Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122

DOI 10.1007/s00231-011-0845-1

ORIGINAL

Radiation effect on optimum design analysis of a constructal

T-shaped fin with variable thermal conductivity
Dipankar Bhanja • Balaram Kundu

Received: 14 August 2010 / Accepted: 24 June 2011 / Published online: 10 July 2011
 Springer-Verlag 2011

Abstract A constructal T-shaped fin with temperature h Convective heat transfer coefficient over the
dependent thermal conductivity of fin the material exposed fin surface (Wm-2 K-1)
to both convective and radiative environments is analyzed k Local thermal conductivity of fin material
by Adomian decomposition method. This method provides (Wm-1 K-1)
a closed form of analytical solution for analyzing the ka Thermal conductivity corresponding to the
temperature distribution, performance and optimum design. ambient temperature (Wm-1 K-1)
A comparative study has been executed among the present LR Length ratio, L2/L1
and published works. Unlike the published work, depen- L1 Stem length (m)
dent parameters on the performance and optimization L2 Semi-flange length (m)
analysis are highlighted. n Power factor of dimensionless fin temperature
used for variable h and its value zero
List of symbols indicating a constant h
Ai, Bi, Adomian Polynomials for i C 0 q Actual heat transfer rate per unit width of the
Ci, Di, Ei fin (Wm-1)
Bi Biot number, ht1/ka Q Non-dimensional actual heat transfer rate,
1
f Constraint function used for optimization, see q k1
a ð Tb  Ta Þ
Eq. 16 qi Ideal heat transfer rate per unit width (Wm-1)
G Dimensionless temperature gradient at the fin Qi Non-dimensional ideal heat transfer rate,
base, see Eq. 12 qi k1 1
a ð Tb  Ta Þ
qw Heat transfer rate per unit width through same
base area in no fin situation (Wm-1)
Qw Non-dimensional heat transfer rate,
1
qw k1a ð Tb  Ta Þ
D. Bhanja  B. Kundu (&) Rd Non-dimensional surface-ambient radiation

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, parameter, 2 re T3a h
Kolkata 700032, India
e-mail: bkundu123@rediffmail.com tR Thickness ratio, t2/t1
t1 Stem thickness (m)
B. Kundu t2 Flange thickness (m)
School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, T Temperature (K)
17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea
Td Temperature at the junction (K)
Present Address: Tt Tip temperature of the flange (K)
D. Bhanja U Non-dimensional fin volume per unit width,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
h2 Vk2a
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College,
Durgapur 713206, India V Volume per unit width (m2)

123
110 Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122

x Axial length measured from flange tip as a

2 2
shown in Fig. 1 (m)
X Non-dimensional axial distance, x/L2 t2
y Axial length measured from the junction along
the stem as shown in Fig. 1 (m)
Y Non-dimensional length, y/L1
Greek symbols
b Coefficient of variable thermal conductivity (K-1)
e Fin effectiveness x
e Emissivity
g Fin efficiency
y
e Dimensionless variable thermal conductivity L1
parameter, b(Tb - Ta)
n Dimensionless temperature gradient in the stem at
y=0
w Thickness to length ratio of stem, t1/L1 Fin base
r Stefan-Boltzmann constant (Wm-2 K-4)
h Dimensionless temperature, (T - Ta)/(Tb - Ta) t1
hd Dimensionless temperature at the junction,
(Td - Ta)/(Tb - Ta) b 1.0
Present work (R d=0.1)
ht Dimensionless tip temperature of the flange, Published work [3 ](n,β =0.0)
(Tt - Ta)/(Tb - Ta) 0.9 Published work [7] (n=0.0)
Numerical method
Subscripts 0.8 Tb=360K
a Ambient Ta=300K
b Base 0.7
Bi=0.005
f Flange -1
Stem
β =-0.001K
s Stem 0.6 ψ =0.1
θ

LR =0.5
0.5 tR =0.5

1 Introduction 0.4

A growing number of engineering devices such as elec- 0.3

tronic components, compressors, transformers, refrigera-
tors, boiler super-heater tubes, condenser coils, air-cooled
engines, chemical processing systems, etc. require quick
energy transport. Out of these, mainly electronic industry is
producing denser and more powerful products that lead to
the need of rapid cooling technology to avoid malfunc-
tioning of the components. Extended surfaces or fins are
extensively used as one mean to cool such components as
the heat flow density of chip has increased sharply because
of the increasing integration density of chips, packaging
density and working frequency. The cooling quality of
electronic devices not only restricts the global system
performance but also challenges the system safety, and it
has become a key technology in the development of
microminiaturization, high performance of micro-proces-
sors and super-high-speed computer systems. Fins can have
many geometrical shapes for the design of above applica-
tions. Nowadays the main objective of the fin industry is to
reduce the size and thereby the cost and it can be achieved
Flange
0.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
X,Y
Fig. 1 Constructal T-shaped fin: a Schematic diagram; and b Tem-
perature profile predicted by different methods of analysis
by modifying the design of fin shapes for improving the
heat transfer rate.
To fulfill the industrial demand, various authors have
carried out numerous studies in different areas for
improving the heat transfer through fins. Among these, the
constructal fin theory has become one of the interesting
research areas nowadays. The constructal theory focused
mainly on the geometric optimization of volume to a point
or point to volume flow problems encountered not only
in the engineering field but also in the other branches
of science. This theory expects to improve the flow

