Physics 2

Physics
7. MOTION
n Motion : An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with time.
n Rest : An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with time.
n Rest & motion are relative terms : An object which is at rest can also be in motion simultaneously. For
example, the passengers of a moving bus are at rest with respect to each other but they are in motion with
respect to a stationary objects like electric pole, trees, a person standing on the road side etc.
n Rectilinear motion : If a particle moves in a straight line, its motion is called rectilinear motion or one dimensional
motion.
n Rotational motion (Rotatory motion) : Motion of a body turning about an axis is called rotational motion. In
other words, ‘a motion in which an object spins about a fixed axis is called rotational motion’. E.g., the Earth’s
spin on its axis, motion of a fan or motor etc.
n Two dimensional motion : The motion of a particle in a plane is called two dimensional motion.
Examples: Motion of a particle on a circular path, motion of a particle on a parabolic path (projectile motion).
n Three dimensional motion : The motion of a particle in space is called three dimensional motion.
Examples: Motion of a flying bird, motion of a foot ball swinging in air.
n Distance : The length of the actual path between initial and final positions of a particle is called distance
covered by the particle. (Path 1 in figure shown represents distance).
l Distance is a scalar quantity. Path 1
l Distance depends on the path.
l It never decreases with time. Path 2
l Distance is always taken positive.
l Unit : c.g.s.system - centimeter (cm) ; S.I. system - metre (m).
l Odometer of the vehicle measures the distance.
n Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial position and the final
position of the particle is called displacement. It is the change in the position of the particle. (Path 2 in figure
shown represents displacement).
Displacement = xf – xi Where, xf = final position ; xi = initial position. +
l Displacement is a vector quantity, its direction is always taken from initial
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position to final position.

– +
l Displacement depends only on initial position and final position, does not
–
depend on path.
Sign convention
l Displacement of a particle in motion can be positive, negative or even zero. for displacement
l Unit : c.g.s.system - centimeter (cm) ; S.I. system - metre (m).

n Distance is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of displacement.
l Whenever a particle changes its direction or follows a curved path, distance is always greater than the
magnitude of displacement.
l Distance is exactly equal to displacement (i) when it follows a straight path without changing its direction (ii)
when its is in uniform motion.
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Class X
n Speed : The distance travelled by a particle per unit time is called speed.
Distance
Speed =
time
5
l Speed is a scalar quantity. l Speed depends on the path. l 1 km / h = m/s
18
l Speed gives no idea about the direction of motion of the object.

l Speed can never be negative ; in motion, it is taken positive ; at rest, it is zero.
l Unit : c.g.s.system - centimeter/second (cm/s) ; S.I. system - metre/second (m/s).
l Uniform speed : An object is said to be moving with a uniform speed, if it covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time. That is, magnitude of speed is constant.
l Non uniform speed : An object is said to be moving with a variable speed if it covers unequal distances in
equal intervals of time. That is, magnitude of speed is variable.
l Average Speed : When an object is moving with a variable speed, then the average speed of the object is
thought to be that constant speed with which the object covers the same distance in a given time interval as
it does while moving with variable speed during the same time interval.
l Average speed is the ratio of the total distance travelled by the object to the total time taken.
Total distance travelled
Average speed =
Total time taken
l Instantaneous speed : The speed of the body at any instant of time is +
called instantaneous speed.
l Speedometer of the vehicle measures its instantaneous speed.
– +
l In uniform motion of a particle, the instantaneous speed is equal to
its average speed. –
n Velocity : The rate of change of displacement is called velocity. Sign convention
for velocity
l Velocity is a vector quantity.
l Velocity can be negative, positive or zero.
l The direction of average velocity is same as that of the total displacement.
l If average velocity for a journey is positive, it may have a negative instantaneous velocity at some point of
time during the journey and vice-versa.
l Unit : c.g.s.system - centimeter/second (cm/s) ; S.I. system - metre/second (m/s).
l Instantaneous Velocity : It is the velocity at some particular instant of time.

l Average Velocity : It is the ratio of total displacement to the total time taken.
Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time taken
l Uniform Velocity : A particle is said to have uniform velocity, if the magnitude as well as the direction of
its velocity remains constant. It is possible only when the particles moves in straight line without changing its
direction.
l Non-uniform Velocity : A particle is said to have non-uniform velocity, if either of magnitude or direction
of its velocity changes (or both changes).
l In uniform motion of a particle, the instantaneous velocity is equal to its average velocity.
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Physics
n Average speed is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of average velocity.
l Whenever a particle changes its direction or follows a curved path, average speed is always greater than the
magnitude of average velocity.
l Average speed is exactly equal to average velocity when it follows a straight path without changing its
direction.
n If body covers distances x1, x2, x3,----- with speeds v1, v2, v3,----- respectively in same direction then average
speed/average velocity of body is given by,
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + - - -
v average =
x1 x 2 x 3
+ + +---
v1 v 2 v 3
l Case of half journey : If body covers equal distances with different speeds i.e, x1 = x2 = x (let),
x+x 2x 2 2v1 v 2
v average = = = =
æ x x ö æ 1 1 ö æ v 2 + v1 ö v1 + v 2
ç + ÷ xç + ÷ ç ÷
v
è 1 v 2 ø è v1 v 2 ø è v1 v 2 ø
n If a body travels with speeds v1,v2,v3 ,---- during time intervals t1,t2,t3, ---- respectively then the average speed of
the body is given by,
v 1 t1 + v 2 t2 + v 3 t 3 + - - -
v average =
t1 + t2 + t3 + - - -
l Case of half time : If the two given time intervals are same i.e., t 1 = t2, then,
v1 t + v 2 t (v1 + v 2 )t v + v2
v average = = = 1
t+t 2t 2
n Uniform motion : If the velocity (NOT the speed) of a particle in motion is constant, then its motion is said to be
uniform motion.
l In uniform motion, the magnitude of velocity is constant and its direction is also constant.
l In uniform motion, a particle covers equal distances in equal interval of time in a particular direction.
l Uniform motion always takes place in straight line.
l Only one equation of motion is used in uniform motion which is, v = s/t
n Non-uniform motion : If the velocity of a particle in motion is not constant, then its motion is said to be uniform
motion.
l A non-uniform motion occurs when either the magnitude of velocity changes or its direction changes or both
changes.
l Motion of a particle along a curved path is always a non-uniform motion.
l If particle changes its direction during the journey, its motion is always non-uniform.
n Acceleration : The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
l It is a vector quantity. Its direction is same as that of change in velocity and NOT of the velocity.
l It is NOT the rate of change of speed. For example, when a body moving +
with constant speed along a circular path, there is no change in its speed
but there is a change in velocity as its direction is changing continuously at
every point. Thus, there must be some acceleration of the body. – +
l A change in velocity occurs when (i) only its direction changes, e.g.
uniform circular motion. (ii) only its magnitude changes. e.g. a ball dropped –
from a certain height under gravity (iii) both magnitude as well as direction Sign convention
for acceleration
changes, e.g. a projectile motion. In all these cases, there MUST be some
acceleration present in the motion.
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Class X
l Whenever velocity and acceleration are in same direction, the velocity of a
particle increases. Such motion is called accelerated motion. Such an
acceleration for numericals is usually taken ‘positive acceleration’.
l Whenever velocity and acceleration are in opposite direction, the velocity of a particle decreases. Such
motion is called retarded motion. Such an acceleration for numericals is usually taken ‘negative acceleration’
and also called ‘retardation’ or ‘deceleration’.
v–u
l Acceleration, a =
t
Unit of acceleration : C.G.S.system - centimetre/(second)2 (cm/s2) ; S.I. system - metre/(second)2 (m/s2).
n Non-uniform motion with constant acceleration (uniformly accelerated motion) : It is a motion in which
acceleration is constant in both magnitude as well as direction.
l It is a non-uniform motion. Equations of motion for a uniformly accelerated motion are :
1 2 æv+uö v+u
(i) v = u + at (ii) s = ut + at (iii) v2 = u2 + 2as (iv) s = ç ÷ t (v) v average =
2 è 2 ø 2
Where, u = initial velocity ; v = final velocity ; s = distance travelled ; t = time taken.
1
l Distance travelled in nth second (i.e., in a particular second) is given by, s nth = u + a(2n – 1)
2
n Free fall (motion under gravity) :
l Free fall is the motion of an object subject only to the influence of gravity. An object is in free fall as soon as
it is dropped from rest, thrown downward or thrown upward.
l Acceleration due to gravity : The constant acceleration of a freely falling body is called the acceleration
due to gravity. Its magnitude is denoted with the letter g. The value of g on the surface of Earth is
nearly 9.8 m/s2.
l Earth’s gravity always pulls downward, so the acceleration (g) of an object in free fall is always downward and
constant in magnitude, regardless of whether the object is moving up, down, or is at rest, and independent
of its speed.
l If the object is moving downward, the downward acceleration makes it speed up; if it is moving upward, the
downward acceleration makes it slow down.
n Equations of motion of freely falling body :
There are two main assumptions in free fall :
(1) Acceleration due to gravity (g) is constant throughout the motion and it acts vertically downwards.
(2) Air resistance is negligible.
l For numericals, we can assume acceleration due to gravity as + g for downward while –g for upward motion.
l Case 1 : An object thrown vertically upward and it returns after some time. Equations of motion are :
1 2 g
(i) v = u – gt (ii) h = ut – gt (iii) v2 = u2 – 2gh
2
} Time taken to reach maximum height :
u H
t=
g
} Total time of journey :
2u h
T=
g
u
} Maximum height achieved by the object :
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Physics
u2
H=
2g
æ u 2 ö u2
} The total distance covered, s = 2H = 2 ç ÷ = while, the total displacement is zero.
è 2g ø g
l Case 2 : An object is thrown vertically downward from a certain height H. ///////////
/ u g
y /
/
Equations of motion are : /
/
/
1 2 H /
(i) v = u + gt (ii) y = ut + gt (iii) v2 = u2 + 2gy /
/
2 /
/
} Velocity at ground : v = u 2 + 2gH /
/
/
1 2
} Time taken to reach the ground : H = ut + gt . This is a quadratic equation that can be solved by
2
factorisation or using quadratic formula.
l If an object is dropped from certain height, its initial velocity is taken zero i.e., u = 0. In such case the
eqs.(i),(ii),(iii) will reduce to,
1 2
v = gt ; y = gt ; v2 = 2gy
2
} Velocity at ground : v = 2gH
2H
} Time taken to reach the ground : t= .
g
l Case 3 : An object thrown up from a certain height H or dropped from a rising balloon/helicopter. The
initial velocity of a body dropped from a moving object is equal to the velocity of the moving object.
Equation of motion are :
(i) v = u – gt
If v comes positive, it means that object is moving upwards. If v comes negative, it means that object is
moving downwards.
1 2
(ii) y = ut – gt
2
If y comes positive, it means that object is above the initial point. If y comes negative, it means that
object is below the initial point.
(iii) v2 = u2 – 2gy
h h
u u
/////////// g g
/
y / y Rising
/ balloon
/
/
/
H / H
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
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Class X
} Velocity at ground :
v = u 2 + 2gH
1 2
} Time taken to reach the ground : H = –ut + gt . This is a quadratic equation that can be solved by
2
factorisation or using quadratic formula. g
l Let three balls 1, 2, and 3 are allowed to fall under gravity from the
u 2 u=0
same height. Ball 1 is thrown vertically upward with speed u and it reaches
/////////// 1 u 3
the ground in time t1. Ball 2 is thrown vertically downward with the same /
/
speed u and it reaches the ground in time t2. Ball 3 is dropped (i.e., u = 0) /
/
from the same height and it reaches ground in time t3. Then, the relationship H /
/
between t1, t2 and t3 is given by, /
/
/
t 3 = t1 t 2 /
l An object is dropped in a well of depth ‘d’ and the sound of splash in water is heard after a certain time T.
2d
} Downward motion of object : t1 =
g
d
d
} Upward motion of sound : t 2 =
v
2d d
T = t1 + t 2 = +
g v
n Graphs in motion : Usually distance-time, displacement-time, speed-time, velocity-time, acceleration-time
graphs are used in understanding motion.
l Distance-time graph : Here, distance is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.
s s s
s = constant
sµt
2
sµt
t t t
A body at rest A body in A body in uniformly
(s = constant) uniform motion accelerated motion
(v = 0) (s = v × t) 1 2
( s = ut + at )
2
} Distance-time graph is always positive, it is always increasing NEVER decreasing.
l Displacement-time graph : Here, displacement is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.
} Displacement-time graph can be positive or negative, it can be increasing or decreasing.
s
s = constant
sµt
s µ t2
s s
t t t

