Nama :

Arian Rizal 1917041020

Frila Dwi Untari 1917041044
Siti Aisyah 1917041046
Tresna Ananda 1917041056
Windi 1917041054

Tugas kelompok Fisika Kuantum

1. Prove the relation (1-1) between the energy density in a cavity and the emissive
power. [Hint: to do so, look at the figure. The shaded volume Element is off magnitude
r dr sin θ dθ dϕ=dV where r is the distance to the origin (at the aperture of area dA). θ
2

Is the angle with the vertical, and ϕ is the azimuthal angle about the perpendicular
axis throught the opening. The energy contained in the volume Element is dV
multiplied by the energy density. The radiation isotropik, so that what emerges is given
by the solid and Angle dA cos θ/ 4 πr 2 multiplied by the energy. This is to be integrated
over the angles ϕ and θ and, if the flow of radiation in time ∆ t is wanted, over dr from
0 to c ∆ t the distance from which the radiation will escape in the given time interval.]

2. Given (1-6), calculate the energy density in a wavelenght interval ∆ λ . Use your
expression to calculate the volue of λ=λ max, for which this density is maksimal. Show
that λ max is of the form b /T calculate and use used as an estimate of the sun surface
temperature to calculate λ max for solar radiation. [Hint: in calculating b you will need the
solution x of the equation ( 5−x ) =5 e−x .]
3. UltraViolet light of wavelenght 350 nm falls on a potasium surface. The maximum
energy of the photoelectron is 1.6 eV. What is the work function of potassium?
4. The maximum energi fotoelektron from aluminium is 2.3 eV for radiation of 200 nm
and 0.90 eV for radiation of 258 nm. Use these data of calculate Planck's constant in
the world fungsion of aluminium.
5. A 100-MeV photon collides with an electron at rest. what is the maximum possible
energy loss for the photon?
6. A 100-keV photon collides with an electron at rest. It is scattered through 90 ° . What is
its energy after the collision? What is the kinetic energy in eV of the electron after the
collision, what is the direction of its recoil?
7. An electron of energy 100MeV collides with a photon of wavelenght 3 ×106 nm
(corresponding to the universal background of blackbody radiation). What is the
maximum energy loss suffered by the electron?
8. A beam off X rays is scattered baik elektron at rest. What is the energy of the X rays if
the wavelength of the X rays scattered at 60° to the beam axis is 0.035 Å?
9. A nitrogen nucleus (mass ≅ 14 × proton mass) emits a photon of energy 6.3 MeV. If
the nucleus is initially at rest, what is the recoil energy of the nucleus in eV?
10. Consider a crystal with planar spacing 0.32 nm. What order of magnitude of energies
would one need for (a) electrons, (b) helium nuclei (mass ≅ 14 × proton mass) to
observe update 3 interference maxima?
11. The smallest separation resolvable by microscope is of the order of magnitude of the
wavelength used. What energy electrons would one night in an electron microscope to
resolve separation of (a) 15 nm, (b) 0.5 nm?
12. If one assumes that in a stationary state of the hydrogen atom the electron fits into
circular orbit with an Integral number of wavelenghts, one can reproduce the results of
the results of the Bohr theory. Work this out.
13. The distance between adjacent planes in a crystal are to be measured. If X rays of
wavelenght 0.5 Å are detected at an angle of 5° , what is the spacing? At the angle will
the second maximum occur?
14. Use the Bohr quantization rules to calculate the energy levels for a harmonic
oscillator, for which the energy is p2 /2 m+ mω2 r 2 /2 that is, the force is mω2 r . Restrict
yourself to circular orbit. What is the analog of the Rydberg formula? Show that the
the correspondence principle is satisfied for all values of the quantum number n used
quantizing the angular momentum.
15. Use the Bohr quantization rules to calculate the energy states for a potential given by

()
k
r
V ( r )=V 0
a
With k very large. Sketch the form of the potensial and show that the energy values
2
approach En ≅ Cn .
16. The classical energy of a plane rotator is given by
2
E=L /2 I
Where L is the wall momentum and I is the momentum of inertia. Apply the Bohr
quantization rules to obtain the energy levels of the rotator. If the Bohr frequency
conditions is assumed for the traditions in transition from states labeled by n1 to states
labeled by n2 , show that (a) the correspondence principle hold, and (b) that it implies
that only transitions ∆ n=± 1 should occur.
17. Molecules sometimes we have like rotators. If rotational spectra are characterized by
radiation of wavelenght of order 106 nm, and this is used to to estimate interatomic
distance in a molecule like H 2 , what kind of separation (in nm) are obtained?