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122
performance by increasing the branches of low resistive
flow links. Alebrahim and Bejan [1] have contributed to
this effort by deriving three-dimensional conductive and
convective heat transfer of circular fins by the constructal
method for minimizing geometrically the thermal resis-
tance between a volume and a point. Using CFD tech-
niques, Kandasamy and Subramanyam [2] studied the
performance optimization of T-shaped fin based heat
exchangers used as an auxiliary heat removal device for
electronic cooling’s. Bejan and Almogbel [3] used the
constructal optimization method to show the performance
of a T-shaped fin considering the thermal conductance as
an evaluation parameter. The most common network in the
constructal fins is a tree-shape in which several fins are
attached to a stem which makes contact with the primary
surface. A tree-like fin is optimized by Almogbel [4], and
it concludes that, the constructal optimization of tree-
shaped fins leads to substantial increase in the global
conductance relative to the current optimal design using
the same volume of fin material. Lorenzini and Rocha [5]
numerically established that the dimensionless global
thermal resistance of the Y- shaped assembly of fins can be
minimized by the geometric optimization subject to total
volume and fin material constraints, on the other hand a
new approach to carryout the optimization has been
demonstrated by Lorenzini and Moretti [6]. More recently,
Kundu and Bhanja [7] established an analytical model by
using Adomian decomposition method for the thermal
performance and optimization of a constructal T-shaped fin
subject to variable thermal conductivity of the fin material
and convective heat transfer coefficient over the fin
surface.
A plenty of research works has been conducted con-
sidering variable thermal parameters for the individual fin
operating in practical situations. For example, Joneidi et al.
[8] presented an analytical solution of the fin efficiency of
convective straight fins with temperature dependent ther-
mal conductivity by using the differential transformation
method while Hung and App [9] investigated the perfor-
mance of such fins by considering the variable thermal
conductivity and internal heat generation. Aziz [10] and
Krane [11] used the regular perturbation method and a
numerical method to present a closed form solution for a
straight convecting fin with the temperature dependent
thermal conductivity, while an alternative approach based
on the Galerkin method was used by Muzzio [12] to obtain
an approximate analytical solution. Using Homotopy
analysis method, Khani and Aziz [13] developed an ana-
lytical solution for the thermal performance of a straight fin
of the trapezoidal profile when both the thermal conduc-
tivity and the convective heat transfer coefficient are
temperature dependent. With consideration of the variable
thermal conductivity, the analysis of individual fins and
111
absorber plate fins was demonstrated by several researchers
[14–16].
All the studies discussed above are based on the heat
transfer from the primary surface to the boundary fluid
through the convection only. Heat transfer through the
radiation also plays an important role in situations where
the convective heat transfer coefficient is small, and thus,
its effect cannot be ignored. Edwards and Chaddock [17]
experimentally showed that the heat transfer by radiation
from cylindrical fins of the surface emissivity of 0.99
accounted to one-third of the total heat transfer. Through
the conjugate analysis, Rao et al. [18] numerically cal-
culated the heat transfer from a horizontal fin array by
the natural convection and radiation. They calculated the
heat transfer rate by treating the adjacent internal fins as
two-fin enclosures. To yield steady state temperature and
velocity fields in the fluid, and temperature along the fins,
the mass, momentum and energy equations for the fluid
in the two-fin enclosure had been solved together with
the heat conduction equations in both the fins. This
numerical result obtained for four-fin arrays was com-
pared with the experimental data which shows a good
agreement. Using the variational calculus approach,
Chung and Jhang [19] determined the optimum shape of
minimum mass of thin fin with diffuse reflecting surfaces.
Arslanturk [20] evaluated the efficiency of a radiating
rectangular fin with the variable thermal conductivity by
using the decomposition method. On the other hand, Chiu
and Chen [21] applied the same method to determine the
efficiency and the optimum length of a convective-radi-
ative longitudinal fin with variable thermal conductivity.
Karlekar and Chao [22] presented an optimization pro-
cedure for achieving the maximum dissipation from a
longitudinal fin system of trapezoidal profiles with mutual
irradiation. Using the finite difference method, Kundu and
Aziz [23] determined the performance of a convectively
heated rectangular fin with a step change in cross-sec-
tional area and losing heat by simultaneous convection
and radiation.
Existing literature survey reveals that a few research
works on constructal fins was carried out to execute the
thermal analysis with considering the thermal radiation.
However, the radiation mode of heat transfer from the
constructal T-shaped fin was not taken into account.
Moreover, though an extensive research activity on indi-
vidual fins included variable thermal conductivity and
radiative heat transfer, but in most of the cases, governing
equations were solved numerically. On the other hand, in
actual design circumstances, the radiation effect and the
variable thermo-physical parameters should be taken into
consideration. These observations obviously encouraged
the authors to establish an analytical solution that includes
the radiation mode of heat transfer.
123
112 Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122

The present study focuses on the combined effect of energy balance on the elements of the fin normal to the
radiation and convection in heat transfer behavior through direction of heat flow. Based on the above considerations,
a T-shaped fin with the temperature dependent thermal the governing equations for the flange and stem parts of the
conductivity. Adomian decomposition method is applied to fin are expressed, separately, as
solve the two highly nonlinear governing energy equations 2   3
d dTf 2hðTf Ta Þ 2r eðT4f T4a Þ  
for determination of the temperature distribution in the k  
6 dx f dx t2 t2 7 0
stem and the flange. This new method provides an ana- 4  2r eðT4s T4a Þ
5 ¼
d dTs 2hðTs Ta Þ 0
lytical approximate solution of any class of nonlinear dy ks dy  t1  t1 ð1Þ
equations without the requirement of linearization, pertur- ð 0  x  L2 Þ
bation or discretization methods. The solution obtained by ð 0  y  L1 Þ
this method is in explicit form so that the temperature can
The dimensionless parameters used to express the energy
be expressed as a function of position coordinate only. For
equations in normalized forms are employed as
the validation of the present method, a numerical scheme
based on the finite difference method has also been ðX;Y;tR ;LR ;wÞ ¼ ðx=L2 ;y=L1 ;t2 =t1 ;L2 =L1 ;t1 =L1 Þ;
employed to the present problem and an excellent matching   
ðBi;Rd ;2Þ ¼ ht1 =ka ;2re T3a h; bðTb  Ta Þ ;
of results has been identified. A detailed comparison
between the present and published [7] results has been ðhf ; hs Þ ¼ ððTf  Ta Þ=ðTb  Ta Þ; ðTs  Ta Þ=ðTb  Ta ÞÞ;
  