(s = constant) uniform motion accelerated motion
(v = 0) (s = v × t) 1
( s = ut + at2 )
2
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Physics
l Speed-time graph : Here, speed is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.
} Speed-time graph is always positive, it can be increasing or decreasing.
v v v
v = constant
vµt
t t t
(v = 0) uniform motion accelerated motion
(v = constant) (v = u + at)
l Velocity-time graph : Here, velocity is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.
} Velocity-time graph can be positive or negative, it can be increasing or decreasing.
v v v
v = constant
vµt
t t t

(v = 0) uniform motion accelerated motion
(v = constant) (v = u + at)
l Acceleration-time graph : Here, acceleration is taken on y-axis and time is taken on x-axis.
} Acceleration-time graph can be positive or negative, it can be increasing or decreasing.
a a a
a = constant
t t t

(a = 0) uniform motion accelerated motion
(a = 0) (a = constant)
n Significance of graphs in motion :

perpendicular p y
l Slope of a graph = tan q = = (see adjoining graph)
base b p
q
l More the value of q, more will be the value of slope.
l Slope of a graph can be zero (q = 0°), positive (0° < q < 90°), negative b
q
(90° < q < 180°) or even infinite (q = 90°). x
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Class X
l Slope of distance-time graph gives speed. Slope of displacement-time graph gives velocity.
l In the adjoining s-t graph, slope of A is more than slope of B, thus, vA > vB. A
s B
l From the s-t graph shown below, we can find the value of v.
x2
t
s x2–x1
q
x1 p x 2 – x1
t2–t1 v= =
b t2 – t1
t1 t2
t
l In the following graphs, graph 1 represents accelerated motion i.e., v (i.e. slope) increasing with time. Graph
2 represents retarded motion i.e., v decreasing with time.
s s
t t
Graph 1 Graph 2
( v increasing with time) ( v decreasing with time)
accelerated motion retarded motion
l Slope of speed-time graph or velocity-time graph gives acceleration. 1

v 2
l In the adjoining v-t graph, slope of 1 is more than slope of 2, thus, a1 > a2.
l From the v-t graph shown below, we can find the value of a.
t
v2
v v2–v1
q
v1 p v 2 – v1
t2–t1 a= =
b t2 – t1
t1 t2
t A1
v
l Total area under the speed-time graph or velocity-time graph always
A2
gives total distance travelled by the body during a given time interval.
We can also find displacement using a velocity-time graph which is as
t
shown below : Distance travelled = A1 + A2
A1 A3 Distance travelled = A1 + A2 + A3
v
A2 t Displacement = A1 – A2 + A3
l The area under the acceleration-time graph gives change in velocity during a given time interval.
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Physics
n Graphs of motion under gravity : Upward motion of an object is a retarded motion, while downward motion
is an accelerated motion.
s 2H v
rd
nwa n u
w tio
Do mo
H
tio ard
Up otio
d
mo nw
ar
n
wa n
pw tion
w
rd
Do
U o
m
O t 2t O t 2t
t t
(a) Distance-time graph (b) Speed-time graph
u
v a
s
Up otio
m
wa n
rd
H
Do O O
t 2t t 2t
rd w t t
wa ion m nw
p ot ar
U ot ion d
Do mot
m
wn ion
O t 2t
wa
t
rd
–u –g
(c) Displacment-time graph (d) Velocity-time graph (e) Acceleration-time graph
v
n Circular motion : When a particle moves along a circular path, its v
motion is called circular motion.
l A circular motion is always a non-uniform motion i.e., accelerated motion O r
because the direction of velocity changes continuously.
v
l Velocity of a particle in circular motion is always tangential to the circular
v
path i.e., velocity and radius are always ^ to each other.
l Angular displacement (q) : The angle described by particle B
moving along a circular path is called angular displacement. q

A
} S.I. unit of angular displacement is radian. w
p radian = 180°, 1 radian = 180°/p = 57.3°
R D
} You can use a formula to find radian from degrees or vice-versa which is given by, =
p 180
Where, R is angle in radian, D is angle in degrees.
l Angular velocity (w) : The rate of change of angular displacement is called angular velocity.
q
} w= } S.I. unit of w : radian per second or rad s–1.
t
} Relation between angular velocity and linear speed : v = rw (r = radius of circular path)
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Class X
l Angular acceleration (a) : The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular acceleration.
w2 – w1
} a=
t
} S.I. unit of a : radian/(second)2 or rad s–2.
} Relation between angular acceleration & linear (tangential) acceleration : a t = ra
l Uniform circular motion : Motion of a particle along the circumference of a circle with a constant speed
is called uniform circular motion.
} In uniform circular motion, linear speed, v = constant ; angular velocity, w = constant ;
angular acceleration, a = 0.
2p r
} Here, linear speed can also be found by formula, v = (T = time period of 1 revolution)
T
2p
} Also, angular velocity w can be found using formula, w =
T
2 pN
} If a particle is making N revolutions per minute (denoted as rpm), angular speed, w =
60
l Uniform circular motion is always an accelerated motion. It has a radially inward acceleration called
centripetal acceleration.
v2
} Formula for centripetal acceleration : a c = = rw2
r
} Centripetal acceleration (ac) and velocity (v) are always perpendicular to each other.
l Centripetal force : It is the radially inward force that is required to move an object along a circular
path.
mv 2
} Formula for centripetal force : F = ma c = = mrw2
r
} Centripetal force is always supplied by a real force, the nature of which depends on the situation. While
turning a motorcycle on a horizontal circular path, friction provides the necessary centripetal force. The
electron moves in a circle around nucleus due to centripetal force provided by the electrostatic force of
attraction between positive nucleus and negative electron. While whirling a stone tied with a string, the
tension in the string provides the centripetal force. Earth revolves round the Sun due to the centripetal
force provided by the gravitational force between the Earth and the Sun.
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Physics
MOTION EXERCISE
Multiple choice questions 8. A ball is thrown up with a certain velocity. It attains
1. A person sitting in a moving car is at rest with a height of 40 m and comes back to the thrower,
respect to then
(1) a tree on the ground (1) total distance covered by it is 40 m
(2) a cyclist on the road (2) total displacement covered by it is 80 m
(3) a building on the roadside (3) total displacement is zero
(4) the car (4) total distance covered by it is zero
2. The motion of the wheel of a cycle is 9. A body moves on three quarters of a circle of radius
(1) rotatory r. The displacement and distance travelled by it are
(2) rectilinear (1) displacement = r, distance = 3r
(3) translatory and rotatory
3pr
(4) None of these (2) displacement = 2r , distance =
2
3. A man has to go 50 m due north, 40 m due east
3pr
and 20 m due south to reach a field. His (3) distance = 2r, displacement =
2
displacement from his house to the field is,
3pr
(1) 110 m (2) 20 5 m (4) displacement = 0, distance =
2
(3) 75 m (4) 50 m
10. For the motion on a straight line path with constant
4. The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for
acceleration, the ratio of the magnitude of the
a moving object is
displacement to the distance covered is
(1) always less than 1 (2) always equal to 1
(1) = 1 (2) ³ 1
(3) always more than 1 (4) equal or less than 1
(3) £ 1 (4) < 1
5. A monkey is moving on circular path of radius 80
11. A body moves along the circumference of a circu-
m. If the monkey starts at one end of the diameter
lar track. It returns back to its starting point after
and reaches the other end, the displacement and
completing the circular track twice. If the radius of
the dis tance covered by the mon key are
the track is R, the ratio of displacement to the
respectively,
distance covered by the body will be
(1) 160 m ; 160 m (2) 160 m ; 80p m
(1) 0 (2) 8pR
(3) 0 m ; 80p m (4) 160 m ; 160p m
6. In which of the following cases of motions, the p
(3) 3R (4)
distance moved and the magnitude of displacement R
are equal ? 12. A particle is travelling with a constant speed. This
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(1) If the car is moving on straight road means that

(2) If the car is moving in circular path (1) Its position remains constant as time passes
(3) The pendulum is moving to and fro (2) It covers equal distances is equal time intervals
(4) The earth is revolving around the Sun (3) Its acceleration is zero
7. A body moved from one end to another end along (4) It does not change its direction of motion
a curved path of a quarter circle. The ratio of
13. A boy runs for 10 min at a uniform speed of 9 km/
distance to displacement is
h. At what speed should he run for the next 20 min
p 2 2
(1) (2) so that the average speed comes to 12 km/h ?
2 2 p
(1) 13.5 km/h (2) 10.2 km/h
2 p (3) 8.2 km/h (4) 7.72 km/h
(3) (4)
p 2
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Class X
14. A car moves at a speed of 60 km/hr for 50 km and 21. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 40
80 km/hr for the next 50 km. What is average m completes half revolution in 40 seconds. Its
speed (in km/hr) of car for the journey of 100 km ? average velocity is
(1) 68.6 (2) 70 (1) 2p m/sec (2) 2 m/sec
(3) 75 (4) 72.6 (3) 4p m/sec (4) 4 m/sec
15. A train moving on linear way travels a distance 'D' 22. A quantity has a value of – 6.0 m/s. It may be the
at constant velocity of 30 km/h, then it travels in (1) Speed of a particle
opposite direction with same distance and reaches (2) Velocity of a particle
at original station at a constant velocity of 45 km/ (3) Acceleration of a particle
h. What is the average speed of train ? (4) Position of a particle
(1) 36 km/h (2) 10 km/h 23. An insect moves along the sides of a wall of
(3) 0 (4) 75 km/h dimensions 12 m × 5 m starting from one corner
16. An object travels 16 m in 4 seconds, then another and reaches the diagonally opposite corner. If the
16m in 2 seconds. Its average speed is insect takes 2 s for its motion then find the ratio of
average speed to average velocity of insect.
(1) 6 m/sec (2) 5 m/sec
(1) 15 : 4 (2) 1 : 1 (3) 12 : 7 (4) 17 : 13
(3) 8 m/sec (4) 5.3 m/sec
24. When the distance travelled by an object is directly
17. The rate of change of displacement with time is proportional to the time, it is said to travel with
(1) speed (2) acceleration (1) constant acceleration (2) uniform velocity
(3) retardation (4) velocity (3) zero velocity (4) constant speed
18. A car travels a distance A to B at a speed of 40 km/ 25. The rate of change of velocity with time is
hr and returns to A at a speed of 30 km/hr. The (1) Speed (2) Displacement
average velocity (in km/hr) for the whole journey is, (3) Distance (4) Acceleration
(1) 34.3 (2) 0 (3) 35 (4) 36.3 26. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km/hr to 60
19. A passenger travels along a straight line with velocity km/hr in 5 sec. The acceleration of the bus is
v1 for first half time and with velocity v2 for next (1) 2.1 m/s2 (2) – 3.4 m/s2
half time, then the mean velocity v is given by, (3) – 1.1 m/s2 (4) 3.2 m/s2
27. The CGS unit of acceleration is
v2 (1) m/s2 (2) m/s (3) cm/min2 (4) cm/s2
(1) v = v1 (2) v = v1 v 2
28. Which of the following is not a vector quantity?
(1) Retardation
2v 1 v 2 v1 + v 2 (2) Acceleration due to gravity
(3) v = v + v (4) v =
1 2 2 (3) Average speed
(4) Displacement
1 29. A rubber ball dropped from a certain height is an
20. A car travels rd distance on a straight road with

3 example of
(1) non-uniform acceleration
1 (2) uniform retardation
a velocity of 10 km/hr, next rd with velocity 20
3 (3) uniform speed
(4) non-uniform speed
1
km/hr and the last rd with velocity 60 km/hr.. 30. If the displacement of an object is proportional to
3
square of time, then the object moves with
What is the average velocity of the car in the whole
(1) uniform velocity
journey?
(2) uniform acceleration
(1) 4 km/hr (2) 6 km/hr (3) increasing acceleration
(3) 12 km/hr (4) 18 km/hr (4) decreasing acceleration
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Physics
31. If the velocity of a body does not change, its 40. A body starts from rest and accelerates uniformly.
acceleration is Ratio of distances travelled in one, two and three
(1) zero (2) infinite seconds of its motion is
(3) unity (4) none of these (1) 1 : 3 : 5 (2) 1 : 4 : 9
32. A body whose speed is constant (3) 1 : 2 : 3 (4) 9 : 4 : 1
(1) has a constant velocity 41. A body covers 200 cm in the first 2 sec and 220
(2) might be accelerated cm in next 4 sec. What is the velocity of the body
(3) must be accelerated at the end of 7th second?
(4) cannot be accelerated (1) 40 cm/sec (2) 20 cm/sec
33. When the brakes are applied on a moving cycle,
(3) 10 cm/sec (4) 5 cm/sec
the directions of velocity and acceleration are
42. A body moving along a straight line at 20 m/sec
(1) opposite (2) same
undergoes an acceleration of 4 m/sec2 . After
(3) perpendicular (4) not related two seconds its speed will be :
34. The velocity acquired by a body moving with uniform
(1) 12 m/sec (2) 28 m/sec
acceleration is 20 m/s in first 2 sec and 40 m/s in
(3) 72 m/sec (4) 20 m/sec
first 4 sec. The initial velocity of the body is
(1) 40 m/s (2) 20 m/s 43. Average velocity of an object is equal to the
mean of its initial and final velocities if the
(3) 10 m/s (4) 0 m/s
acceleration is
35. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with
constant acceleration 5 m s–2 for 8 seconds. If it then (1) variable (2) uniform
continues with constant velocity, what distance will the (3) both of the above (4) Can't be said
car cover in 12 seconds since it started from rest ? 44. A body starts from rest and moves with uniform
(1) 160 m (2) 200 m acceleration for 2s. It then decelerates uniformly
(3) 320 m (4) 400 m for 3s and stops. If deceleration is 4 ms–2, the
36. A person travelling at 43.2 km/hr applies the acceleration of the body is _______ ms–2.
brakes giving a deceleration of 12 m/s2 to his bike. (1) 10 (2) 8.7 (3) 4 (4) 6
The distance it travels before coming to rest is 45. In the equation of motion : s = at + bt , the units of
2
(1) 12 m (2) 4 m a and b are respectively.

