2.

2
Heat Transfer in steelwork

Protected
and
unprotected steelwork

Unprotected Steelwork

Tfi

Ts

1
 Reference
Read Page I-43 to I-49
Implementation of Eurocodes Handbook 5:
Design of buildings for the heat situation
Pdf files download from IVLE

3D Transient Heat Transfer

Heat stored per Heat input from fire

. per unit
unit volume area (Heat Flux Q )

= h(T fi − Ts )As
dTs
VρC s
dt
Cross-section Fire exposure
area (A) x perimeter length
length Ts
Tfi (Hp) around
cross-section x
L length

2
 ΔTs =
h As
(T fi − Ts )Δt ΔT≤5 seconds
ρC s V
h = heat transfer coefficient per unit area per degree Celsius
= hr + hc
Tfi = fire temperature (oC) at particular time t (sec)
Ts = steel temperature, assumed to be uniform, at time t
As/V = section factor (m-1) of the exposed steel member per unit length

ε r σ ⎡⎣(273 + Tfi ) 4 − (273 + Ts ) 4 ⎤⎦ Material

hr =
(Tfi − Ts )
hc = 25 W/(m2K) for ISO fire
= 35 for natural fire and advanced
fire model
= 50 for hydrocarbon fire
fire surface
εr = resultant emissivity= εf εm
= 1.0x0.7 = 0.7
σ = Stephan Boltzmann constant
= 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4

Section Factor

Ts
Tfi

A s H p L H p perimeter length (H p ) around cross-section

= = =
V AL A Cross Section Area

3
 Hp/A Concept

Heating Rate in a fire depends on-

• The perimeter of steel exposed Hp

• The cross-sectional area of the section A

Hp/A Concept
High HP Low HP
Low A High A
Fast Heating Slow Heating

4
 Section factor Hp/A -
unprotected steel members
b

I section with
side plates
reinforcement
perimeter exposed perimeter 2(b+h)
c/s area c/s area c/s area

Section factor Am/V -

inherently protected systems

exposed perimeter exposed plate exposed flange

Total c/s area Total c/s area Total c/s area

5
 Am/V for unprotected steel

Temperature-Time Relationship
H = hr + hc, Function of Ts

ΔTs =
h As
(T fi − Ts )Δt
ρC s V Function of T s

Ts

Tfi

ΔTs
Δt
t+0.5Δt
t t t
Fire temperature time curve
Steel temperature time curve

6
 Specific heat of steel EC3:Part 1-2

Step by Step Method

ΔTs =
h As
(T fi − Ts )Δt
ρC s V
Time (t) Steel Temp (Ts) Fire Temp (Tfi) Difference in Change in Steel
Tem (Tfi – Ts) Temp ΔTs from
Equation
t1 = Δt Initial steel temp Fire temp half Tfi – Tso Calculate ΔTs
Tso way through with values of Tfi
time step (at and Ts from this
Δt/2) row

t2 = t1 + Δt Ts from previous Fire temp half Tfi – Ts Calculate ΔTs

: time step + ΔTs way through with values of Tfi
: from previous row time step and Ts from this
: (at t1 + Δt/2) row

h, Cs are calculated based on this fire temp at half time step

7
 Example 1:

Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate

the steel temperature of an unprotected
beam exposed to ISO fire. The beam
section factor is 200 m-1. Use a convective
heat transfer coefficient hc = 25 W/m2K and
emissivity 0.6. The density of steel is 7850
kg/m3 and the specific heat is 600 J/kgK.
Use a time step of 0.5 minutes.

Example 1: use the step by step method to calculate the steel

temperature of an unprotected beam exposed to ISO fire
( )
h r = ε r σ (Tfi + 273) 2 + (Ts + 273) 2 (Tfi + Ts + 546)

Hp/A=As/V= 200m-1 ; hc = 25 W/m2K; εr = 0.6;

σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4
ρ = 7850kg/m3;
Cs=600 J/kgK

ISO Fire: Fire Temperature Tfi=345log(8t+1)+20

ΔTs =
h As
(T fi − Ts )Δt
ρC s V

8
 ΔTs =
h As
(T fi − Ts )Δt
ρC s V
ISO fire
Time Steel Difference Change
Time temperature
at half temperature In in steel
(minutes) at half step
step Ts temperature temperature
Tfi
0.0 0.25 20.0 184.6 164.6 6.8
0.5 0.75 26.8 311.6 284.7 13.8
1.0 1.25 40.6 379.3 338.7 18.2
1.5 1.75 58.8 425.8 366.9 21.5
2.0 2.25 80.3 461.2 380.9 24.0
2.5 : : : : :
3.0 : : : : :

Determine the time required to heat the steel to 550oC

HW: Repeat the problem using time step of 1 minute and observe the
difference.