made to show the radiation effect on temperature profiles, Fi ¼ L2R tR Si for i ¼ 1;2; 3and 4; and
fin performances and optimum design, and an appreciable  
 
S1 S2 Bi 2 þ 4Rd 6Rd ððTb =Ta Þ  1Þ
impact on results for incorporating the radiation term is ¼ 2 3
S3 S4 w2 4Rd ððTb =Ta Þ  1Þ Rd ððTb =Ta Þ  1Þ
executed.
ð2Þ
Equation 1 can be written in dimensionless form by using
2 Formulations of the mathematical model Eq. 2 as
"  #
2.1 Performance analysis ð1þ 2 hf Þd2 hf dX2 þ 2 ðdhf =dXÞ2

ð1þ 2 hs Þd2 hs dY2 þ 2 ðdhs =dYÞ2
Consider an assembly of T-shaped fin with a uniform  
F1 hf þ F2 h2f þ F3 h3f þ F4 h4f
cross-section of its stem and flange parts as sketched in ¼ ð3Þ
S1 hs þ S2 h2s þ S3 h3s þ S4 h4s
Fig. 1a. The stem part is attached to the surface of tem-
perature Tb requiring an enhancement of heat dissipation Considering an insulated tip and satisfying the continuity
rate. Under the steady–state condition, all the faces of the of temperature and heat conduction at the junction section
fin are exposed to the environment of temperature Ta between the flange and stem parts of the fin, Eq. 3 is
assuming a uniform. The fin surface looses heat simulta- subjected to the following boundary conditions:
neously by the convection and radiation mechanisms. The
½dhf =dXX¼0 ¼ 0 ð4aÞ
thickness of the fin is taken very small compared to other
dimensions taken, so that the temperature distribution ½hf X¼1 ¼ ½hs Y¼0 ð4bÞ
within the fin may be treated as a function of only one
½dhs =dYY¼0 ¼ 2ðtR =LR Þ½dhf =dXX¼1 ð4cÞ
coordinate, length, measured from the junction to the base
for the stem and from the tip to the junction for the flange. and
It is assumed that there is no heat generation occurs within
½hs Y¼1 ¼ 1 ð4dÞ
the fin itself and all the joints are in absence of the contact
resistance. Moreover, the heat transfer through the tip is The temperature distribution in both parts of the fin can be
neglected, and the fin surface is assumed to behave like a obtained by solving the governing differential Eq. (3) with
diffuse-grey surface with emissivity e. The present study satisfying the boundary conditions (4a). It is to be pointed
considers an invariant convective heat transfer coefficient out that the above governing Eq. (3) are highly nonlinear,
over the entire fin surface however the variation of the second order, ordinary differential equation, and it may be
thermal conductivity of the fin material is a linear one, impossible to solve by a usual analytical method. Using the
k = ka [1 ? b(T - Ta)]. Adomian decomposition method [24], the temperature
To obtain the temperature profile in both parts of the fin, profiles from Eq. 3 can be expressed with the second order
the general differential equations are derived from the inverse operator as

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122 113

  "      #
hf hf ð0Þ þ Xdhf ð0Þ=dX þ L1 F1 hf þ F2 h2f þ F3 h3f þ F4 h4f  2 L1 hf d2 hf dX2  2 L1 ðdhf =dXÞ2
¼      ð5Þ
hs hs ð0Þ þ Ydhs ð0Þ=dY þ L1 S1 hs þ S2 h2s þ S3 h3s þ S4 h4s  2 L1 hs d2 hs dY2  2 L1 ðdhs =dYÞ2