(3) 6 m (4) 9 m (1) m/s2, m/s2 (2) m/s, m/s2
37. A bullet going with speed 150 m/s enters in a (3) m/s2, m/s3 (4) m/s, m/s3
concrete wall and penetrates a distance of 15 cm 46. A body travels a distance of 20 m in the 7th second
before coming to rest. The retardation that offered and 24 m in 9th second. The distance travelled by
by the wall is it in the 15th second is,
(1) 15 ´ 104 m/s2 (2) 7.5 ´ 104 m/s2
(1) 36 m (2) 32 m (3) 42 m (4) 44 m
(3) 3.75 ´ 104 m/s2 (4) 30 ´ 104 m/s2
47. A particle starts from rest and moves with uniform
38. A particle moving with a uniform acceleration acceleration. Then the ratio of distance covered in
travels 24 m and 64 m in the first two consecutive nth sec. to that in n sec. is
intervals of 4 sec each. Its initial velocity (in m/s) is
n2 2n – 1
(1) 1 (2) 10 (1) (2)
2n + 1 n2
(3) 5 (4) 2
39. A particle experiences a constant acceleration for n2 2n + 1
(3) (4)
20 sec after starting from rest. If it travels a distance 2n – 1 n2
S1 in the first 10 sec and a distance S2 in the next 48. The initial velocity of a particle is 10 m/sec and
10 sec, then
its retardation is 2 m/sec2 . The distance moved
(1) S1 = S2 (2) S1 = S2/3 by the particle in 5th sec of its motion is :
(3) S1 = S2/2 (4) S1 = S2/4 (1) 31 m (2) 52 m (3) 1 m (4) 1 cm
13
Class X
49. A heavy ball falls freely, starting from rest. 57. A body is dropped from the top of a tower and
Between t = 3 s and t = 4 s, it travels a distance of reaches the ground in 3 sec. Then the height
(g = 9.8 m/s2) of the tower is :
(1) 4.9 m (2) 9.8 m (1) 44.1 m (2) 40.2 m
(3) 29.4 m (4) 34.3 m (3) 62.3 m (4) None of these
50. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. If it 58. A body is projected up with an initial velocity
travels 34.3 m in the last second before it reaches of 10 m/sec. It will return to its starting point
the ground, find the height of the tower after:
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
(1) 6 seconds (2) 10 seconds
(1) 39.2 m (2) 58.8 m
(3) 2 seconds (4) 2 hours
(3) 78.4 m (4) 98 m
59. At the maximum height of a body thrown
51. A body starting from rest and moving with a constant
vertically up
acceleration covers a distance S1 in the 4th second
and a distance S2 in the 6th second. The ratio (1) Velocity is not zero but acceleration is zero
S1/S2 is (2) Acceleration is not zero but velocity is zero
(1) 2/3 (2) 4/9 (3) 6/11 (4) 7/11 (3) Both acceleration and velocity are zero
52. A body with an initial velocity of 3 m/s moves with (4) Both acceleration and velocity are not zero
an acceleration of 2 m/s2, then the distance
60. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of
travelled in the 4th second is
49 m/s. The maximum height to which it rises and
(1) 10 m (2) 6 m (3) 7 m (4) 28 m
the total time it takes to return to the surface of the
53. A stone is dropped into a well in which the level earth are respectively (g = 9.8 m/s2),
of water is h, below the top of the well. If v is velocity
(1) 100 m ; 4 s (2) 110.5 m ; 6 s
of sound, then time T after which the splash is heard
is equal to (3) 150 m ; 5 s (4) 122.5 m ; 10 s
61. A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial
2h 2h h velocity of 40 m/s. Taking g = 10 m/s 2, what is the
(1) (2) +
v v g net displacement and the total distance covered by
the stone when it returns to earth ?
2h h h 2h (1) 0 m ; 150 m
(3) + (4) +
g v 2g v
(2) 0 m ; 160 m
54. If two bodies of different masses m1 and m2 are (3) 75 m ; 150 m
dropped from different heights h1 and h2, then ratio
(4) 80 m ; 160 m
of the time taken by the two to drop through these
distances is 62. A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower
100 m high and at the same time another stone is
(1) h1 : h2 (2) h2/h1
projected vertically upwards from the ground with

(3) h1 : h2 (4) h12 : h22 a velocity of 25 m/s. When and where the two
stones will meet ? (Take, g = 10 m/s 2)
(1) The stones will meet at a height of 20 m above
velocity u from the top of a tower, reaches the ground
with a velocity 3u. The height of the tower is the ground after 4 s
3u2 4u 2 6u 2 9u 2
(1) (2) (3) (4) the ground after 4 s
g g g g
56. Acceleration of a body projected upwards with a (3) The stones will meet at a height of 24 m above
certain velocity is the ground after 6 s
(1) 9.8 m/s2 (2) – 9.8 m/s2 (4) The stones will meet at a height of 18 m above
(3) zero (4) insufficient data the ground after 3 s
14
Physics
63. An object is thrown vertically upward at 35 m/s. 70. Area under a v – t graph represents a physical
Taking g = 10 m/s2, the velocity of the object 5 s quantity which has the unit
later is (1) m2 (2) m
(1) 15 m/s down (2) 7.0 m/s up (3) m3 (4) m s–1
(3) 15 m/s up (4) 85 m/s down 71. Four cars A, B, C and D are moving on a levelled
64. A stone is released from a balloon that is descending road. Their distance versus time graphs are shown
at a constant speed of 10 m/s. Neglecting air in fig.. Choose the correct statement
resistance, after 20 s the speed of the stone is
(g = 9.8 m/s2) C
s D
(1) 2160 m/s (2) 1760 m/s A
(3) 206 m/s (4) 196 m/s B
65. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower
500 m high into a pond of water at the base of
the tower. When is the splash heard at the top ? t
Given, g = 10 ms–2 ; speed of sound = 340 m/s. (1) Car A is faster than car D.
(1) 11.47 s (2) 10 s (2) Car B is the slowest.
(3) 13.5 s (4) 15.42 s (3) Car D is faster than car C.
66. If the time of fall of two objects are in the ratio 1 :
(4) Car C is the slowest.
2, find the ratio of the heights from which they fall.
72. Which of the following figures represents uniform
(1) 1: 2 (2) 2: 1 (3) 1: 4 (4) 4: 1
motion of a moving object correctly?
67. Two bodies are held separated by 9.8 m vertically
one abo ve the o ther. Th ey are released s s
simultaneously to fall freely under gravity. After 2 s
the distance between them is
(1) 4.9 m (2) 19.6 m (3) 9.8 m (4) 39.2 m t t
68. From the position time graph for two particles A (1) (2)
and B is shown below. Graph A and graph B are
s s
making angles 600 and 300 with the time axis. The
ratio of velocities vA : vB is
Y
t t
A (3) (4)
Displacement
73. Slope of a velocity – time graph gives

B (1) the distance (2) the displacement
60° (3) the acceleration (4) the speed
30°
X 74. The velocity-time graph shows the motion of a cyclist.
O Time
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 3 : 1 Its acceleration and the distance covered by the
cyclist in 15 seconds are respectively,
(3) (4) 1 : 3
3 :1
25
Velocity (ms–1)
69. From the given v – t graph, it can be inferred that 20

the object is 15
10
v 5
5 10 15 20 25
Time (s)
(1) 1.33 m/s2 ; 150 m

t
(1) in uniform motion (2) 0 m/s2 ; 150 m
(2) at rest
(3) 1.33 m/s2 ; 300 m
(3) in non-uniform motion
(4) moving with uniform acceleration (4) 0 m/s2 ; 300 m
15
Class X
75. A particle moves according to given velocity-time 80. Figures (i) and (ii) below show the displacement-time
graph. Then, the ratio of distance travelled in last graphs of two particles moving along the x-axis.
2 seconds to the total distance travelled is We can say that
x x
10
v(m/s)
t t
(i) (ii)
1 3 5 7
t(s) (1) Both the particles are having a uniformly
(1) 1/4 (2) 1/2 accelerated motion
(2) Both the particles are having a uniformly
(3) 1/8 (4) 1/6
retarded motion
76. The velocity of a body increases for sometime, (3) Particle (i) is having a uniformly accelerated
then remains constant and then decreases until motion while particle (ii) is having a uniformly
it comes to rest. When velocity is plotted against retarded motion
time the fig. obtained is : (4) Particle (i) is having a uniformly retarded motion
(1) triangle while particle (ii) is having a uniformly
accelerated motion
(2) trapezium
81. In fig, BC represents a body moving
(3) circle
A B
(4) None of the above
77. The area under the acceleration-time graph
Displacement
C
represents :
(1) change in velocity (2) speed
(3) velocity (4) acceleration O Time
78. When a graph between one quantity versus (1) Backward with uniform velocity
another results in a straight line with positive (2) Forward with uniform velocity
slope, the quantities are (3) Backward with non-uniform velocity
(1) directly proportional (4) Forward with non-uniform velocity
82. The velocity-time graph for a particle moving along
(2) both constant
x-axis is shown in the figure. The corresponding
(3) inversely proportional displacement -time graph is correctly shown by
(4) zero Vv
79. Velocity time (v – t) graph for a moving object is

shown in the figure. Total displacement of the object 0 t
during the time interval when there is non-zero

acceleration and retardation is Vs
Vs
v(m/s) 4
3
2
(1) (2)
1 V0 t 0 t
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 Vs Vs
t(sec)
(1) 60 m (2) 50 m
(3) (4)
(3) 30 m (4) 40 m 0
0 t t
16
Physics
83. Which of the following graphs would probably show 86. Suppose a boy is enjoying a ride on a merry-go-
the velocity plotted against time graph for a body round which is moving with a constant speed of 10
whose acceleration-time graph is shown in the figure? m s–1. It implies that the boy is
a (1) at rest
(2) moving with no acceleration
(3) in accelerated motion
(4) moving with uniform velocity
t
v v 87. The constant quantity in a uniform circular motion is
(1) linear speed (2) centripetal force
(1) (2) (3) acceleration (4) momentum

