
U (θ ,φ ) = sin 2 θ = ( cons tan t ) sin 2 θ
2η0

The radiation pattern is independent of φ,

hence is omnidirectional in φ -plane

The pattern has nulls at on the z-axis θ = 0o,180o

Maximum at θ = 90 o

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

11 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.3

The angles where the radiation intensity has dropped by
3 dB are given by
2 1
sin θ =
2

θ = 45o,135o

θ beamwidth = 135o − 45o = 90o

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

12 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.4

A magnetic field strength of 5 µA/m is required at a
point on θ=>/2, 2 km from an antenna in air.

Neglecting ohmic loss, how much power must the
antenna transmit if it is

a Hertzian dipole of length λ/25.

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

13 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.4

For a Hertzian dipole,

I 0 β dl sinθ
Hφ s =
4π r
λ 2π λ 2π
Q dl = , β dl = =
25 λ 25 25

2π π 
I0 sin  
25 2
∴ 5 ×10−6 = 3
⇒ I 0 = 0 .5 A
4π × 2 ×10
Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh
14 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.4
2
 dl  2
2
Prad = 40π   I 0 = 158mW
λ

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

15 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.5

Find the directions of the nulls and direction of
maximum radiation of the antenna whose radiation
pattern is given by F (θ ) = sin(5cos θ ) ;0 ≤ θ ≤ π .
sin(cos θ )

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

16 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.5

F (θ ) = 0
⇒ sin ( 5 cosθ ) = 0
⇒ 5 cosθ = mπ
mπ
⇒ cosθ null = ±
5

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

17 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.5
Q cosθ null ≤ 1
mπ
⇒ ≤1
5
5
⇒ m ≤ = 1.54
π
∴m = 1

 π
−1
θ null = cos  ±  = ±51.07 0
 5

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

18 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.5

For θ=π/2 , denominator

  π 
sin  cos    = sin ( 0 ) = 0
  2 
π
θmax =
2
π 0
θ = , F (θ ) =
2 0

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

19 Kshetrimayum 4/17/2018
 Exercise 8.5
3
lim lim
5 cosθ −
( 5 cosθ )
π sin ( 5 cosθ )
+L
π 3!
F (θ max ) = θ → =θ → =5
2 sin ( cosθ ) 2 ( cosθ )
3

cosθ − +L
3!

Electromagnetic Field Theory by Rakhesh Singh

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