2 3 2 3 2 3
where, the inverse operators are written by Bf 0 Bs 0 h30
8
> RX RX 6 Bf 1 7 6 Bs 1 7 6 3h20 h1 7
>
> 6 7 6 7 6 7
< ðÞdXdX ð0  X  1Þ for flange 6 Bf 2 7 6 Bs 2 7 6 3h0 h2 þ 3h21 h0
2 7
6 7¼6 7¼6 7 ð9bÞ
1
L ðÞ ¼ Y Y 0 0
ð6Þ 6 Bf 3 7 6 Bs 3 7 6 3h0 h3 þ 6h0 h1 h3 þ h31
2 7
>
> RR 4 5 4 5 6
4
7
5
>
: ðÞdYdY ð0  Y  1Þ for stem .. .. ..
0 0 . . .
hf (0) and hs (0) are the tip and junction point temperatures 2 3 2 3 2 3
Cf 0 Cs 0 h40
of the flange and stem parts, respectively. The temperature 6 Cf 1 7 6 Cs 1 6
7 6 4h30 h1 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
gradient at the flange tip dhf (0)/dX is zero according to the 6 Cf 2 7 6 Cs 2 7 6 4h0 h2 þ 6h20 h21
3 7
6 7¼6 7¼6 3 7 ð9cÞ
boundary condition taken. On the other hand, the gradient 6 Cf 3 7 6 Cs 3 7 6 4h0 h3 þ 12h20 h1 h2 þ 4h31 h0 7
4 5 4 5 4 7
dhs(0)/dY is nonzero. These three unknowns are to be .. .. 5
..
determined simultaneously by using Eq. 4a. . . .
The decomposition method can represent the solution of 2 3 2 3
Df0 Ds0
Eq. 5 in terms of summation of the infinite number of
6 Df1 7 6 Ds1 7
components written as 6 7 6 7
81 6 Df2 7 6 Ds2 7
P 6 7¼6 7
>
> 6 Df3 7 6 Ds3 7
< hf i ðXÞ for flange 4 5 4 5
h ¼ i¼0 ð7Þ .. ..
> P1 . .
>
: hs i ðYÞ for stem 2  3
h0 d2 h0 dZ2
i¼0  
6 h d2 h dZ2 þh0 d2 h1 dZ2 7
where the components hfi(X) and hsi(Y) (i [ 0 and integer) 6 1 2 0  2  2 7
6 2 2 2
h2 d h0 dZ þh1 d h1 dZ þh0 d h2 dZ 7
are determined recursively and it involves simple integrals. ¼6
6 2
 2 2
 2 2
 2 2
 7
27
6 h3 d h0 dZ þh2 d h1 dZ þh1 d h2 dZ þh0 d h3 dZ 7
Incorporating so-called Adomian polynomials for all the 4 5
nonlinear components, temperature terms determined from ..
.
Eq. 5 can be expressed recursively as
ð9dÞ

   
hf iþ1 F1 L1 ðhf i Þ þ F2 L1 ðAf i Þ þ F3 L1 ðBf i Þ þ F4 L1 ðCf i Þ 2 L1 ðDf i Þ 2 L1 ðEf i Þ
¼ ; for i  0 ð8Þ
hs iþ1 S1 L1 ðhs i Þ þ S2 L1 ðAs i Þ þ S3 L1 ðBs i Þ þ S4 L1 ðCs i Þ 2 L1 ðDs i Þ 2 L1 ðEs i Þ

2 3 2 3
Since the nonlinear terms associated with the governing Ef 0 Es 0
equations of the flange and stem are similar in nature, 6 Ef 1 7 6 Es 1 7
6 7 6 7
corresponding Adomian polynomials are also the same 6 7 6 7
6 Ef 2 7 6 Es 2 7
mathematical expressions and they can be illustrated in a 6 7¼6 7
6 Ef 3 7 6 Es 3 7
6 7 6 7
generalized way as 4 5 4 5
.. ..
2 3 2 3 2 3 . .
Af 0 As 0 h20 2 3
6A 7 6A 7 6 7 ðdh0 =dZÞ2
6 f1 7 6 s1 7 6 2h0 h1 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 6 7 6 2ðdh0 =dZÞðdh1 =dZÞ 7
6 Af 2 7 6 As 2 7 6 h21 þ 2h0 h2 7 6 7
6 7¼6 7¼6 7 ð9aÞ 6 2ðdh0 =dZÞðdh2 =dZÞ þ ðdh1 =dZÞ2 7
6 Af 3 7 6 As 3 7 6 2h1 h2 þ 2h0 h3 7 ¼6 7 ð9eÞ
6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7
4 5 4 5 4 5 6 2ðdh0 =dZÞðdh3 =dZÞ þ 2ðdh1 =dZÞðdh2 =dZÞ 7
.. .. .. 4 5
. . . ..
.

123
114 Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122

where and
 ( !
hf ; X for flange X
4
h; Z ¼ ð9fÞ hf ^3 ¼ F21 iFi hit
hs ; Y for stem
i¼1
!2 9
Using Eqs. 5–9a, the temperature terms in the flange and =
  X
4
stem can be written as follows: þ 6F2 þ 18F3 ht þ 36F4 h2t Fi hit þ. . .
    i¼1
;
hf 0 ht 6

¼ ð10aÞ X
hs 0 hd þ Yn
þ ... ð10hÞ
6!

2
  3
P
4 2
 
6 Fi hit X
2! 7
hf 1
¼6
4
  i¼1

 3 7 ð10bÞ
hs 1 P
4 2 P
4  Y4  5
Si hid  2 n2 Y
2! þn i:Si hi1
d
Y
3!
2
þ n 2S2 þ 6S3 hd þ 12S4 hd 2
4! þ hs ^1
i¼1 i¼1
2

 
 2 3
P
4
X4
P
4
 
6 Fi hit  2 ht
iF h
i t
i1 X
2!
4! þ 7
hf 2
¼6
4   
i¼1
 
i¼1

  7
5 ð10cÞ
hs 2 2
 Y 2
Y 3 P4
i 2 Y 4
 2 S1 hd þ . . . 2!  ð4 2 S1 hd n þ . . .Þ 3! þ S1 iSi hd  4 2 n þ . . . 4! þ hs^2
i¼1
2 (
4
2 ! ) 3
 2   2 P4 P  4
  3 X iþ1 2 2 i X
hf 3 6 2 F1 ht þ . . . 2!  2 F1 iFi ht þ 2F1 ht þ 3 Fi ht þ ... 4! þ hf ^3 7
¼6
4   i¼2
  i¼1
 
7
5 ð10dÞ
hs 3   4   5   6
 3 2 S21 h2d þ . . . Y4!  11 2 S21 hd n þ . . . Y5!  16 2 S21 n2 þ . . . Y6! þ hs ^3