Protected Steelwork

Tfi

Ts

9
Convective/Radiant Boundary
Condition Fire Protection

.
. Q
Q=hf ( Ti −T1) ⇒Tf −T1 = Ts
hi
Tf dp .
Q = h s ( T2 − Ts ) ⇒
. ⎛ 1 dp 1 ⎞ .
Q ⎜ + + ⎟ = Tf − Ts Q
⎜ hf k p hs ⎟ T2 − Ts =
⎝ ⎠ hs
T1 T2
Total thermal resistance . T2 − T1 . d
Q = −k p ⇒ T1 − T2 = Q
p
Tf
dp kp

Ts

. ⎛ 1 d 1⎞
Q ⎜ + p + ⎟ = Tf − Ts
⎜ hf k p hs ⎟
⎝ ⎠ Heat transfer from the fire through the protection
to the steel

(T f − Ts )As
.
1
Q con = (1)
1/ h + d p / k p Assume Tp = 0.5(Ts+Tfi)
Protection temperature =
Heat required to increase temperature of the steel and average of steel and fire
protection
ΔT
Q req = C s ρ sV s + C p ρ p t p A p 1 ⎛⎜ ΔTfi + ΔTs ⎞⎟ (2)
.

Δt 2⎝ Δt ⎠
Equating (1) and (2)
(T − Ts )A p / V 1 Tf
ΔTs = Δt − ΔT fi
fi

(1 / h + t p / k p )C s ρ s ⎛⎜1 + 1 φ ⎞⎟ ⎛2 ⎞
⎜⎜ + 1⎟⎟
tp
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝φ ⎠
Protection

Cpρp Ap
φ= tp
Cs ρ s V
Ts

10
 Δt ≤ 30 seconds
Eurocode 3 Part 1.2
Ap=As

(T − Ts )A p / V
ΔTs =
fi
(
Δt − e φ / 10 − 1 ΔT fi )
(t p / k p )C s ρ s ⎛⎜1 + 1 φ ⎞⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
Cpρp Ap
φ= tp Note: ΔTs ≥0 if : ΔTfi >0
Cs ρ s V
(T − Ts )A p / V 1
ΔTs = Δt − ΔT fi
fi

(1 / h + t p / k p )C s ρ s ⎛⎜1 + 1 φ ⎞⎟ ⎛2 ⎞
⎜⎜ + 1⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝φ ⎠

Thermal resistance of fire is small compared to the protection material

One dimensional heat flow through

a thick protection material

Typical heating curve of a protected steel section

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 (T − Ts )A p / V
ΔTs =
fi
( )
Δt − e φ / 10 − 1 ΔT fi >0
(t p / k p )C s ρ s ⎛⎜1 + 1 φ ⎞⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ Cpρp Ap
φ= tp
Cs ρ s V

φ defines the relative amount of heat stored in the protective

material
It ignores the surface radiation and convection effects, which are
important in unprotected sections, but small in in comparison with
the insulation capacity of the protection materials.
Due to the second term, the steel temperature may decrease at
the early stage of heating. In this case, the increase in steel
temperature should be taken as zero.
Δt should not exceed 30 sec.

Note that Structural steel temperature

cannot be higher than the fire
temperature!

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 Step by Step Method may be used to
calculate the steel temperature
Time Steel Fire Temp Difference ΔTf Change in Steel
(t) Temp (Ts) (Tfi) in Tem Temp ΔTs from
(Tfi – Ts) Equation

t1 = Δt Initial steel Fire temp half Tfi – Tso Tf, 0+ Δt - Calculate ΔTs
temp Tso way through Tf, 0 with values of Tfi
time step (at ΔTf and Ts from
Δt/2) this row

t2 = t1 Ts from Fire temp half Tfi – Ts Tf, t2+ Δt - Calculate ΔTs

+ Δt previous way through Tf, t2 with values of Tfi
time step + time step ΔTf and Ts from
ΔTs from (at t1 + Δt/2) this row
previous
row

