Professional Documents
Culture Documents
( 3 2
)( 4 x
)
2k T x e
= 2 (6.1.4)
c2 h2 {ex − 1}
where x = hν/kT , and find its peak by taking the derivative.
Then
( 3 2){ 4 x 3 x 4 2x
}
2k T x e + 4x e 2x e
2 − 3 =0
c2 h2 (e − 1)
x (e − 1)
x
−3
x3 ex (ex − 1) (xex − x + 4ex − 4 − 2xex ) = 0
−3
x3 ex (ex − 1) (4ex − 4 − x − xex ) = 0
Mathematically, this works out to x ≈ 3.83. In other words, the
high energy photons count much more than low energy photons.
Although in real models, the Rosseland mean opacity is com-
puted numerically, it is instructive to evaluate the form of κ̄
when κν ∝ ν −n . From the definition of the Rosseland mean
∫ ∞
2h2 n+4 ehν/kT
ν ( )2 dν
1 c2 kT 2 0 ehν/kT −1
∝ ∫ ∞
κ̄ 2h2 4 ehν/kT
ν ( )2 dν
c2 kT 2 0 ehν/kT −1
which, in terms of x is
∫ ∞ ( )n+4 x
( )
kT e kT
xn+4 2 dx
1 0 h (e − 1)
x h
∝ ∫ ∞( )4 ( )
κ̄ kT ex
kT
x4 2 dx
0 h (e − 1)
x h
or
∫ ∞
n+4 ex
( )n x 2 dx
1 kT 0 (ex − 1)
∝ ∫ ∞ x ∝ Tn (6.1.5)
κ̄ h e
x4 2 dx
0 (ex − 1)
When free electrons have thermal motions that are much less
than their rest mass energy, i.e., me c2 ≫ kT , or T ≪ 5.9 ×
109 K, the cross-section for scattering of photons off electrons is
frequency independent. The opacity per unit mass of material in
this case is
ne σe
κe =
ρ
where σe is the Thomson cross-section of the electron
( 2 )2
8π e
σe = 2
= 0.665 × 10−24 cm2
3 me c
and ne is the density of electrons
∑ ( xi )
ne = ρNA fi Zi (5.1.4)
i
Ai
dE 16πe6
= √ ne nI Z 2 gff (v, ω)
dωdV dt 3 3c3 m2e v
then
( )
Z2 { }
gff ρ T − 2 ν −3 1 − e−hν/kT
1
κν = C (6.1.10)
µe µI
Z2
κff ∼ 10 ρ T −7/2 cm2 g−1
23
(6.1.11)
µe µI
For a hydrogenic atom, the cross section for absorption from state
(n, l) to the continuum is
29 π 7 me e10 Z 4 gbf 64π 4 me e10 Z 4 gbf
σbf (Z, n, l) = √ = √
3 3 c h6 n5 (2πν)3 3 3 c h 6 n5 ν 3
(6.1.12)
where the energy of the incident photon must be great enough to
ionize the atom, i.e.,
2π 2 me e4 Z 2
hν > χn =
h2 n2
From this, it is clear that the opacity law for a single species of
atom will have a number of absorption “edges” below which the
absorption cross section will drop quickly. The total bound-free
opacity, of course, will be the sum over all elements, Z, all ioniza-
tion states, i, and and all excitation states, n. In the hydrogenic
ion approximation, the opacity is
∑∑ ( ) ( )
Ni,n N ρNA
κν = σbf (Z, n, l) ∑i (6.1.13)
n
N i Z N i Z AZ
Z
ρXZ NA
aν ≈ σbf Ni,n
AZ
4 10 4
( 2
) ( ) 23
64π me e Z gbf ρ NA2 XZ h 2
≈ √ n2 e χi,n /kT
3 3 c h 6 n5 ν 3 µe AZ 2πme kT
( ) ( ) 12
16πe6 Z 2 gbf 2π 2 me e4 Z 2 ρ2 NA2 XZ 1
≈ e χi,n /kT
3me c h nν 3 h2 kT n2 µe AZ 6πme kT
16πe6 Z 2 gbf (χ ) ( ρ2 N 2 X )
T − 2 ν −3
i,n χi,n /kT 1
A Z
≈ √ e
3me c h n 6πme k kT µe AZ
H − + hν ⇀
↽ H + e− (v)
or free-free absorption
H − + e− (v) + hν ⇀
↽ H − + e− (v)
http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/topbase/TheOP.html
or OPAL
http://opalopacity.llnl.gov
One chooses the table appropriate for the metallicity being consid-
ered, and then interpolates in density and temperature (or related
variables). Note that most of these tables assume a fixed metal
distribution (i.e., the amount of given element, such as oxygen,
scales with that of iron). However, a few do allow for independent
changes in CNO, or α-process elements.
LT 4ac 3 dT
F = = − T (6.2.1)
4πR2 3κρ dr
or
16πac 2 3 dT
LT = − R T (6.2.2)
3κρ dr
Now assume that the dominate source of pressure is from radiation.
(At the surface of a bright star, this will certainly be true.) For
radiation pressure,
1
Prad = aT 4 (6.2.3)
3
which implies
dP 4
= aT 3 (6.2.4)
dT 3
and
( 2 3
) ( )
16πacR T dT 3 dP 4πc 2 dP
LT = − = − R (6.2.5)
3κρ dr 4aT 3 dT κρ dr
dP GMT
=− ρ (2.2.2)
dr R2
which implies
4πc GMT
LT = (6.2.6)
κ
This is the Eddington luminosity. If the luminosity of the star is
greater than this, the surface cannot be stable, and will be ejected
from the star via radiation pressure.