.. .. The final expression of temperature profile is calculated

.¼.
from Eq. 7 and it can be mentioned that for both the flange
where and stem parts, these temperature expressions are functions
5
6
of three unknown constants ht, hd and n, which can be
3 Y 4 Y
hs ^1 ¼ n ð6S3 þ 24S4 hd Þ þ 24S4 n ð10eÞ evaluated from the boundary conditions given in Eq. 4a.
5! 6!
For obtaining the performance parameters, namely, fin

 2 3
 Y5 efficiency and fin effectiveness, the actual heat transfer
hs ^2 ¼S1 n S1 þ 8S2 hd þ 21S3 hd þ 40S4 hd þ . . . rate, the ideal heat transfer rate and the heat transfer rate in
5!
6
no fin situation, can be expressed in dimensionless form as
  Y
þ S1 n2 8S2 þ 60S3 hd þ 192S4 h2d þ . . . 2 3 2 3
6! Q
q
7
6 7 1 6 7
Y 4 Qi 5 ¼ 4 qi 5
þ S1 n3 ð60S3 þ 480S4 hd þ . . .Þ ka ðTb  Ta Þ
7! Qw qw
8
2 3
Y wð1þ 2ÞG
þ S1 n4 ð480S4 þ . . .Þ þ ... ð10fÞ 6 h n o i. 7
8! 6 2 7
    ¼ 6 Bið1 þ 2LR Þ 2 þ Rd ðTb =Ta Þ þ1 ððTb =Ta Þþ 1Þ w 7
4 h n o i 5
hs ^3 ¼S21 h2d 6S2 þ 18S3 hd þ 36S4 h2d þ ... Y6 6!
Bi 1 þ 0:5Rd ðTb =Ta Þ2 þ1 ððTb =Ta Þ þ 1Þ
   
þ S21 n S1 þ 2S2 hd þ 153S3 h2d þ 484S4 h3d þ ... Y7 7!
ð11Þ
  
þ S21 n2 ð32S2 þ 426S3 hd þ 2712S4 h2d þ ... Y8 8! where, temperature gradient at the fin base G is expressed as
  
þ S21 n3 ð546S3 þ 7224S4 hd þ ...Þ Y9 9! X 1

dhsi
   G¼ ð12Þ
þ S21 n4 ð8064S4 þ .. .Þ Y10 10! þ .. . ð10gÞ i¼0
dY Y¼1

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122
Finally, the efficiency and effectiveness parameters can be
calculated as follows:
    (10-6 in the present study) [7].
g Q=Qi
¼ ð13Þ
e Q=Qw
2.2 Optimization analysis
It is well-known fact that the addition of fins to a primary wall
increases the weight and cost of the equipment. In accor-
dance with, a numerous number of research works has
already been devoted for the optimization purpose to effec-
tively implement the fin in the actual application. Generally
the optimization analysis of any fin can be performed either
by maximizing the rate of heat transfer for a given volume or
by minimizing the fin volume for a given heat transfer duty
[25–27]. However, both these conditions provide the same
output and thus depending on the requirement of designs,
analysis can be made. In this study, the optimization proce-
dure has been performed in a generalized way by considering
both the options. Therefore, the present analysis may help the
designer as per suitability of concerns irrespective of any
design condition. The volume of the T-shaped fin per unit
width can be expressed in dimensionless form as
 
U ¼ h2 V k2a ¼ Bi2 ð1 þ 2LR tR Þ w ð14Þ
From the expressions of heat transfer rate and fin volume, it
is clear that both these parameters are the functions of
thermo-geometric parameters Bi, LR, tR and w. For the
determination of optimum values of these parameters, the
condition of optimality can be derived from the Euler
equations after eliminating the Lagrange multiplier [28]:
2 3 2 3
ðoQ=oBiÞ ðoU=owÞ  ðoQ=owÞ ðoU=oBiÞ 0 assumed constant thermo-physical properties on the other
4 ðoQ=oBiÞ ðoU=oLR Þ  ðoQ=oLR Þ ðoU=oBiÞ 5 ¼ 4 0 5
ðoQ=oLR Þ ðoU=otR Þ  ðoQ=otR Þ ðoU=oLR Þ 0 ductivity of the fin material. The symbol n displayed in all
ð15Þ
Thus the constraint equation can be expressed by
combining Eqs. 11 and 14 as