13
 Definition of Section
Factor for various
types of fire
protection

Thermal properties of fire

protection materials
Cpρp Ap
φ= tp
Cs ρ s V

ρp Cp
kp

14
 Concrete slab

Section 15
10
Factor 400

Hp/A 150

Case 1

Hp=2*400+150*3-2*10 = 1230 mm, A=2*15*150+(400-15*2)*10=8200mm2

Hp/A=0.15mm-1 = 150 m-1

r=150

r=160

Case 2

Hp =2 πRo =320 π, A= π(Ro2 -Ri2 )=2900 π

Hp /A = 0.1103mm-1 = 110.3 m-1

15
 Protected Steel Temperature Rise

• Not less than 0

• Not higher than in unprotected steel

Example 2: use the step by step method to calculate the steel temperature
of an protected beam exposed to ISO fire. The beam is protected with
50mm of lightweight insulating materials which has thermal conductivity of
kp = 0.2 W/mK, specific heat Cp = 1100 J/kgK and density ρp 300 kg/m3.
(T − Ts )A p / V
ΔT =
fi
( )
Δt − e φ / 10 − 1 ΔT fi
( ⎛ 1 ⎞
)
s
Properties of the steel section:
Hp/A=As/V= 200m-1 t p / k p C s ρ s ⎜1 + φ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
ρs = 7850kg/m3;
Cs=600 J/kgK Cpρp Ap
ISO Fire: Fire Temperature Tfi=345log(8t+1)+20 φ= tp
Cs ρ s V
Time (t) Steel Temp (Ts) Fire Temp (Tfi) Difference in Tem Change in Steel Temp
(Tfi – Ts) ΔTs from Equation

t1 = Δt Initial steel temp Tso Fire temp half way Tfi – Tso Calculate ΔTs with
through time step values of Tfi and Ts
(at Δt/2) from this row
t2 = t1 + Δt Ts from previous time Fire temp half way Tfi – Ts Calculate ΔTs with
step + ΔTs from through time step values of Tfi and Ts
previous row (at t1 + Δt/2) from this row

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 Some Approximate Solutions

Temperatures in Concrete Slab, Tslab

Depth Temperature θc [°C] after an ISO
x fire duration in min. of
mm 30' 60' 90' 120' 180' 240'
5 535 705
10 470 642 738
x θc
15 415 581 681 754 h eff
20 350 525 627 697
25 300 469 571 642 738
30 250 421 519 591 689 740
35 210 374 473 542 635 700 Heated lower side
40 180 327 428 493 590 670 of slab
45 160 289 387 454 549 645
50 140 250 345 415 508 550
55 125 200 294 369 469 520 Values are for normal weight concrete based on
60 110 175 271 342 430 495 ISO Standard fire.
For lightweight concrete multiply value by 0.9
80 80 140 220 270 330 395
100 60 100 160 210 260 305

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 Temperature in Concrete Filled
Square/Circular Columns
t (mm)
Ts = C2T fi
T fi = 345 log(8t + 1) + T0

Tc = C1 Ts
Trebar = Tc
120 − FR
C2 =1 − 0.02 ×t (mm) × ≤1
120

Tslab refers to the Table in the previous two slides

C1 is given in the next slide
FR = Fire rating in minutes

Multiplication Factor C1 values

*0.5

Diameter or size of Distance of centre of layer from outer surface in mm

square section in mm
10 30 50 70 >70

200 1.08 1.22 1.41 1.60 1.80

300 1.05 1.14 1.22 1.36 1.50
400 1.03 1.09 1.18 1.25 1.35
500 1.02 1.07 1.12 1.18 1.25
* For square section, an equivalent depth of half the cover depth should be used to
calculate the corner rebar temperature because of heating from both sides

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 Slim Floor Beam

Slim Floor Beam

Upper
tf flange Tuf=1.5t +20

t =standard fire exposure

time in minutes

tp

Lower
flange
Plate
T=C1-C2tf-C3tp
Plate Tip

19
Fire Location Without air gap With an air gap of 4mm
rating of steel C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
(min) (oC) (oC/mm) (oC/mm) (oC) (oC/mm) (oC/mm)