ANSWER:

1. To find relation emissive power P, and energy Density in cavity, u

 Energy contained in volume element = udv
= u r 2 sinθdγdθdφ
c ∆t π/2 2π
dAcosθ 2
Emited energy from dA = E = ∫∫∫ 4πμ
2
u μ sinθdμdθdφ
π =0 θ=0 φ=0

c ∆t π /2 2π
dA
= u ∫ dμ ∫ sinθcosdθ ∫ dφ
4π 0 0 0

[ ]
π /2
dA 1 −cos 2θ
= u (c ∆ t) ×2 π
4π 2 2 0

=
dA 2 π
4π
u
2 ( ) { }
c ∆t
1+1
2
u
E= dAc ∆ t
4
E uc
= dA
∆t 4

P= ( cdA4 ) u
2. From Planck law,
The energy density for the radiation between the wareleyth range λ and λ+ dλ by
8 πhc 1
hλdλ= . dλ
λ5 hc
λKT −1
e
du λ
now the density will maximum then/ when =0
dλ
m ( v λ )=m ( 8 πhc ) −5 m λ−m
(
e
hc
λ K BT
−1 )
1 du λ −5
.
uλ d λ
=
λ
−
[ ]
e
1
hc
λ K B T −1
hc
+ λK T . 2
e B
−hc
λ K BT( )

[ ( )]
hc
λ KB T
1 hc e
¿ −5+
λ λ KB T hc
λ K BT
e −1
du λ
Now =0
dλ
 ( )
hc
λ KB T
hc e
 −5+ =0
λm K B T hc
λ KB T
e −1
hc
Now taking =x
λm K B T
xe x xe x
Then −5+ x =0 → x =5
e −1 e −1
We get x=4,9651
hc −3
Hence λmT = =2,898 ×10 mK
4,9651 K
Now jemparetme at surface of sun = 5976K
−3
2,898 ×10 −7
λm= =4,85× 10 m
5976

3. The photo electric equartion is given as

E=W+K
K – kinetic energy of the electron
E – energy of the incident photon
W=E–K
hc
=( )–K
λ
=¿
= 1.9496 eV

hc hc
4. We use − =k 1−k 2
λ1 λ2
Since W cancels. From this we get
1 λ1 λ2
h= ( k −k )
c λ 2−λ 1 1 2
( 200× 10−9 m ) ( 258 ×10−9 m ) −19 J
¿ × ( 2.3−0.9 ) eV × ( 1.60× 10 )
(
3 ×10
8 m
s
−34
)
( 58 ×10−9 m)
eV

¿ 6.64 ×10 Js

5. The solution for the maximum possible loss of energy is the same case as that of the
compton scattering of the electron at rest, here replaced by the proton at rest.
The energy of the photon
 h
∆ λ=
m0 c ( 1−cosθ )
the loss in the energy of the photon
E−E ' hf −hf '
=
E hf
1−f '
=
f
1−λ
=
λ'
∆λ
=
λ
The maximum possible change of energy takes place when the photon recoils in is in
the oppsitedirection to that of the incident direction.
When cosθ=−1
θ=180
Maximum possible energy loss
2h
∆ λ=
mp f
f , is the frequency of the incident wave length
m p−¿ mass of the proton
∆ λ−¿ chane in the wave length when scattered

6. Let hv be the incident photon energy, h v’ the final photon energy and p the out going
electron momentum. Energy conservation reads
hv +mc2 = hv’ +√ p 2 c2 +m 2 c 4
We write the equation for momentum conservation, assuming that the initial photon
moves in the x- direction and the final photon in the y- direction. When multiplied by c
it read
i ( hv )= j ( hv ) +¿ + j p y c )
Hence pxc = hv’, pyc = -hv’. We used this to write the energy conservation equation as
follows:
2 2
(hv + mc2 – hv’)2 = m2c4 + c4 ( p x + p y ¿ = m2c4+ (hv)2 +(hv)2
 From this we get

hv’ = hv
( mc 2
hv +mc
2 )
We may use this to calculate the kinetic energy of the electron

( )
2
mc hv
K = hv hv’ = hv 1− 2 =
hv
hv +mc hv+ mc2
2
(100 keV )
= = 16.4ke
100 keV +510 keV
Also
Pc = i ( 100 keV ) + j (−83.6 keV )
Which gives the direction of the recoiling electron.