w ð1þ 2ÞG  Q
f ðBi; LR ; tR ; wÞ ¼ 0 ¼ ð16Þ
Bi2 ð1 þ 2LR tR Þ w  U
Using Eqs. 11 and 14, Eq. 15 can be expressed as
2 3
g1 ðBi; LR ; tR ; wÞ
6 7
4 g2 ðBi; LR ; tR ; wÞ 5
g3 ðBi; LR ; tR ; wÞ
2 3 2 3
BioG=oBi þ 2woG=ow þ 2G 0 considering the constant thermal conductivity and con-
6 7 6 7
¼ 4 Bi tR oG=oBi  ð1 þ 2LR tR ÞoG=oLR 5 ¼ 4 0 5 ð17Þ
LR oG=oLR  tR oG=otR 0
Solving Eqs. 16 and 17 by a generalized Newton–Raphson
iterative methodology, the optimum geometric parameters
115
are determined. Finally, the optimum geometrical roots Bi,
LR, tR and w are obtained by satisfying a desired accuracy
3 Results and discussion
On the basis of above analysis, results of the present work
are executed for a wide range of thermo-physical and
thermo-geometric parameters. Before furnishing the results
obtained from the present work, it may be required to
validate with any other published work. A direct validation
process could not be carried out because of the unavail-
ability of data in the similar type of existing works. Thus, a
numerical scheme based on the finite difference method
has been applied for the validation purpose. For the
numerical scheme, difference equations are obtained on
discretization of the governing equations for the flange and
stem parts of the T-shaped fin. This has been done using the
Taylor series central difference scheme with fourth order of
accuracy and they are solved simultaneously by the Gauss–
Seidel iterative method [28] with satisfying the boundary
conditions and convergence criterion (10-6). Figure 1b
shows the temperature profile obtained in both the parts of
the T-shaped fin displayed in a comparative manner
between the proposed analytical work and the numerical
work. From the graph, it can be mentioned that the present
analytical results match exactly with that of the numerical
values. A comparative study between the present work and
published works [3, 7] has also been accomplished by
plotting the results of the published works in the same
figure. It can be mentioned that one published work [3]
hand another work [7] considered a variable thermal con-
figures is a power factor of temperature for considering the
variable convective heat transfer coefficient, and for con-
stant surface heat transfer coefficient, its value becomes
zero (n = 0). Between these present and published works,
however, an appreciable difference in the temperature
profiles is noticed mainly due to the consideration of the
radiation effect of the present study. With the inclusion of
the radiation parameter in the present analysis, the
dimensionless fin surface temperature is lower consider-
ably in comparison with that value obtained without the
radiative heat transfer part. Here it can be noted that the
published work [3] analyzed constructal T-shaped fins with
vective heat transfer coefficient, whereas variable these
thermophysical parameters were taken to determine the fin
performance and optimum dimensions for the same fin
geometry described by Ref. [7]. However, both the works
were developed analytically and are applicable for losing
123
116 Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122

Fig. 2 Fin performance a 0.50 b 20.0

parameters as a function of
base and ambient temperatures:
a fin efficiency; and b fin
effectiveness
Present work (Rd=0.1) Present work (Rd =0.1)
Published work [7] (n=0.0)
Published work [7] (n=0.0) 19.5
0.48
19.0

18.5
0.46 Ta=310K β=-0.001
Ta=310K β=-0.001
Ta=290K 18.0 Bi=0.005
Bi=0.005

ε
Ta=290K ψ=0.1

η
ψ=0.1
0.44 LR=0.5
LR=0.5 17.5
tR=0.5
tR=0.5
17.0
0.42
16.5

0.40 16.0
330 340 350 360 370 380 330 340 350 360 370 380

Tb(K) Tb(K)

Fig. 3 Variation of fin a 20

0.70 b
performance with different fin β=-0.001K
-1

geometry: a g as a function Bi=0.005

of LR & tR; b e as a function 0.65 LR=0.1 19
of LR & tR; c g as a function of ψ =0.1
LR & w; and d e as a function 0.60 T a=300K
ψ=0.1 18
of LR & w T a=300K LR=0.5 T b=360K
0.55 T b=360K 17
-1
β=-0.001K
0.50
η

Bi=0.005
ε
16
0.45 LR=0.5 LR=0.1
15
0.40

14
0.35 Present work(Rd =0.1) Present work(Rd=0.1)
Published work[7](n=0.0) Published work[7](n=0.0)
0.30 13
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
tR tR

c 1.0 d 19.5
-1
Present work(Rd=0.1) β=-0.001K
18.0 Bi=0.005
Published work[7](n=0.0)
0.9
ψ = 0.2 ψ=0.1
16.5
0.8
15.0

0.7 13.5
ε
η

ψ = 0.1 Tb=360K ψ=0.2

12.0 T b=360K
Ta=300K
0.6 T a=300K
tR=0.5
10.5 tR=0.5
0.5 -1
β=-0.001K 9.0 Present work(Rd =0.1)
Bi=0.005
Published work[7](n=0.0)
0.4 7.5
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
LR LR

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122 117

heat from the fin surfaces by convection only. The analysis
and optimization work presented in Ref. [3] showed that
the global thermal conductance of fin assemblies can be
maximized by geometric optimization subject to total
volume and fin material constraints. In other literature work
[7], the optimum design analysis was carried out by using
the classical derivative technique.
Figure 2 presents the effects of base and ambient tem-
perature on the fin performances. It can be seen that the
performance parameter almost linearly declines with
the increase of base temperature while an increment of the
ambient temperature enhances the performance parameter
readily. Truly, for a constant base temperature, rise in
ambient temperature causes the decrease in temperature
variation in the fin as a result both the fin efficiency and
effectiveness amplifies. The figure also shows that the results
in the present work differ strongly from the published work.
The performance parameters indicated in the present work
always provides under values and thus the effect of radiation
should not be neglected in the actual design analysis.
Figure 3 is plotted to investigate the fin performance
with various geometric parameters LR, tR and w. A com-
parison between the published and present results has also
been exhibited. Figure 3a and c describe that the fin effi-
ciency is high with smaller values of LR whereas in the
case of the effectiveness, this variation is reverse in nature
as indicted in Fig. 3b and d. It also predicts that the fin
performance has a strong incremental function at lower
values of tR but for higher values, this variation is insig-
nificant. In addition, the dependency of aspect ratio w as a
function of LR is depicted in Fig. 3c and d. It can be
noticed that the fin efficiency increases as w increases
while an opposite trend is observed in the case of effec-
tiveness. With the increase in w, temperature variation in
the stem decreases which causes a rise in fin efficiency. On
the other hand, the fin effectiveness decreases with w on

Fig. 4 A comparative study on a 0.080 b 0.9

fin design parameters as a Published work[7] (n=0.0) Locus of an optimum
function of Rd and w: a heat Present work condition
transfer rate; b fin efficiency; 0.075 0.8
and c fin effectiveness Locus of maximum
heat transfer rate
0.070 0.7 Tb=360K