88. Two cars of masses m1 and m2 are moving along
t t
v v the circular paths of radius r1 and r2 respectively.
The speeds are such that they complete one round
at the same time. The ratio of angular speeds of
(3) (4) two cars is
t t (1) m1 : m2 (2) r1 : r2
84. The velocity-time graph of a body falling from rest (3) 1 : 1 (4) m1r1 : m2r2
under gravity and rebounding from a solid surface
89. A wheel is of d iameter 1m. If it makes
is represented by which of the following graphs?
30 revolutions/sec., then the linear speed
v
v (in m/s) of a point on its circumference is
(1) 30p (2) p (3) 60p (4) p/2
90. The angular velocity (in rad/hr) of the earth’s
(1) (2) rotation about its axis is
t t
(1) 12/p (2) p/12
(3) 48/p (4) p/24
v v
91. An aeroplane revolves in a horizontal circle above
the surface of the earth with a uniform speed of
100 km/hr. The change in velocity (in km/hr) after
(3) (4) completing 1/2 revolution is
t t
(1) 200 (2) 150
(3) 300 (4) 400
85. The fig. shows the displacement-time graph of a
92. In uniform circular motion
particle moving on a straight line path. What is the
average velocity of the particle over 10 seconds ? (1) acceleration & velocity both remain constant
(2) acceleration & speed both remain constant
60
(3) acceleration & velocity both keep on changing
50
(4) acceleration constant but speed changes
40
93. Angular velocity of minute hand of a watch is
x (in metre)
30
(1) p/3600 rad/s (2) p/1800 rad/s
20
(3) p/7200 rad/s (4) p/900 rad/s
10
94. The ratio of angular speed of hour's hand and
0 second's hand of a clock is
2 4 6 8 10 t (sec)
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 60
(1) 2 ms –1
(2) 4 ms –1
(3) 6 ms –1
(4) 8 ms –1
(3) 1 : 720 (4) 1 : 3600
17
Class X
95. The angular speed (in rad/s) of a fly wheel making 99. A particle revolves in a circular path. The acceleration
120 revolutions/minute is of the particle is :
(1) 2p (2) 8p (3) p (4) 4p (1) along the tangent
96. A particle is moving in a horizontal circle with (2) zero
constant speed. It has constant
(3) along the radius
(1) Velocity (2) Acceleration
(4) None of these
(3) Kinetic energy (4) Displacement
100. Which equation is used to find out the speed of
97. The earth's radius is 6400 km. It makes one rotation object moving in uniform circular motion ?
about its own axis in 24 hrs. The centripetal
acceleration of a point on its equator is nearly pr pr
(1) (2)
T 2T
(1) 340 cm/s2 (2) 34 cm/s2
(3) 3.4 cm/s2 (4) 0.34 cm/s2 2pr 2pr
(3) (4)
98. The acceleration of a point on the rim of flywheel T (T / 2)
1 m in diameter, if it makes 1200 revolutions per
minute is
(1) 8p2 m/s2 (2) 80 p2 m/s2
(3) 800 p2 m/s2 (4) none of these
ANSWER KEY
Qu e. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s . 4 3 4 4 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 4 2 4 4
Qu e. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
An s . 2 2 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 1 2 1 4 3 3 2 1 2 2
Qu e. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
An s . 3 2 2 4 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 4
Qu e. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
An s . 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 1 2 1 1 2 3
Qu e. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
An s . 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3
18
Physics
8. FORCE & NLM
n Force : A force can be defined as ‘a push or a pull exerted on an object that can cause the object to speed up,
slow down, or change direction as it moves or it can change its shape and size’.
l An interaction of one object with another object results in a force between the two objects i.e., to apply force
at least two objects are required.
l The effect of a force depends on both magnitude and direction, thus, force is a vector quantity. A force vector
points in the direction of the force, and its length is proportional to the magnitude of the force.
l Forces applied on an object in the same direction add to one another. If two forces act in the opposite
directions on an object, the net force acting on it is the difference between the two forces.
l Unit of force : SI unit - Newton ; c.g.s unit - Dyne 1 N = 105 dynes
n Net force : If many forces are acting simultaneously on an object, the effect on the object is due to the net force
acting on it. The combination of all the forces acting on an object is called net force. The net force acting on an
object is also referred as the total force, the resultant force, or the unbalanced force acting on the object.
n Contact force : It is a force that is exerted only when two objects are touching.
Examples :
l Muscular Force : The force resulting due to the action of muscles is known as the muscular force.
l Friction : Friction is a force that resists motion. Friction is found everywhere in every material i.e., solids,
liquids and gases.
l Tension : Tension is a force exerted by string, ropes, fibres, and cables when they are pulled.
l Normal force : The force perpendicular to the surfaces of the objects in contact is
called normal force. Normal force
n Non-contact force : It is a force that one object exerts on another when they are not
touching. Examples :
l Magnetic force : The force exerted by a magnet on a piece of iron or on an ////////////////
another magnet is called magnetic force. Like (or similar) poles repel while unlike
(or opposite) poles attract. Force of gravity
(Weight)
l Electrostatic force : The force exerted by a charged body on another charged
body or uncharged body is known as electrostatic force. Like charges repel and
unlike charges attract.
l Gravitational force : The attractive force between two objects that have mass is called gravitational
force. Force of gravity is always attractive in nature and pulls objects toward each other. A gravitational
attraction exists between you and every object in the universe that has mass.
n Balanced forces : If the resultant of all forces acting on a body is zero, the forces are called ‘balanced forces’.
l If the forces are balanced, this means the acceleration of the object is zero and its velocity remains constant.
That is, the object either remains at rest or continues to move with constant velocity.
l When forces on an object are balanced, the object is said to be in equilibrium. This means, it has zero
acceleration which includes, the state of rest as well as, the state of uniform motion.
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\08 Force & NLM Th.p65
l The equilibrium rule : For any object or system of objects in equilibrium, the sum of the forces acting
equals zero. In mathematical form, å F = 0 .
n Unbalanced forces : If the resultant of all forces acting on a body is not zero, the forces are called ‘unbalanced
forces’.
l In this case, the acceleration of the object is not zero and its velocity changes. That is, unbalanced force
changes the state of rest or the state of uniform motion of the object.
n Inertia : It is ‘the natural tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion at a constant speed along a
straight line’. It is the tendency of an object to resist any attempt to change its velocity.
l The mass of an object is a quantitative measure of inertia. More the mass, more will be the inertia of an
object and vice-versa.
l Inertia of an object can be of three types :
Inertia of rest : The tendency of an object to remain at rest. This means an object at rest remains at rest
until a sufficiently large external force is applied on it.
19
Class X
Inertia of motion : The tendency of an object to remain in the state of uniform motion. This means an
object in uniform motion continues to move uniformly until an external force is applied on it.
Inertia of direction : The tendency of an object to maintain its direction. This means an object moving in
a particular direction continues to move in that until an external force is applied to change it.
n Newton's first law of motion (Galileo’s law of inertia) : ‘Every object continues in its state of rest, or of
uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it’.
n Linear momentum (or momentum) : It is the product of the mass (m) & velocity (v). p = mv
l Linear momentum is a vector quantity. Its direction is ‘the direction along the velocity’. +
l The linear momentum of a particle is directly proportional to (i) its mass (ii) its velocity.
l Unit of linear momentum : SI unit : kg m/s or kg m s–1 or Newton-second (N-s) – +
c.g.s. unit : g cm/s or g cm s–1 or Dyne-second
–
l Linear momentum can be positive or negative depending on its direction.
Sign convention
l For a given velocity, the momentum is directly proportional to the mass of the object for momentum
( p µ m ). If a car and a truck have same velocity, then, the momentum of truck is more than the momentum
of car as the mass of a truck is greater than the mass of a car.
l For a given mass, the momentum is directly proportional to the velocity of the object
( p µ v ). If two bodies with same masses move with different velocities then, the body having more velocity
will have more momentum.
l For a given momentum, the velocity is inversely proportional to the mass of the object (v µ 1 / m) . If a car
and a truck have same momentum, the velocity of car will be more than the velocity of truck as the mass of
a car is smaller than the mass of a truck.
p p v
p = constant
v = constant m = constant
m v m
l When an object is moving along a circular path, its velocity is tangential to the circular path hence, its
momentum is also tangential to the circular path.
n Newton's second law of motion : ‘The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts’. Mathematically, it can be represented as,
p2 – p1 m(v – u)
F = ma = =
t t
l If force is constant i.e., F = ma = constant, then, the acceleration produced in the body is inversely proportional
to its mass, i.e, a µ 1 / m . This means, if same force F is applied to masses m 1 and m2 and the resulting
accelerations in them are a1 and a2 respectively, then, m1a1 = m2a2
a 2 m1
or =
a1 m2
l When an external non-zero net force acts on an object, the object accelerates in the direction of the net
force. The magnitude of the acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object’. This is an another statement of Newton’s second law.
F F a
F = constant
a = constant m = constant
m a m
20
Physics
l 1 newton is the amount of force that produces an acceleration of
1 m s–2 in an object of 1 kg mass. Similarly, 1 dyne is the amount of
force that produces an acceleration of 1 cm s–2 in an object of
1 g mass.
l Force is necessary for changing the direction of momentum, even if
its magnitude is constant. We can feel this while rotating a stone in
a horizontal circle with uniform speed by means of a string.
l Force, F = Dp/t, this means for a given change in momentum, the
force is inversely proportional to the time interval in which this change
takes place. Thus, for the same change in momentum brought about
in a shorter time needs a greater applied force and vice-versa. For
example, an experienced cricketer while catching a cricket ball,
allows a longer time for his hands to stop the ball. He moves his
hands backward in the act of catching the ball. As the time for catching
increases, the force with which the ball hurts his hand decreases. As
a result, his hands are not injured.
n Impulse (J) : The product of force and time is called 'impulse'. It is also
the change in momentum of the body. It is a vector quantity.
J = F ´ t = Dp = p2 – p1 = m (v – u) F A1
l A large force acting for a short time that produces a significant change
in momentum is called an impulsive force.
A2
l Area under the force-time graph gives impulse (see adjoining fig.).
n Newton's third law of motion : Whenever one body exerts a force on a
second body, the second body exerts an oppositely directed force of equal t
magnitude on the first body’. ‘To every action, there is always an equal Impulse = A 1 + A 2
and opposite reaction’.
l Forces always exist in pairs : When two objects interact, two
Faction
forces will always be involved. One force is the action force and the
other is the reaction force.
l Consider a pair of bodies A and B. According to the Newton’s third
law, FAB = – FBA Freaction
Where, FAB = force on A due to B and FBA= force on B due to A
l Though action-reaction pair are equal in magnitude and opposite
in direction but the reaction force always acts on a different object than
the action force. Thus, these forces do not cancel out each other. Hence,
there can be an acceleration in an object. For example, a volleyball
player while bumping the ball (see figure), the action force is the upward Object
force that the player exerts on the ball. The reaction force is Fg
the downward force that the ball exerts on the player’s arms. Due to
the upward action force, the ball accelerates upward. (The player’s Fe
arms also accelerate downward but we hardly notice it as mass of the
player is quite large).

l Newton’s third law is applicable to non-contact forces also.
For example, the Earth pulls an object downwards due to gravity
(see fig.). The object also exert the same force on the Earth but in
Earth
upward direction. But, we hardly see the effect of the stone on the
Earth because the acceleration of Earth is negligible due to its huge mass.
l Even though the action and reaction forces are always equal in magnitude, these forces may not produce
accelerations of equal magnitudes. This is because each force acts on a different object that may have a
different masses.
l Some important examples of Newton’s third law of motion :
} When we strike a nail using a hammer to fix in a board, the hammer exerts a downward force on the
nail, and the nail exerts an equal an upward force on the hammer.
} While walking (or running) on a road, we push the road below backwards and the road exerts an equal
and opposite reaction force on our feet to make us move forward.
21
Class X
} When a gun is fired, it exerts a forward force on the bullet. The bullet exerts an equal and opposite
reaction force on the gun. This results in the recoil of the gun. Since the gun has a much greater mass
than the bullet, the acceleration of the gun is much less than the acceleration of the bullet.
} When a sailor jumps out of a rowing boat, as the sailor jumps forward, the force on the boat moves it
backwards.
} An inflated balloon recoils when air is expelled from it. When the air is expelled leftward, the balloon
accelerates rightward.
} Rocket Propulsion : In a rocket engine, the highly combustible fuel burns at a tremendous rate. The
rocket exerts a downward (or backward) force on the exhaust gas and thus, the exhaust gas exert an
equal upward (or forward) force on the rocket.
n The normal force : A force that acts on a surface in a direction perpendicular to the surface is called 'normal force'.
l Like every force, a normal force is one half of an action-reaction
pair, so it is often called a ‘normal reaction force’.
n Conservation of momentum : ‘When the net external force on a system of
objects is zero, the total momentum of the system remains constant’.
l The total momentum of an isolated system of objects remains constant.
l The term ‘collision’ is used to represent the event of two particles Initial momentum = 0
coming together for a short time and thereby producing ‘impulsive V
v
forces’ on each other. These forces are assumed to be much greater
than any external forces present because they act for a very short
time interval.
m
l Momentum is conserved for all types of collisions that take place in
real world in the absence of any external force.
M
l Rocket propulsion or the recoil of gun are based on law of
conservation of momentum as well as Newton’s third law. This is Final momentum = mv – MV = 0
because the law of conservation of momentum is derived using
Newton’s third law.
l Solving problems on conservation of momentum : u
} Recoil of a gun : Initial momentum = Final momentum M
m
m U=0
or 0 = MV – mv or V = v (see fig.) Initial momentum =
M
m × u + M × 0 = mu
} A bullet is fired on a wooden block and it gets embedded in it,
M+m
after that they move together with a common velocity (see fig.).
Initial momentum = Final momentum V
mu
or mu = (M +m) V or V = Final momentum =