30 plate 570 5.0 5.0 730 1.5 8.0

plate tip 675 2.0 7.5 700 1.5 7.0
lw. flange 550 3.0 4.4 450 2.0 5.8

60 plate 850 3.0 3.0 850 1.5 2.0

plate tip 920 2.0 3.5 900 2.0 2.0
lw. flange 850 3.8 3.5 750 3.5 3.8

90 plate 930 1.0 1.0 930 1.0 1.0

plate tip 980 0.5 2.0 970 1.0 1.0
lw. flange 925 1.8 1.8 840 2.0 1.8

120 plate 980 0 0 980 0 0

plate tip 1010 0 0 1010 0 0
lw. flange 980 1.4 1.4 920 1.5 1.7

Asymmetrical Beams

Use slim floor results, plate thickness =0, no air gap

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 Homework 2
Q1 Calculate the section factor of a steel H-section column of dimension 300 x 300mm.
The column is exposed to fire on all four sides. Make calculations for a) box type
protection b) spray-on protection.
Q2 Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature of an unprotected
beam exposed to ISO fire and hydrocarbon fire. The beam section factor is 250 m-1.
The density of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and the specific heat is in accordance with Eurocode
3. Use a time step of 0.5 minutes. Plot the temperature-time curve of ISO fire and
hydrocarbon and the corresponding steel temperature.
Q3 Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature of a protected beam
exposed to ISO fire. The beam is same as Q 2. The beam is protected with 50mm
lightweight insulating material which has thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/mK, and specific
heat 1100 J/kgK and density 300 kg/m3. Plot the temperature-time curve of ISO fire
and steel temperature.
Q4 Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature of an unprotected
beam exposed to a parametric fire. The beam is same as Q 2. The fire compartment
is made from lightweight concrete with density 2000 kg/m3, thermal conductivity of 0.8
W/mK, and specific heat 840 J/kgK . The room is 5 m square and 3 m high with one
window 2.4m wide and 1.5m high. The fuel load is 900MJ/m2 floor area. Plot the
temperature-time curve of the design fire and steel temperature.

Q5 Repeat Q4 with the beam protected with 25mm and 50mm lightweight insulating
material which has thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/mK, and specific heat 1100 J/kgK
and density 300 kg/m3. Plot the temperature-time curve of the design fire and
steel temperature with different thickness of fire protection.

Q6 Determine the temperature in the reinforcement bars of a rectangular infilled column under 60
minutes ISO fire as shown in the following figure.

RHS 200 x 100 x 10mm

75mm

30mm

Note: Q4 and Q5 require calculation of fire temperature in a

compartment, which will be taught in chapter 3.

21
 Additional HW
1a Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature
of an unprotected beam 406×140×46UB exposed to ISO fire and
hydrocarbon fire. The beam section factor is 250 m-1. The density
of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and the specific heat is in accordance with
Eurocode 3. Use a time step of 0.5 minutes. Plot the temperature-
time curve of ISO fire and hydrocarbon and the corresponding steel
temperature.
1b Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature
of a protected beam exposed to ISO fire. The beam is same as 1b.
The beam is protected with 35mm lightweight insulating material
which has thermal conductivity of 0.15 W/mK, and specific heat
1050 J/kgK and density 300 kg/m3. Plot the temperature-time
curve of ISO fire and steel temperature.

For Q1a and b determine the time required to heat the steel to 550oC
Plot the temperature time curves for the fire, unprotected steel and protected
steel

Reading Assignment:
Chapter 6, Y C Wang Book

22
 CE6705 Fire Engineering
Assignment 1: Heat Transfer
(Due Date: 17 March 2007, Monday, Time: 1800)

Q1 Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature of an

unprotected column section 305×305×97UC exposed to ISO fire and
hydrocarbon fire. The density of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and the specific heat of
steel is in accordance with Eurocode 3. Use a reasonable time step and plot
the temperature-time curve of ISO fire, hydrocarbon fire and the
corresponding steel temperature. Determine the time required to heat the
column to 550oC.
Q2 Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature of a
protected column section exposed to ISO fire and hydrocarbon fire. The
section is same as Q1. The column is protected with 35mm thick normal
weight concrete. Assume a reasonable time step and plot the temperature-
time curve of ISO fire, hydrocarbon fire and steel temperature. Determine the
time required to heat the column to 550oC.
Q3 Discuss the effectiveness of the fire protection materials in Q2. What is the
fire resistant time, if the column temperature is to be limited to 550oC.

State clearly all your assumptions. Professional report submission is

expected. Submit detailed calculations including spreadsheet calculations in
the appendix.

23