Rd=0.1 Rd=0.1 Ta=300K

0.065 Bi=0.005
0.6
Q

U=0.0001
Rd=0.01 -1
Rd=0.01 β=-0.001K
0.060 0.5 LR=0.5
Tb=360K
tR=0.5
Ta=300K
0.055 Bi=0.005 0.4
U=0.0001 LR=0.5 Published work[7](n=0.0)
β=-0.001K
-1
tR=0.5 Present work
0.050 0.3
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
ψ ψ

c 35
Published work[7](n=0.0)
Present work
30
Rd=0.01 T b=360K
T a=300K
25
Bi=0.005
U=0.0001
-1
Rd=0.1 β=-0.001K
20
ε

LR=0.5
tR=0.5

15
Locus of an optimum
condition
10

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

ψ

123
118 Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122

account of the increment in rate of heat transfer through the
base area under an un-finned condition with respect to the
actual rate of heat transfer through the fin. It is also to be
mentioned that the deviation of the results in the fin per-
formance between the published and present works is more
for a lower value of w.
The investigation for finding the optimum dimensions of
any fin is very much significant in the actual design per-
spective. In this study, some typical optimized results are
furnished for a wide range of design parameters. The
results are also compared with the published results to
show the impact of heat transfer for considering the radi-
ation mode in the present work. It is worth noting that the
present study always predicts a higher dimensionless heat
transfer rate relative to the published value as an inclusion
of the radiative heat transfer. In contrast with the heat
transfer, the fin performance parameter gives always lower
values. Such a typical result is displayed in Fig. 4 to show
the variation of design parameters with w for different
constant values of Rd while the fin volume is taken as a
constraint. It has been established that the results in the
present study approaches towards the previous study for a
very low value of radiation parameter Rd. This is an
obvious fact that a very low radiation parameter minimizes
the radiation effect. It is also clear from the figure that, for
each of the variation of the above parameters, the rate of
heat transfer initially increases, then reaches a maximum
value and finally starts declining. Therefore, in every Rd
value, the heat transfer rate through a fin becomes a
maximum at an optimum w value. The variation of the fin
performances for a design constraint is depicted in Fig. 4b
and c, and it shows that the fin efficiency drastically
increases for a very low value of w whereas the effec-
tiveness gradually decreases with increasing w. The loci of
the optimum conditions in each performance parameter are
also shown in this graph.
Figures 5 and 6 are plotted to show the effect of the
geometric parameters on the optimization condition. Here

Fig. 5 A comparative study on a 0.09

fin design parameters as a
b 1.0 LR=0.3
Loci of maximum U=0.0001 Tb=360K LR=0.1
function of LR and w: a heat heat transfer rate β=-0.001K
-1
Ta=300K
transfer rate; b fin efficiency; 0.9
0.08 tR=0.5 Bi=0.005
LR=0.6
and c fin effectiveness tR=0.5
LR=0.3 0.8
0.07
LR=0.6
0.7
0.06 U=0.0001
Q

0.6 β=-0.001K
-1

0.05 Tb=360K
Ta=300K 0.5 Loci of an optimum
Bi=0.005 condition
0.04
Published work [7]( n=0.0)
0.4 Published work[7](n=0.0)
LR=0.1
Present work (Rd=0.1) Present work(R d=0.1)
0.03 0.3
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
ψ ψ

c 35
Published work[7](n=0.0)
Present work(R d =0.1)
30
Loci of an optimum
condition
25
LR=0.6 T b=360K
T a=300K
20
Bi=0.005
ε

tR=0.5
LR=0.1
15

LR=0.3
10
U=0.0001
-1
β =-0.001K
5
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
ψ

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122 119

Fig. 6 A comparative study on a 0.09 b 0.9

fin design parameters as a Published work[7](n=0.0) tR=1.0
Loci of an optimum
function of tR and w: a heat Present work(R d=0.1)
condition
transfer rate; b fin efficiency; 0.08 0.8
Loci of maximum
and c fin effectiveness heat transfer rate
tR=0.5
0.7
0.07
tR=0.2 Tb=360K
tR=0.2 0.6
Ta=300K

Q
0.06

η
tR=0.5 Bi=0.005
0.5 U=0.0001
-1
β =-0.001K
0.05 Tb=360K LR=0.5
0.4
Ta=300K
U=0.0001 tR=1.0
Bi=0.005 -1 Published work [7]( n=0.0)
0.04 β =-0.001K
LR=0.5 0.3 Present work( R d=0.1)
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30
0.15
ψ ψ

c 35
Published work [7] (n=0.0)
Present work (Rd=0.1)
30 tR=0.5 Loci of an optimum
condition