M+m (M+m)V
} A bomb of mass M explodes in two parts having masses m1 and m2 (see fig.).
Final momentum = initial momentum
or m2v2 – m1v1 = 0 or m2v2 = m1v1
v2
v1
Bomb
m1
Initial velocity, u = 0 m2
Mass of bomb = M Final momentum =
Initial momentum = M × 0 = 0 m2v2 – m1v1
(Before explosion) (After explosion)
22
Physics
} Two objects having masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1 and u2 along a straight line collide head-
on, stick together, and move with a common velocity v after the collision.
u1 u2
m1 m1
m2 m2
Before collision After collision
Initial momentum = Final momentum
m1 u 1 + m2 u 2
or m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v + m2v or v =
m1 + m2
n Tension in the strings :
l Strings are assumed to be inextensible i.e., they cannot be stretched. Due to this assumption 'acceleration of
masses connected through a string is always same. They are assumed to be massless unless it is mentioned.
Due to this assumption 'tension in the string is same every where'.
l The direction of tension at body (or a point) is always outward along the string i.e., away from the body along
the string. A tension always have pulling action.
l Motion of bodies connected by strings :
a m1
m2 a a
T F T F T
m1 m2
FBD for m1 FBD for m2
A massless string
F m2 F
} a= } T=
m1 + m 2 m1 + m2
l Motion of bodies connected by string passing over a light pulley (Atwood’s Machine) :
(m 2 – m1 )g
} a=
(m2 + m1 )
T
T
a m2
2m1 m2 g T T
a
m1
} T= a
m1 + m 2
m1 a m1g m2g
m1g FBD for m1 FBD for m2

m2
m2g
l Motion of bodies in contact :
a
m2
m1 a a
Applied f F f
force F f f m1 m2
FBD for m1 FBD for m 2
F m2 F
} a= } f=
m1 + m 2 m1 + m2
23
Class X
n Weight of an object in a lift : A weighing machine measures the normal force not the 'true weight'.
l When the lift is at rest or in uniform motion, apparent weight, i.e., W = mg [Apparent weight = true
weight]
l When the lift is moving up with uniform acceleration a, apparent weight, i.e., W' = m(a + g) [Apparent
weight > true weight]
l When the lift is moving down with uniform acceleration a, apparent weight, i.e., W'' = m(g – a) [Apparent
weight < true weight]
l Suppose the rope of the lift breaks, then it will fall freely under gravity i.e., a = g. In this situation, apparent
weight, W'' = m(g – g) = 0. That is, the weighing machine will read zero weight.
n Friction : It is a force that opposes the movement between two surfaces in contact.
l The magnitude of the friction force depends on the types of surfaces in contact. The frictional force
is usually larger on the rough surfaces and smaller on the smooth surfaces.
l Friction is always parallel to the surface in contact.
l Friction depends on both of the surfaces in contact, therefore, the value of friction is different for
different pairs of surfaces.
l If an object is allowed to move on a surface then, more the distance travelled by the object on the
surface, less will be the friction between them and vice-versa.
l Friction is caused by the irregularities on the two surfaces in contact.
l There are many kinds of friction that exist in different media :
} Static friction : It exists when two surfaces try to move across each other but not enough force
is applied to cause motion.
} Sliding friction : It exists when two surfaces slide across each other.
} Rolling friction : It exists when one object rolls over another object.
} Air friction (air resistance) : It exists when air moves around an object.
} Viscous friction : It exists when objects move through water or other liquids.
l Force of friction increases if the two surfaces are pressed harder. The greater the force pressing the
two surfaces together, the greater will be the force of friction between them.
l Friction increases with weight : For a heavy object, the weight is quite large, therefore, the force
between the object and the floor is also large. Thus, the friction force between them is large.
l For hard contact surfaces, the force of friction does not depend on the ‘area of contact’ between the two
surfaces. But, it is not true if the surfaces are wet, or if they are soft. Rubber is soft as compared to the
surface of a road. The friction between rubber and surface of road also depends on how much rubber is
contacting with the surface of road. Thus, wide tires (made of rubber) have more friction than narrow tires.
n Static friction (fs) : It is the force exerted on an object at rest that prevents the object from sliding.
l The direction of static friction is opposite to the applied force. Also, it acts in a direction opposite to
the direction in which an object tends to move.
l The maximum value of static friction is called the starting friction or limiting friction. It is the
amount of force that must be overcome to make a stationary object start moving.
24
Physics
l The law of static friction may be written as, fs £ m s N
Where, ms = coefficient of static friction, which depends only on the nature of surfaces in contact ;
N = normal force (or normal reaction)
l Normal force on a horizontal plane is exactly equal to the weight of Normal force
the body while on an inclined plane it is smaller than the weight of the
body that depends of the angle of the inclined plane (see fig.).
l Limiting (maximum) value of static friction is given by, fL = ms N. If the
////////////////
applied force F exceeds fL , the body begins to slide on the surface.
Force of gravity
l If applied force F is less than f L, then, F = fs (Weight = mg)
Normal force = weight = mg
n Sliding friction (or kinetic friction) (fk) : It is the force exerted on an
object in motion that opposes the motion of the object as it slides on another
e
rc
fo
object.
al
m
or
//
l Sliding or kinetic friction is smaller than the limiting value of static
/
//
q
//
friction. This is because it takes more force to break the interlocking in
gs
q
/
os
//
between two surfaces than it does to keep them sliding once they m
gc
//
q
m
//
are already moving. Normal force = mgcosq
l Kinetic friction, like static friction, is also found to be independent of
the area of contact. Further, it is nearly independent of the velocity
of the body.
l The law of kinetic friction may be written as, fk = m k N

Frictional force
Kinetic friction
Where µ k is the coefficient of kinetic friction, which depends
n
only on the nature of surfaces in contact. io
ct
fri
ic
m s > m k , ms or mk have no units as they are ratio of two

at
l
St
forces. Applied force
l Note that it is not motion, but relative motion that the frictional Variation of friction with applied force
force opposes.
n Rolling friction : The rolling motion of the wheel is a combination of both spin (rotational) motion and linear
(translation) motion.
l Rolling reduces the friction significantly.
l When one body rolls over the surface of another body, the resistance (opposition) to its motion is
called the rolling friction.

l Since the rolling friction is smaller than the sliding friction, sliding is replaced in most machines by
rolling by the use of ball bearings.
n Fluid friction : The force of friction exerted by the fluids on the objects moving through them is called fluid friction.
l Factors that affects fluid friction :
} The speed of the object in the fluid. The faster an object moves in a fluid, the greater is the fluid friction
acting on it.
} The shape of the object moving in the fluid. For example, a piece of paper crumpled into a ball falls
faster than a flat piece of paper falls.
} The nature of the fluid. For example, an object moving with certain speed experiences a greater friction
in water than experienced in air.
25
Class X
n Friction is a necessary evil : Friction is often undesirable, it causes wear of machine parts, engines, soles of
shoes, etc. But, it is useful in many cases. For example,
l Walking on the road is not possible without static friction.
l Friction is useful for brakes and tyres : The brakes on a bicycle create friction between two
rubber brake pads and the rim of the wheel. Friction between the brake pads and the rim slows down
or stops the bicycle. Friction is also necessary to make vehicles go on the road. Without friction the
vehicle’s tyres would not grip the road.
n Friction changes energy of motion into heat energy. Rubbing hands together quickly can make them
warmer on a cold day.
n Increasing friction : Grooving the soles of shoes increases friction between the feet and the ground
l Treads on tyres increases friction on pavement (road surface) in dry as well as wet conditions.
26
Physics
MOTION EXERCISE
Multiple choice questions 8. A ball is thrown up with a certain velocity. It attains
1. A person sitting in a moving car is at rest with a height of 40 m and comes back to the thrower,
respect to then
(1) a tree on the ground (1) total distance covered by it is 40 m
(2) a cyclist on the road (2) total displacement covered by it is 80 m
(3) a building on the roadside (3) total displacement is zero
(4) the car (4) total distance covered by it is zero
2. The motion of the wheel of a cycle is 9. A body moves on three quarters of a circle of radius
(1) rotatory r. The displacement and distance travelled by it are
(2) rectilinear (1) displacement = r, distance = 3r
(3) translatory and rotatory
3pr
(4) None of these (2) displacement = 2r , distance =
2
3. A man has to go 50 m due north, 40 m due east
3pr
and 20 m due south to reach a field. His (3) distance = 2r, displacement =
2
displacement from his house to the field is,
3pr
(1) 110 m (2) 20 5 m (4) displacement = 0, distance =
2
(3) 75 m (4) 50 m
10. For the motion on a straight line path with constant
4. The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for
acceleration, the ratio of the magnitude of the
a moving object is
displacement to the distance covered is
(1) always less than 1 (2) always equal to 1
(1) = 1 (2) ³ 1
(3) always more than 1 (4) equal or less than 1
(3) £ 1 (4) < 1
5. A monkey is moving on circular path of radius 80
11. A body moves along the circumference of a circu-
m. If the monkey starts at one end of the diameter
lar track. It returns back to its starting point after
and reaches the other end, the displacement and
completing the circular track twice. If the radius of
the dis tance covered by the mon key are
the track is R, the ratio of displacement to the
respectively,
distance covered by the body will be
(1) 160 m ; 160 m (2) 160 m ; 80p m
(1) 0 (2) 8pR
(3) 0 m ; 80p m (4) 160 m ; 160p m
6. In which of the following cases of motions, the p
(3) 3R (4)
distance moved and the magnitude of displacement R
are equal ? 12. A particle is travelling with a constant speed. This
(1) If the car is moving on straight road means that

(2) If the car is moving in circular path (1) Its position remains constant as time passes
(3) The pendulum is moving to and fro (2) It covers equal distances is equal time intervals
(4) The earth is revolving around the Sun (3) Its acceleration is zero
7. A body moved from one end to another end along (4) It does not change its direction of motion
a curved path of a quarter circle. The ratio of
13. A boy runs for 10 min at a uniform speed of 9 km/
distance to displacement is
h. At what speed should he run for the next 20 min
p 2 2
(1) (2) so that the average speed comes to 12 km/h ?
2 2 p
(1) 13.5 km/h (2) 10.2 km/h
2 p (3) 8.2 km/h (4) 7.72 km/h
(3) (4)
p 2
11
Class X
14. A car moves at a speed of 60 km/hr for 50 km and 21. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 40
80 km/hr for the next 50 km. What is average m completes half revolution in 40 seconds. Its
speed (in km/hr) of car for the journey of 100 km ? average velocity is
(1) 68.6 (2) 70 (1) 2p m/sec (2) 2 m/sec
(3) 75 (4) 72.6 (3) 4p m/sec (4) 4 m/sec
15. A train moving on linear way travels a distance 'D' 22. A quantity has a value of – 6.0 m/s. It may be the
at constant velocity of 30 km/h, then it travels in (1) Speed of a particle
opposite direction with same distance and reaches (2) Velocity of a particle
at original station at a constant velocity of 45 km/ (3) Acceleration of a particle
h. What is the average speed of train ? (4) Position of a particle
(1) 36 km/h (2) 10 km/h 23. An insect moves along the sides of a wall of
(3) 0 (4) 75 km/h dimensions 12 m × 5 m starting from one corner
16. An object travels 16 m in 4 seconds, then another and reaches the diagonally opposite corner. If the
16m in 2 seconds. Its average speed is insect takes 2 s for its motion then find the ratio of
average speed to average velocity of insect.
(1) 6 m/sec (2) 5 m/sec
(1) 15 : 4 (2) 1 : 1 (3) 12 : 7 (4) 17 : 13
(3) 8 m/sec (4) 5.3 m/sec
24. When the distance travelled by an object is directly
17. The rate of change of displacement with time is proportional to the time, it is said to travel with
(1) speed (2) acceleration (1) constant acceleration (2) uniform velocity
(3) retardation (4) velocity (3) zero velocity (4) constant speed
18. A car travels a distance A to B at a speed of 40 km/ 25. The rate of change of velocity with time is
hr and returns to A at a speed of 30 km/hr. The (1) Speed (2) Displacement
average velocity (in km/hr) for the whole journey is, (3) Distance (4) Acceleration
(1) 34.3 (2) 0 (3) 35 (4) 36.3 26. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km/hr to 60
19. A passenger travels along a straight line with velocity km/hr in 5 sec. The acceleration of the bus is
v1 for first half time and with velocity v2 for next (1) 2.1 m/s2 (2) – 3.4 m/s2
half time, then the mean velocity v is given by, (3) – 1.1 m/s2 (4) 3.2 m/s2
27. The CGS unit of acceleration is
v2 (1) m/s2 (2) m/s (3) cm/min2 (4) cm/s2
(1) v = v1 (2) v = v1 v 2
28. Which of the following is not a vector quantity?
(1) Retardation
2v 1 v 2 v1 + v 2 (2) Acceleration due to gravity
(3) v = v + v (4) v =
1 2 2 (3) Average speed
(4) Displacement
1 29. A rubber ball dropped from a certain height is an
20. A car travels rd distance on a straight road with