7. Energy of electron = 100 MeV = Ee

hc
Energy of photon =
λ
−34
h=6.63 ×10
m
c=3 × 108
s
λ=3 ×10 ×10−9 m
6

hc
Ep=
λ
−34 8
6.63 ×10 × 3× 10
Ep= −3
3 ×10
−23
Ep=6.63× 10 J
Ep=4.143 ×10−23 ×1019 eV
−4
Ep=4.143 ×10 eV
−10
Ep=4.143 ×10 MeV
 Maximum energy loss Eloss =Ee−Ep
−10
Eloss =100 MeV −4.143 ×10 MeV
Eloss =100 MeV

 To find wavelength on second line in balmer series we use

1
λ (
1 1
=R 2 − 2
n f ni )
For balmer ni =2; n f =4

8. We have λ ' =0.035 ×10−10 m, to be inserted into

 ' h
λ −λ= ( 1−cos 60 ° )
me c
h
=
2m e c
−34
6.63 ×10 Js
¿
2× ( 0.9 ×10 kg ) ( 3 × 10 m/ s )
−30 8

¿ 1.23 ×10−12 m
Therefore λ ' −λ=( 3.50−1.23 ) ×10−12 m=2.3 ×10−12 m
The energy of the X-ray photon is therefore
hc
hv=
λ
( 6.63 ×10−34 Js ) (3 × 108 m/ s) 5
= −12 −19
=5.4 ×10 eV
(2.3 ×10 )(1.6 ×10 J / eV )

9. E0 =6.2 MeV , energy of photon emitted

E0 =pc
E0
E=
c
Now energy of nitrogen nucleus

( )
2
p2 E0
E= = ¿ ¿ ¿ 2m
2m c

( )
6 −19 2
6.2× 10 × 1.6 ×10
[ 8
]
3 ×10
E= −27
2 ×14 × 1.67 ×10

E=2.34 ×10−16 J
−16
2.34 × 10
E= −19
1.6 × 10
E=1463 eV

2 asin θ λ 2a h 3h
10. The formula λ= implies that ≤ . Since λ= this leads to p ≥
n sin θ 3 p 2 a sin θ
which implies that the kinetic energy obeys:
 2 2
p 9h
K= ≥
2 m 8 m a2 sin2 θ
Then the minimum energy for electron is:
9(6.63 ×10−34 Js)2
K= 2
=3.35 eV
kg) ( 0.32× 10 m ) (1.6 ×10
−30 −9 −19
8 (0.9 ×10 J / eV )
4 (1.67 ×10−27 kg) 3
For Helium atoms the mass is −30
=7.42 ×10 , so:
(0.9× 10 kg)
33.5 eV −3
K= 3
=4.5× 10 eV
7.42 ×10

11. This problem is related to De Broglie principle. The de Brogliess formula to relate to
relate the particle’s wavelength to its momentum is given by
λp=h
h h
λ= =
p mo v
Kinetic energy of electrons is
1 2
K= mo v
2
h2
= 2
2m o λ
(a) λ=150 ° A
= 1.5 x 10−8 m
−34
6.626 x 10
k= 2
2 ( 9.11 x 10 )( 1.5 x 10−8 )
−31

6.626 x 10−34
=
40.99 x 10−47
k = 0.16 x 10−13 J
k = 99.86 keV
(b) λ=5 ° A
= 5 x 10−10 m
−34
6.626 x 10
k= 2
2 ( 9.11 x 10 )( 5 x 10−10 )
−31
 −34
6.626 x 10
= −51
455.5 x 10
k = 0.014 x 10−17 J
k = 0.00087 keV

12. If elecron fits into a circular orbit with an integral number of wavelength,then the
circumference of the circular path must be equal to nλ where is an integer
Therefore 2 πr =nλ
h
But from de Broglie theory λ=
mv
nh
Therefore 2 πr =
mv
h
Or mvr=n
2π
h
Or angular momentum is equal to integral multiple of this is Bohr Theory
2π

13. We have a = n λ / 2 sin θ. For n = 1, λ = 0.5 x 10-10m and θ = 5º. We get a = 2.87 x 10-
10
m. for n = 2, we require sin θ 2 = 2 sin θ1. Since the angles are very small, θ 2 = 2 θ1.
So that the angle is 10º

14. a. Given that

p 2 mω2 r 2
E= +
2m 2
We now that p=mv , v=rω
2
1 2 2 mv
E= ×m v +
2m 2
2 2
mv mv 2
E= + =mv
2 2
So E=mv 2
2
ze
We now that v=
π ε 0 ħn
2 4
mz e
So E= 2 2 2 2
π ε0 ħ n
hc
We now that −∆ E=
λ
hc
Ef Ei= =hv
λ
 [ ]
2 4
mz e 1 1 hc
So 2 2 2 − 2 = =hv
π ε 0 ħ nf 2
¿ λ