25 Tb=360K
Ta=300K
tR=1.0
Bi=0.005
20 LR=0.5
ε

tR=0.2 U=0.0001
-1
β=-0.001K
15

10

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

ψ

the fin volume is taken as a constraint. In Fig. 5, the curves
are generated in such a way that the performance indicators
of the fin vary with w while other design parameters are
kept constant. A set of curves is created with the consid-
eration of different values of LR. Figure 5a depicts that for
a fixed fin volume and thickness ratio, heat transfer rate can
be enhanced by increasing LR. Again, an increase in LR
increases the overall size of constructal fins, which in turn a
problem to get that much of space for electronic cooling’s.
Therefore, it may always be desirable to perform this
optimization analysis by taking LR as a constraint instead
of getting the maximum heat transfer rate. Moreover, a
higher value of LR always suggests a higher optimum w.
Figure 5b indicates that the fin efficiency decreases with
LR whereas the effectiveness increases as shown in Fig. 5c
but at the optimum condition, both the performance
parameters do not change considerably by altering LR. On
the other hand, the variation of tR on the optimum design
parameters is envisaged in Fig. 6. Although the curves are
more or less similar to the trend as illustrated in Fig. 5 but
it should be noted that the maximum heat transfer rate
gradually increases with the decrease in tR, and at a par-
ticular tR and w values, an optimum heat transfer rate is
observed for a constraint fin volume. To obtain the highest
heat transfer, a very small value of tR is required that may
cause to restrict in manufacturing the flange part of the fin.
Thus, any other constraint may be imposed in addition with
the fin volume for the optimization of constructal fins for
the implementation of practical design. The variation of fin
performances is also exhibited in Fig. 6b and c. It is clear
from the figures that both the fin efficiency and effective-
ness increase with the increase in tR. It is also to be noted
that the fin efficiency at an optimum condition is inde-
pendent with tR and w but an increasing effectiveness can
be achieved with an increase in tR. Furthermore, all these
results are also determined from the published work and a
same nature of trend has been identified however, the
difference is significant. In the case of heat transfer, the

123
120 Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122

Fig. 7 A comparative study on a 0.09 b 0.9

the variation of fin design Published work [7] (n=0.0)
parameters with w for different Present work (Rd=0.1)
constraint fin volumes: a heat 0.08 0.8
transfer rate; b fin efficiency; Loci of maximum U=0.00005
c fin effectiveness heat transfer rate tR=0.5
0.07 0.7 LR=0.5

U=0.0001
-1

U=0.0001
β=-0.001K
Bi=0.005
0.06 0.6 Tb=360K

η
Ta=300K
0.05 0.5
Loci of an optimum
tR=0.5 condition
LR=0.5
0.04 Tb=360K
0.4
-1
β=-0.001K Published work[7](n=0.0)
Ta=300K U=0.00005 Present work(Rd =0.1)
Bi=0.005
0.03 0.3
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
ψ ψ

c 40
Published work [7] (n=0.0)
Present work (Rd=0.1)
35
U=0.00005
tR=0.5

condition
Loci of an optimum
LR=0.5
30 -1
β =-0.001K
Bi=0.005
25 Tb=360K
ε

Ta=300K

20
U=0.0001

15

10
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
ψ

present study shows a higher value whereas in performance
parameters it predicts a lower magnitude. Therefore, in
actual design applications, radiation effect may not be
desirable to omit it.
Another typical results obtained from the optimization
analysis are illustrated in Fig. 7, to show the importance of
the fin volume on the optimization design condition. The
design curves are generated with the variation of w for
different fin volume U. Figure 7a presents the variation of
dimensionless heat transfer rate with w for a given fin
volume and, an optimum value of heat transfer rate is
obtained. The optimum rate of heat transfer conventionally
increases with the increase in fin volume. In addition, the
optimum w value also increases almost linearly with the fin
volume, which can be understood by plotting the loci of the
maximum heat transfer rate. The results of published work
have also been shown in the same figure for the comparison
purpose. It can be highlighted, although the variations in
the curves are similar for both the works but the present
study always gives higher heat transfer rate irrespective of
w values involved in the design. After obtaining the opti-
mum w, the corresponding fin efficiency and fin effec-
tiveness are determined from the respective Fig. 7b and c.
From Fig. 7b, it can be emphasized that the fin volume
does not influence the fin efficiency at an optimum design
condition. On the other hand, the effectiveness at the
optimum design condition declines with increasing the fin
volume. It is also to be mentioned that although the present
study gives a higher rate of heat transfer in comparison
with the previous study but in respect to the fin perfor-
mance point of view it is always lower than the published
value for the constant fin volume and LR.

123
Heat Mass Transfer (2012) 48:109–122
4 Conclusions
From above discussions, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
• The fin efficiency and effectiveness depend upon the
base temperature, ambient temperature and thermo-
geometric parameters. The increase in parameters, Tb,
Rd and Bi reduces the fin performance although an
increase of Ta enhances the fin performance as well. On
the other hand, the efficiency of the fin decreases with
the increase in geometrical parameter LR whereas the
fin effectiveness increases with the same variation.
However, an opposite nature of variation is noticed
with the aspect ratio w. In addition, both of these fin
performances monotonically increase with the increase
in the geometrical parameter tR.
• The increase in radiation parameter amplifies the
dimensionless heat transfer and predicts a marginally
higher optimum aspect ratio w. Moreover, for a
constant fin volume, maximum heat transfer rate
enhances with the increase in LR and at the same time
the overall size of the constructal fin increases.
Whenever a space is a problem, the optimization
analysis may be proposed to perform by taking LR as a
constraint. In addition, both the fin efficiency and
effectiveness at an optimum point insignificantly
change with LR.
• The heat transfer rate becomes a maximum for an
optimum tR but this optimum tR is very small. Due to
this reason, manufacturing the flange part of the fin
under consideration of this optimum design condition
may be difficult. Therefore, an additional constraint tR
is provided to adopt in the optimization process to
overcome this problem. The fin efficiency at an
optimum condition with the constant fin volume and
LR does not depend much on the tR. On the other hand,
the fin effectiveness increases with tR adequately.
• The locus of the maximum heat transfer rate with the
fin volume is almost a linear in nature as noticed in both
the present and published works. The efficiency at the
optimum condition is almost remaining unchanged
irrespective of the fin volume. Nevertheless, the
effectiveness at an optimum point does have a
decreasing function with the fin volume.
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