3 example of
(1) non-uniform acceleration
1 (2) uniform retardation
a velocity of 10 km/hr, next rd with velocity 20
3 (3) uniform speed
(4) non-uniform speed
1
km/hr and the last rd with velocity 60 km/hr.. 30. If the displacement of an object is proportional to
3
square of time, then the object moves with
What is the average velocity of the car in the whole
(1) uniform velocity
journey?
(2) uniform acceleration
(1) 4 km/hr (2) 6 km/hr (3) increasing acceleration
(3) 12 km/hr (4) 18 km/hr (4) decreasing acceleration
12
Physics
31. If the velocity of a body does not change, its 40. A body starts from rest and accelerates uniformly.
acceleration is Ratio of distances travelled in one, two and three
(1) zero (2) infinite seconds of its motion is
(3) unity (4) none of these (1) 1 : 3 : 5 (2) 1 : 4 : 9
32. A body whose speed is constant (3) 1 : 2 : 3 (4) 9 : 4 : 1
(1) has a constant velocity 41. A body covers 200 cm in the first 2 sec and 220
(2) might be accelerated cm in next 4 sec. What is the velocity of the body
(3) must be accelerated at the end of 7th second?
(4) cannot be accelerated (1) 40 cm/sec (2) 20 cm/sec
33. When the brakes are applied on a moving cycle,
(3) 10 cm/sec (4) 5 cm/sec
the directions of velocity and acceleration are
42. A body moving along a straight line at 20 m/sec
(1) opposite (2) same
undergoes an acceleration of 4 m/sec2 . After
(3) perpendicular (4) not related two seconds its speed will be :
34. The velocity acquired by a body moving with uniform
(1) 12 m/sec (2) 28 m/sec
acceleration is 20 m/s in first 2 sec and 40 m/s in
(3) 72 m/sec (4) 20 m/sec
first 4 sec. The initial velocity of the body is
(1) 40 m/s (2) 20 m/s 43. Average velocity of an object is equal to the
mean of its initial and final velocities if the
(3) 10 m/s (4) 0 m/s
acceleration is
35. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with
constant acceleration 5 m s–2 for 8 seconds. If it then (1) variable (2) uniform
continues with constant velocity, what distance will the (3) both of the above (4) Can't be said
car cover in 12 seconds since it started from rest ? 44. A body starts from rest and moves with uniform
(1) 160 m (2) 200 m acceleration for 2s. It then decelerates uniformly
(3) 320 m (4) 400 m for 3s and stops. If deceleration is 4 ms–2, the
36. A person travelling at 43.2 km/hr applies the acceleration of the body is _______ ms–2.
brakes giving a deceleration of 12 m/s2 to his bike. (1) 10 (2) 8.7 (3) 4 (4) 6
The distance it travels before coming to rest is 45. In the equation of motion : s = at + bt , the units of
2
(1) 12 m (2) 4 m a and b are respectively.

(3) 6 m (4) 9 m (1) m/s2, m/s2 (2) m/s, m/s2
37. A bullet going with speed 150 m/s enters in a (3) m/s2, m/s3 (4) m/s, m/s3
concrete wall and penetrates a distance of 15 cm 46. A body travels a distance of 20 m in the 7th second
before coming to rest. The retardation that offered and 24 m in 9th second. The distance travelled by
by the wall is it in the 15th second is,
(1) 15 ´ 104 m/s2 (2) 7.5 ´ 104 m/s2
(1) 36 m (2) 32 m (3) 42 m (4) 44 m
(3) 3.75 ´ 104 m/s2 (4) 30 ´ 104 m/s2
47. A particle starts from rest and moves with uniform
38. A particle moving with a uniform acceleration acceleration. Then the ratio of distance covered in
travels 24 m and 64 m in the first two consecutive nth sec. to that in n sec. is
intervals of 4 sec each. Its initial velocity (in m/s) is
n2 2n – 1
(1) 1 (2) 10 (1) (2)
2n + 1 n2
(3) 5 (4) 2
39. A particle experiences a constant acceleration for n2 2n + 1
(3) (4)
20 sec after starting from rest. If it travels a distance 2n – 1 n2
S1 in the first 10 sec and a distance S2 in the next 48. The initial velocity of a particle is 10 m/sec and
10 sec, then
its retardation is 2 m/sec2 . The distance moved
(1) S1 = S2 (2) S1 = S2/3 by the particle in 5th sec of its motion is :
(3) S1 = S2/2 (4) S1 = S2/4 (1) 31 m (2) 52 m (3) 1 m (4) 1 cm
13
Class X
49. A heavy ball falls freely, starting from rest. 57. A body is dropped from the top of a tower and
Between t = 3 s and t = 4 s, it travels a distance of reaches the ground in 3 sec. Then the height
(g = 9.8 m/s2) of the tower is :
(1) 4.9 m (2) 9.8 m (1) 44.1 m (2) 40.2 m
(3) 29.4 m (4) 34.3 m (3) 62.3 m (4) None of these
50. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. If it 58. A body is projected up with an initial velocity
travels 34.3 m in the last second before it reaches of 10 m/sec. It will return to its starting point
the ground, find the height of the tower after:
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
(1) 6 seconds (2) 10 seconds
(1) 39.2 m (2) 58.8 m
(3) 2 seconds (4) 2 hours
(3) 78.4 m (4) 98 m
59. At the maximum height of a body thrown
51. A body starting from rest and moving with a constant
vertically up
acceleration covers a distance S1 in the 4th second
and a distance S2 in the 6th second. The ratio (1) Velocity is not zero but acceleration is zero
S1/S2 is (2) Acceleration is not zero but velocity is zero
(1) 2/3 (2) 4/9 (3) 6/11 (4) 7/11 (3) Both acceleration and velocity are zero
52. A body with an initial velocity of 3 m/s moves with (4) Both acceleration and velocity are not zero
an acceleration of 2 m/s2, then the distance
60. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of
travelled in the 4th second is
49 m/s. The maximum height to which it rises and
(1) 10 m (2) 6 m (3) 7 m (4) 28 m
the total time it takes to return to the surface of the
53. A stone is dropped into a well in which the level earth are respectively (g = 9.8 m/s2),
of water is h, below the top of the well. If v is velocity
(1) 100 m ; 4 s (2) 110.5 m ; 6 s
of sound, then time T after which the splash is heard
is equal to (3) 150 m ; 5 s (4) 122.5 m ; 10 s
2h 2h h velocity of 40 m/s. Taking g = 10 m/s 2, what is the
(1) (2) +
v v g net displacement and the total distance covered by
the stone when it returns to earth ?
2h h h 2h (1) 0 m ; 150 m
(3) + (4) +
g v 2g v
(2) 0 m ; 160 m
54. If two bodies of different masses m1 and m2 are (3) 75 m ; 150 m
dropped from different heights h1 and h2, then ratio
(4) 80 m ; 160 m
of the time taken by the two to drop through these
distances is 62. A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower
100 m high and at the same time another stone is
(1) h1 : h2 (2) h2/h1
projected vertically upwards from the ground with

(3) h1 : h2 (4) h12 : h22 a velocity of 25 m/s. When and where the two
stones will meet ? (Take, g = 10 m/s 2)
velocity u from the top of a tower, reaches the ground
with a velocity 3u. The height of the tower is the ground after 4 s
3u2 4u 2 6u 2 9u 2
(1) (2) (3) (4) the ground after 4 s
g g g g
56. Acceleration of a body projected upwards with a (3) The stones will meet at a height of 24 m above
certain velocity is the ground after 6 s
(1) 9.8 m/s2 (2) – 9.8 m/s2 (4) The stones will meet at a height of 18 m above
(3) zero (4) insufficient data the ground after 3 s
14
Physics
63. An object is thrown vertically upward at 35 m/s. 70. Area under a v – t graph represents a physical
Taking g = 10 m/s2, the velocity of the object 5 s quantity which has the unit
later is (1) m2 (2) m
(1) 15 m/s down (2) 7.0 m/s up (3) m3 (4) m s–1
(3) 15 m/s up (4) 85 m/s down 71. Four cars A, B, C and D are moving on a levelled
64. A stone is released from a balloon that is descending road. Their distance versus time graphs are shown
at a constant speed of 10 m/s. Neglecting air in fig.. Choose the correct statement
resistance, after 20 s the speed of the stone is
(g = 9.8 m/s2) C
s D
(1) 2160 m/s (2) 1760 m/s A
(3) 206 m/s (4) 196 m/s B
65. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower
500 m high into a pond of water at the base of
the tower. When is the splash heard at the top ? t
Given, g = 10 ms–2 ; speed of sound = 340 m/s. (1) Car A is faster than car D.
(1) 11.47 s (2) 10 s (2) Car B is the slowest.
(3) 13.5 s (4) 15.42 s (3) Car D is faster than car C.
66. If the time of fall of two objects are in the ratio 1 :
(4) Car C is the slowest.
2, find the ratio of the heights from which they fall.
72. Which of the following figures represents uniform
(1) 1: 2 (2) 2: 1 (3) 1: 4 (4) 4: 1
motion of a moving object correctly?
67. Two bodies are held separated by 9.8 m vertically
one abo ve the o ther. Th ey are released s s
simultaneously to fall freely under gravity. After 2 s
the distance between them is
(1) 4.9 m (2) 19.6 m (3) 9.8 m (4) 39.2 m t t
68. From the position time graph for two particles A (1) (2)
and B is shown below. Graph A and graph B are
s s
making angles 600 and 300 with the time axis. The
ratio of velocities vA : vB is
Y
t t
A (3) (4)
Displacement
73. Slope of a velocity – time graph gives

B (1) the distance (2) the displacement
60° (3) the acceleration (4) the speed
30°
X 74. The velocity-time graph shows the motion of a cyclist.
O Time
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 3 : 1 Its acceleration and the distance covered by the
cyclist in 15 seconds are respectively,
(3) (4) 1 : 3
3 :1
25
Velocity (ms–1)
69. From the given v – t graph, it can be inferred that 20

the object is 15
10
v 5
5 10 15 20 25
Time (s)
(1) 1.33 m/s2 ; 150 m

t
(1) in uniform motion (2) 0 m/s2 ; 150 m
(2) at rest
(3) 1.33 m/s2 ; 300 m
(3) in non-uniform motion
(4) moving with uniform acceleration (4) 0 m/s2 ; 300 m
15
Class X
75. A particle moves according to given velocity-time 80. Figures (i) and (ii) below show the displacement-time
graph. Then, the ratio of distance travelled in last graphs of two particles moving along the x-axis.
2 seconds to the total distance travelled is We can say that
x x
10
v(m/s)
t t
(i) (ii)
1 3 5 7
t(s) (1) Both the particles are having a uniformly
(1) 1/4 (2) 1/2 accelerated motion
(2) Both the particles are having a uniformly
(3) 1/8 (4) 1/6
retarded motion
76. The velocity of a body increases for sometime, (3) Particle (i) is having a uniformly accelerated
then remains constant and then decreases until motion while particle (ii) is having a uniformly
it comes to rest. When velocity is plotted against retarded motion
time the fig. obtained is : (4) Particle (i) is having a uniformly retarded motion
(1) triangle while particle (ii) is having a uniformly
accelerated motion
(2) trapezium
81. In fig, BC represents a body moving
(3) circle
A B
(4) None of the above
77. The area under the acceleration-time graph
Displacement
C
represents :
(1) change in velocity (2) speed
(3) velocity (4) acceleration O Time
78. When a graph between one quantity versus (1) Backward with uniform velocity
another results in a straight line with positive (2) Forward with uniform velocity
slope, the quantities are (3) Backward with non-uniform velocity
(1) directly proportional (4) Forward with non-uniform velocity
82. The velocity-time graph for a particle moving along
(2) both constant
x-axis is shown in the figure. The corresponding
(3) inversely proportional displacement -time graph is correctly shown by
(4) zero Vv
79. Velocity time (v – t) graph for a moving object is

shown in the figure. Total displacement of the object 0 t
during the time interval when there is non-zero

acceleration and retardation is Vs
Vs
v(m/s) 4
3
2
(1) (2)
1 V0 t 0 t
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 Vs Vs
t(sec)
(1) 60 m (2) 50 m
(3) (4)
(3) 30 m (4) 40 m 0
0 t t
16
Physics
83. Which of the following graphs would probably show 86. Suppose a boy is enjoying a ride on a merry-go-
the velocity plotted against time graph for a body round which is moving with a constant speed of 10
whose acceleration-time graph is shown in the figure? m s–1. It implies that the boy is
a (1) at rest
(2) moving with no acceleration
(3) in accelerated motion
(4) moving with uniform velocity
t
v v 87. The constant quantity in a uniform circular motion is
(1) linear speed (2) centripetal force
(1) (2) (3) acceleration (4) momentum