[ ]
2 4
mz e 1 1
So v= 2 2 2 2
− 2
π ε 0 ħ h nf ¿
So rydberg constant (RH) is
mz2 e 4
RH = 2 2 2
π ε0 ħ h
Here ħ=h/2 π
mz2 e 4 × 4 π 2
RH = 2 2
π ε 0 h× h2
2 4
4 mz e
RH = 2 3
ε0 h
Here z = atomic number
e=1,6 ×10−19 c
−31
m=9,11×10 kg
2
b. F ( r ) =mω r
1
v=∫ F . dr= mω2 r 2
2
2
p p2 mω2 r 2
E ( r )= + v= + (1)
2m 2m 2
Bohr quantization rule, L=mvr=nħ (2)
Setting force equal to contripetal force,
mv 2 n2 ħ2
mω2 r= = from (2)
r mr
3

4 n2 ħ2
r = 2 2 (3)
m ω
1 nħ 1
E= + mω2 r 2
2m r 2

√
2
nħ nħ m ω nħ
¿ / +
2m mω 2 mω

√
1 nħ 1
¿ /
2 mω 2
+ nħω
c. The energy of a harmonic oscillator is
2 2
mω r
2
p 2
E= +
2m 2
1 2 2
So, the potential energy v= mω r
2
The force at a distance r is
 −dv 2
F= =−mω r (1)
dr
Suppose the oscillator moves along a circle of radius r. The net force on it should be
2
mv
along hte radius, which will be egnal to mω2 r
r
mv 2
So =mω2 r
r
v=ωr (2)
According to Bohr’s quantization of angular momentum gives
nh
mvr=
2 πmr

( )
1
nh 2
r= (3)
2 πmω
From (2) and (3)

( )
1
nh
r= 2
2 πmω

The Rydberg formula :

1
λ (
2 1
=RZ 2 − 2
n m
1
)
1
By analog for this system =RZ
λ (
2 1
−
√n √m
1
) (4)

1 2
Suppose n=1 m=2 =R Z × 0,293 (using (4))
λ
1 2
Again using (4), n=3 m=4 =0,077 RZ
λ
1 2
Using n=1000 m=1001 , =0,00001 RZ
λ
1 2
Using n=1002m=1003 , =0,00001 RZ
λ
So, in the limit of large quantum number the wavelength variation are very small. So,
the spectoum be comes continuous, this quantum mechanical description recovers
the clamical one.

15. For the potential is

()
k
r
V ( r )=V 0
a

r (a)
dv K V r
k
0
F= =
dt
The central force is

()
KV 0 r k−1
mv 2 n2 ħ2
F= = = 3 ……………………………. (1)
a a r mr
 From Bohr quantitation rule L=mvr=mħ ………………. (2)
Solving for r,
−n2 ħ2 aK
r K +2= …………………………………………… (3)
KV 0

() ()
P2 −K V 0 r k r k
E= + v= +V 0
2m 2 a a

E=( 1− ) V ( )
k
K r
0
2 a

= ( 1− ) ∙ ħ n
K 1 2 2
2 K

V(r)
E=C ∙ n
2
C= ( K1 − 12 ) ħ 2

v0
r
a
Small K

V(r)
v0
r
a
Large K
2
L
16. E=
2I
We know from quantum theory that
L=nħ
2 2
n ħ
E=
2I
Now, for n1 → n2
The frequency of radiation is given as
E1−E2
f=
h
 ( )
2 2 2 2
1 n1 ħ n2 ħ
f= −
h 2I 2I
ħ
f=
4 πI
( n1 −n2 )
2 2

Now, if n is very large,

2 2
n1 −n2 =2 n2 ∆ h
ħ
f= ∙ 2n 2 ∆ h
4 πI
ħ n2 ∆ h
f=
2 πI
As nħ=L
L ∆n
f= …………………………………………….. (1)
I 2π
From rotation theory,
L
=ω
I
¿is frequency of rotation)
(L is angular momentum)
(I is inertia)
So,
ω
f radiation= (classical theory)
2π

f radiation= ( LI ) ∙ 21π ………………………………………….. (2)

Now, if we put ∆ n=1 in equation (1) we have:
L ∆n
f= .
I 2π
L 1
f= .
I 2π
Which is same as equation (2). It means correspondence principal hold for ∆ n=± 1

17. The separation between two successive rotational levels dependson the value
rotational quantum number the difference in the energy between the levels 1 and (1-1)
Rotational energy levels
I+2
I+1

I-1

Rorational structure f →
ℏ
∆ E= l
l cm
Icmis the moment of inertia of the sysyen
Icm= mr2 / 2 (m- mass of the hydrogen atom)
∆ E=hc / λ
λ−¿ wave length of the given radiation -106 nm from the above relations taking the
mass of the hydrogen atoms m -1.602 x 10-27 Kg. We can solve for the separation
between the rotational energy levels. The characteristic radiation is the energy
poseccesed by therotational state with quantum number 1 = 1 given corresponding
wave length = 106 nm.