88. Two cars of masses m1 and m2 are moving along
t t
v v the circular paths of radius r1 and r2 respectively.
The speeds are such that they complete one round
at the same time. The ratio of angular speeds of
(3) (4) two cars is
t t (1) m1 : m2 (2) r1 : r2
84. The velocity-time graph of a body falling from rest (3) 1 : 1 (4) m1r1 : m2r2
under gravity and rebounding from a solid surface
89. A wheel is of d iameter 1m. If it makes
is represented by which of the following graphs?
30 revolutions/sec., then the linear speed
v
v (in m/s) of a point on its circumference is
(1) 30p (2) p (3) 60p (4) p/2
90. The angular velocity (in rad/hr) of the earth’s
(1) (2) rotation about its axis is
t t
(1) 12/p (2) p/12
(3) 48/p (4) p/24
v v
91. An aeroplane revolves in a horizontal circle above
the surface of the earth with a uniform speed of
100 km/hr. The change in velocity (in km/hr) after
(3) (4) completing 1/2 revolution is
t t
(1) 200 (2) 150
(3) 300 (4) 400
85. The fig. shows the displacement-time graph of a
92. In uniform circular motion
particle moving on a straight line path. What is the
average velocity of the particle over 10 seconds ? (1) acceleration & velocity both remain constant
(2) acceleration & speed both remain constant
60
(3) acceleration & velocity both keep on changing
50
(4) acceleration constant but speed changes
40
93. Angular velocity of minute hand of a watch is
x (in metre)
30
(1) p/3600 rad/s (2) p/1800 rad/s
20
(3) p/7200 rad/s (4) p/900 rad/s
10
94. The ratio of angular speed of hour's hand and
0 second's hand of a clock is
2 4 6 8 10 t (sec)
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 60
(1) 2 ms –1
(2) 4 ms –1
(3) 6 ms –1
(4) 8 ms –1
(3) 1 : 720 (4) 1 : 3600
17
Class X
95. The angular speed (in rad/s) of a fly wheel making 99. A particle revolves in a circular path. The acceleration
120 revolutions/minute is of the particle is :
(1) 2p (2) 8p (3) p (4) 4p (1) along the tangent
96. A particle is moving in a horizontal circle with (2) zero
constant speed. It has constant
(3) along the radius
(1) Velocity (2) Acceleration
(4) None of these
(3) Kinetic energy (4) Displacement
100. Which equation is used to find out the speed of
97. The earth's radius is 6400 km. It makes one rotation object moving in uniform circular motion ?
about its own axis in 24 hrs. The centripetal
acceleration of a point on its equator is nearly pr pr
(1) (2)
T 2T
(1) 340 cm/s2 (2) 34 cm/s2
(3) 3.4 cm/s2 (4) 0.34 cm/s2 2pr 2pr
(3) (4)
98. The acceleration of a point on the rim of flywheel T (T / 2)
1 m in diameter, if it makes 1200 revolutions per
minute is
(1) 8p2 m/s2 (2) 80 p2 m/s2
(3) 800 p2 m/s2 (4) none of these
ANSWER KEY
Qu e. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s . 4 3 4 4 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 4 2 4 4
Qu e. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
An s . 2 2 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 1 2 1 4 3 3 2 1 2 2
Qu e. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
An s . 3 2 2 4 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 4
Qu e. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
An s . 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 1 2 1 1 2 3
Qu e. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
An s . 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3
18
Physics
9. GRAVITATION
n Gravitation is the weakest force in nature. It is negligible in the interactions of tiny or ordinary size particles. When
we consider very large objects, such as stars, planets, and satellites (moons), gravitation is of primary importance.
n The Newtonion gravitation : Sir Isaac Newton did not discover gravitation, its effects have been known throughout
human existence. But he was the first one to understand the broader significance of gravitation. Newton discovered
that ‘gravitation is universal, it is not restricted to earth only’, as others physicists of his time assumed.
n Newton’s universal law of gravitation : ‘Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force
which is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them. The force is along the line joining the centres of two objects’.
Let us consider two masses m1 and m2 lying at a separation distance r. Let the force of attraction between two
objects be F. According to the universal law of gravitation,
F µ m1 m2 F12 F21
m2
1 m1
Fµ
r2
m1 m2
Combining both, we get, F µ
r2
Gm1m2
or F= r
r2
Where, G is the constant of proportionality and is called the universal gravitation constant.
l Universal gravitation constant is the magnitude of the force (in newton) between a pair of 1 kg masses that
are kept 1 meter apart.
l Unit of universal gravitation constant : According to the universal law of gravitation,
Gm1 m2 Fr 2
F= or G=
r2 m1 m2 F
Newton ´ (meter)2 Nm2

l Thus, S.I. unit of G = = = Nm2 kg –2
kg ´ kg kg2
O r
l The numerical value of G is 6.673 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2,
Dependence of
determined by Henry Cavendish. gravitational force (F)
l Characteristics of gravitational force : on separation distance (r).
} It is a universal force of attraction.

} It acts along the line joining the centres of each mass.
} It acts equally on each mass, i.e., it obeys Newton’s third law i.e., F 12 = –F21
1
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\09 Gravitation Th.p65
} It is weaker if the masses are further apart. It acts in an inverse square manner, i.e., F µ 2 ,
r
where 'r' is the distance between the centres of the masses.
} It depends directly on the mass of each body involved, i.e., F µ m1 and F µ m2.
} It is a long range force i.e., its influence is extending to very large distances.
} It does not depend on the medium present between the two masses, or the presence of other masses
around them.
l The Newton’s universal law of gravitation successfully explained several phenomena which were believed to
be unconnected :
} The force that binds us to the earth.
} The motion of the moon around the earth.
} The motion of planets around the Sun.
} The tides due to the moon and the Sun.
33
Class X
n Why moon does not fall on earth directly ?
The motion of moon is just like the motion of an object in circular motion.
Moon
The velocity of the moon is directed tangent to the circle at every point v
along its path. The acceleration of moon is directed towards the center
of the circle i.e., towards the earth (the central body) around which it is
orbiting. This acceleration is caused by a centripetal force which is
supplied by the gravitational force between the earth and the moon. If
this force were absent, the moon in motion would continue in motion at
the same speed and in a direction tangential to the circular path and
Earth
would have escaped away from the earth. If the moon had no tangential
velocity, it would have fallen on earth due to gravitation. Thus, it is the
tangential velocity and the gravitational force that are perpendicular to
each other and keep the moon to fall around the earth without actually
falling into it.
n Kepler’s laws of planetary motion :
l Law of orbits : All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun situated at one of the foci of the ellipse
(see fig.). The closest point is P called the perihelion and the farthest point is A called the aphelion. The
semimajor axis (R) is half the distance AP.
Semi-minor axis Semi-major axis
Minor axis
P A
F1 F2
Major axis
l Law of areas : The line that joins any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time i.e.,
DA
= constant . This means, the planet moves faster when it is nearer to the Sun and it moves slower
Dt
v A rP
when it is farther from the Sun i.e, (v µ 1/r). For example, = . Since rA > rP, vA < vP.
v P rA
P A
F2
F1
R
l Law of periods : The square of the time period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of the
T2
semi-major axis (mean distance) of the ellipse traced out by the planet i.e., T2 µ R 3 or =constant .
R3
2 3
æT ö æR ö
Also, ç 1 ÷ = ç 1 ÷
è T2 ø è R2 ø
n Free Fall (Motion under gravity) :
l Free fall is the motion of an object subject only to the influence of gravity.
l Acceleration due to gravity (g) : It is the acceleration of an object in free fall that results from the
influence of Earth’s gravity.
l Acceleration due to gravity at the surface of earth : Let us consider an object of mass m placed on the
surface of Earth. Let the mass of Earth be M and radius of earth be R.
GM
\ g=
R2
34
Physics
m
} The acceleration due to gravity g for any planet is (i) directly proportional
to the mass of the planet (ii) inversely proportional to the square of the Fg
radius of the planet. R
} Acceleration due to gravity (g) on earth is 9.8 ms–2. In CGS system,
value of g is 980 cm/s2. In FPS system, value of g is 32 ft/s 2.
} Among the planets, value of 'g' is maximum for Jupiter, gjupiter = 26 m/s2.
} For two planets 1 and 2, ratio of their acceleration due to gravity,
M
g2 M 2 R12
=
g1 M1R 22
l Variation in g :
} Our earth is not perfectly spherical. The radius of earth at poles (RP) is slightly smaller than the radius of
earth at equator (RE). Since, RE > RP, therefore, gP > gE.
} Rotation of earth also affects the value of acceleration due to gravity at a place on the surface of earth.
Because of rotation, an object experiences an centrifugal force acting away from the axis of rotation
which varies from place to place on the Earth. This centrifugal force is maximum at equator and
minimum (zero) at the poles. As a result, value of g at equator is minimum and value of g at poles is
maximum. In other words, if latitude angle increases from 0° (equator) to 90° (poles), g also increases. If
rotation of earth stops, value of g will increase at the equator while it will remain unchanged at the poles.
A
} g at a height above the surface (Point A) :
h
GM gR 2
gA = = R d
(R + h)2 (R + h)2 B
For h << R, i.e., a point very near the surface,
æ 2h ö
gA = g ç 1 –
è R ÷ø
} g at a depth below the surface (Point B) : g
æ dö
gB = g ç 1 – ÷
è Rø
O R r
Centre Surface
} At the centre of Earth, gcentre = 0 of earth of earth
n Mass : The amount of matter contained in a body is called its mass. Mass of a body is constant at all places
in the universe. It is measured by physical balance. It is a scalar quantity and it is always taken positive.
Unit of mass : SI unit : Kilogram (kg) ; CGS unit : Gram (g)
n Weight : The force of gravity on an object is called weight.
Weight = m ´ g
Where, m = mass of object in kg ; g = acceleration due to gravity

l Weight is a force, it is measured in unit of force i.e., newtons. At Earth’s surface, a 1 kilogram mass has a
weight of 9.8 N, a 2 kilogram mass has a weight of 19.6 N, and so on.
l It is measured by a weighing machine or spring balance.
l Weight of a freely falling body is zero. At the centre of Earth, weight of a body is zero.
l Acceleration due to gravity on the moon is one sixth of the acceleration due to gravity on the earth i.e.,
gm 1
=
ge 6
Thus, weight of an object on the moon = (1/6) × its weight on the earth.
35
Class X
n Orbital velocity : The speed of a satellite, spacecraft, or other body travelling in an orbit around the earth is
called orbital velocity.
Satellite
2 vO
GM gR
vO = = h
(R + h) (R + h)
l For a satellite orbiting quite near to the earth,
R
GM
vO = = gR
R
l Time period of a satellite orbiting around the earth
in a circular path, Earth
(R + h)2 (R + h)3
T = 2p = 2p
GM gR 2
l Time period of a satellite orbiting very near to the surface of earth in a circular path,
R3 R
T = 2p = 2p » 85 minutes
GM g
l Geostationary orbit : It is an orbit of the earth made by an artificial satellite with a period exactly equal to
the earth’s period of rotation on its axis, i.e., 24 hours. If the orbit lies in the equatorial plane and is circular,
the satellite will appear to be stationary. This is called a stationary orbit (or geostationary orbit) and it occurs
at an altitude of 35800 km. Most communication satellites are in stationary orbits, with three or more
spaced round the orbit to give worldwide coverage. Such satellites are called geostationary satellites.
l Polar satellites : These are low altitude satellites (h is nearly 500 to 800 km), but they go around the poles
of the earth in a north-south direction whereas the earth rotates around its axis in an east-west direction.
Their time period is around 100 minutes and they cross any latitude many times a day.
n Escape speed (or velocity) : The minimum speed needed by an object like space vehicle, rocket, etc., to escape
from the gravitational field of the earth, moon, or other celestial body is called escape speed or velocity (ve).
2GM
ve = = 2gR
R
l Escape velocity is independent of the mass of the object projected from the Earth. For example, a spacecraft
has the same escape speed as a molecule.
l Escape velocity is independent of the direction of the velocity.
l Escape velocity for earth is about 11.2 km/s. Escape velocity for moon is about 2.3 km/s, nearly five times
smaller than that of earth. Among the planets, escape velocity is maximum for Jupiter, it is 59.5 km/s.
36
Physics
FORCE & NLM EXERCISE

Multiple choice questions 10. A force of 100 N acts on a ball moving on a surface.
1. A force F acts on a stationary body for the time t. The force of friction that must act between the
The distance covered by the body 'S' will be surface of the ball and the surface so that the ball
proportional to: keeps on moving with constant velocity over the
1 1 surface must be
(1) t (2) (3) t2 (4) 2 (1) Zero (2) 100 N (3) 200 N (4) 300 N
t t
2. An external influence which changes or tends to 11. If an unbalanced force applies on an object, then
change the state of rest or uniform motion of body the object ______.
or its dimensions is called : (1) remains stable
(1) momentum (2) force (2) moves with acceleration
(3) inertia (4) pressure (3) moves with constant velocity
3. If a body is allowed to freely fall from a height, its (4) moves in circular motion
speed increases continuously. It is because: 12. The inertia of an object tends to cause the object
(1) air does not exert frictional force (1) to increase its speed
(2) magnetic force of earth increases its speed (2) to decrease its speed
(3) gravitational force of earth increases its speed (3) to resist any change in its state of motion
(4) pressure of air forces it downward (4) to decelerate due to friction
4. An 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each 13. A passenger sitting in a train with his face in the
of 2000 kg along a horizontal track. If the engine direction of a moving train, tosses a coin which falls
exerts a force of 40,000 N and track offers a friction
behind him. It means that motion of the train is
of 5000 N, then net accelerating force acting on
the system is : (1) accelerated (2) uniform
(1) 45,000 N (2) 40,000 N (3) retarded (4) along circular tracks
(3) 35,000 N (4) None of the above 14. A water tanker filled up to (2/3)rd of its height is
5. Which of the following situations involves a non- moving with a uniform speed. On sudden application
contact force ? of the brake, the water in the tank would
(1) Opening a drawer (1) move backward (2) move forward
(2) Kicking a ball (3) be unaffected (4) rise upwards
(3) Magnet pulling an iron piece 15. Suppose you are travelling in a high speed train
(4) Closing a door like Jan Shatabdi express which is travelling with
6. Which of the following statement is not correct for uniform velocity. If you flip a coin as shown in the
an object moving along a straight path in an figure, you will observe that
accelerated motion ?
(1) Its speed keeps changing
(2) Its velocity always changes
(3) It always goes away from the earth
(4) A force is always acting on it
7. An object of mass 2 kg is sliding with a constant
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\08. Force and NLM Ex .p65
velocity of 4 m s–1 on a frictionless horizontal table.

The force required to keep the object moving with Direction
the same velocity is of motion
(1) 32 N (2) 0 N (3) 2 N (4) 8 N
8. An object moving at constant velocity must
(1) have a net force on it (1) the coin does not reach again in your hand.
(2) eventually stop due to gravity (2) the coin reaches again in your hand.
(3) not have any force of gravity on it (3) the coin falls behind you.
(4) have zero net force on it (4) the coin falls in front of you.
9. When balanced forces act on a body, the body: 16. In question 15, if the train is retarding, then you
(1) must remain in its state of rest, if it is at rest will observe that,
(2) must continue moving with uniform velocity, if (1) the coin reaches again in your hand.
already in motion (2) the coin falls behind you.
(3) must experience some acceleration (3) the coin falls in front of you.
(4) both (1) and (2) (4) the coin follows a circular path
27
Class X
17. The magnitude of inertia of a body is determined 26. An electron of mass 9 × 10–31 kg is moving in a
by its: straight line path with a velocity of 6 × 107 ms–1.
(1) mass (2) weight The momentum of electron is :
(3) velocity (4) acceleration (1) 5.4 × 10–23 Ns (2) 5.4 × 10–24 Ns
18. There is a rubber ball and a stone ball of same size. (3) 4.5 × 10–23 Ns (4) 0.5 × 10–24 Ns
If both balls are at rest:
27. A particle of mass m is executing a uniform circular
(1) rubber ball has more inertia than stone ball motion along a circular path of radius 'r'. If the
(2) stone ball has more inertia than rubber ball magnitude of its linear momentum is p, the
(3) both have same inertia centripetal force acting on the particle is
(4) none of the above.
rm m p2 p2
19. When we vigorously shake a branch of a tree, some (1) p m r (2) (3) (4)
leaves get detached. It is due to the: p r mr
(1) inertia of rest 28. A body is moving with a constant momentum. The
(2) inertia of motion motion of the body is
(3) some leaves are loosely held by the branch (1) uniform velocity (2) accelerated
(4) none of the above. (3) de-accelerated (4) none of the above
20. When a speeding car takes a sharp turn, the persons
29. A body of mass m collides against a wall with a
sitting in it experience outward pull. This happens
due to: velocity v and retraces its path with the same speed.
(1) inertia of direction The change in momentum is
(2) change in momentum (1) zero (2) 2 mv (3) mv (4) –mv
(3) change in acceleration 30. A goalkeeper in a game of football pulls his hands
(4) none of the above backwards after holding the ball shot at the goal.
21. What happens to the inertia of an object when its This enables the goal keeper to
velocity is doubled ?
(1) exert larger force on the ball
(1) The object’s inertia becomes 2 times greater
(2) reduce the force exerted by the ball on hands
(3) increase the rate of change of momentum
(4) The object’s inertia is unchanged (4) decrease the change in momentum
22. A stone is tied to the middle of a string and 31. In SI units a force is numerically equal to the ____,
suspended from one end as shown in the fig. Here when the force is applied to it.
S is the stone and O is the point of suspension. If (1) velocity of one kilogram object
you give a sharp jerk at P, the string will break
(2) speed of one kilogram object
(1) Below the stone
(3) acceleration of one kilogram object
O
(2) At the point P itself (4) acceleration of any object
(3) From above the stone S 32. A body of mass 2 kg moving with a speed of
100 m/s hits a wall and rebounds with the same

(4) Nothing can be decided P speed. If the contact time is (1/50) s, the force
23. A loaded transport truck with a mass of 38000 kg applied on the wall is
is travelling at 1.20 m/s. What will be the velocity
(1) 104 N (2) 2 ´ 104 N
of a 1200 kg car if it has the same momentum ?
(1) 32 m/s (2) 38 m/s (3) 36 m/s (4) 3.8 m/s (3) 0 N (4) 4 ´ 104 N
24. The impact which a body can produce due to the 33. A cricket ball of mass 150 g moves at a speed of
combined effect of mass and velocity is called: 12 m/s and after hitting by the bat it is deflected
(1) momentum (2) force back at the speed of 20 m/sec. If the bat and the
(3) acceleration (4) pressure ball remained in contact for 0.02 s then, the impulse
and average force exerted on the ball by the bat
25. A body P has mass 2 m and velocity 5 v. Another
are respectively,
body Q has mass 8 m and velocity 1.25 v. The
ratio of momentum of P and Q is : (1) 2.4 N-s ; 480 N (2) 2.4 N-s ; 120 N
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 3 : 2 (3) 4.8 N-s ; 240 N (4) 4.8 N-s ; 480 N
28
Physics
34. Velocity versus time graph of a ball of mass 50 g 42. A force F produces an acceleration 'a' in a body.
rolling on a concrete floor is shown in figure. The The same force produces an acceleration '4a' in
ball comes to rest due to frictional force of the floor another body. The mass of other body is :
acting on it. This frictional force of the floor on the (1) four times the mass of first body
ball is, (2) four times smaller than the mass of first body
(3) mass does not play any role
80 (4) none of the above
43. A vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. If the vehicle is to
60 be stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7 ms–2,
Velocity (m/s)
the force of friction between the vehicle and road is :

40
(1) –2250 N (2) –2050 N
(3) –2550 N (4) none of the above
20
44. The mass of an aeroplane is 2.5 tonnes. Its engine
develops a force of 8750 N before taking off. The
0 2 4 6 8 acceleration of the aeroplane at the time of take
Time (s) off is :
(1) 1.5 N (2) 0.5 N (3) 1 N (4) 2 N (1) 3.45 ms–2 (2) 3.65 ms–2
35. A force of 5 N produces an acceleration of 8 m s –2 (3) 3.50 ms –2
(4) 3.60 ms–2
on a mass m1 and an acceleration of 24 m s–2 on a 45. A truck starts from rest and rolls down the hill with
mass m2. What acceleration (in m s–2) would the a constant acceleration. It travels 400 m in 20 s. If
same force provide if both the masses are tied the mass of truck is 7 metric tonnes, the force acting
together ? on it is:
(1) 12 (2) 9 (3) 10 (4) 6
(1) 28,000 N (2) 14,000 N
36. A constant force acts on an object of mass 5 kg for
(3) 1400 N (4) 24,000 N
a duration of 2 s. It increases the object’s velocity
46. When a force of 1 N acts on mass of 1 kg which
from 3 m s–1 to 7 m s–1. If the force was applied for
is able to move freely, the object moves with a :
a duration of 5 s, what would be the final velocity of
(1) speed of 1 m/sec
the object ?
(2) speed of 1 km/sec
(1) 11 ms–1 (2) 12 ms–1 (3) 13 ms–1 (4) 14 ms–1
(3) acceleration of 10 m/sec2
37. A bullet of mass 0.04 kg moving with a speed of
90 m s–1 enters a heavy wooden block and is (4) acceleration of 1 m/sec2
stopped after a distance of 60 cm. What is the 47. When a net force acts on an object, the object
average resistive force exerted by the block on the will be accelerated in the direction of the force
with an acceleration proportional to :
bullet ?
(1) the force of the object
(1) 230 N (2) 260 N (3) 540 N (4) 270 N
(2) the velocity of the object
38. A ship of mass 3 ´ 107 kg initially at rest, is pulled
by a force of 5 ´ 104 N through a distance of (3) the mass of the object
3 m. Assuming that the resistance due to water is (4) the inertia of the object
negligible, the speed of the ship becomes, 48. The rate of change of momentum gives :
(1) 1.5 m/s (2) 6 m/s (3) 0.1 m/s (4) 5 m/s (1) velocity (2) impulse
39. A vehicle of 100 kg is moving with a velocity of (3) force (4) acceleration
5 m/s. To stop it in 1/10 s, the required force in 49. Force can be defined on the basis of:
opposite direction is, (1) Newton's first law of motion
(1) 5000 N (2) 500 N (3) 50 N (4) 1000 N (2) Newton's second law of motion
40. A force of magnitude 'F' acts on a body of mass 'm'. (3) Newton's third law of motion
The acceleration of the body depends upon: (4) None of these
(1) volume of body (2) density of body 50. Newton's second law gives the measure of :
(3) area of body (4) mass of body (1) momentum (2) angular momentum
41. Force remaining constant, if the mass of body (3) force (4) acceleration
increases, its acceleration is likely to :
51. A body of mass 40g is moving with a constant
(1) increase velocity of 2 cm s –1 on a horizontal frictionless
(2) remain same table. The force on the table is :
(3) decrease (1) 24000 dynes (2) 39200 dynes
(4) sometimes increases and sometimes decreases (3) 12000 dynes (4) 50000 dynes
29
Class X
52. A number of discs, each of momentum M kg m/s 58. Unit of impulse is
are striking a wall at the rate of n discs per minute. (1) Newton (2) Newton × second
The force associated with these discs, in newtons, (3) Newton ×(second)2 (4) Newton per second
would be 59. Variation of force with time for a body moving along
straight line is shown in figure. The impulse (in N-s)
Mn imparted in the time interval t = 0 to t = 8 s is,
(1) (2) 60 Mn
60
+2
M n
(3) (4) t (s)
60 n 60M
F
(N) 2 4 6 8
53. By applying a force of 1N, one can hold a body of
approximate mass
–2
(1) 100 mg (2) 100 g
(3) 1 kg (4) 10 kg (1) zero (2) 8 (3) –8 (4) 6
54. China wares are wrapped in straw or paper before 60. Impulse is equal to :
packing. This (1) the change in force
(1) increases time of impact (2) the change in momentum
(3) the change in velocity
(2) decreases the change in momentum
(4) all the above
(3) increases acceleration 61. According to the third law of motion, action and
(4) increases the force reaction
55. A force of 20 N acting on a body of mass 10 kg is (1) always act on the same body
(2) always act on different bodies in opposite directions
found to double its velocity in 8s. Find its initial
(3) have same magnitude and directions
velocity.
(4) act on either body normal to each other
(1) 6 ms–1 (2) 10 ms–1 62. The revolver recoils after a bullet is fired because,
(3) 16 ms–1 (4) 20 ms–1 (1) The man draws it backwards out of fear
56. A machine gun fires 'x' bullets per sec into a (2) The trigger of the revolver moves backwards
target. Each bullet weighs 'm' kg and has a (3) The forward motion of the bullet imparts to the
speed of 'y' ms –1. Find the force (in Newton) revolver an equal and opposite reaction
necessary to hold the gun in position. (4) The question is irrelevant
63. A porter is carrying a weight of 200 N on his head.
mxy If the force exerted on his head is taken as action,
(1) (2) mxy
60 then the reaction force is exerted by :
(1) the head on the weight
1 mx (2) the weight on the earth
(3) (4) (3) the earth on the porter
mxy y
(4) the earth on the weight
57. A block is placed on a rough horizontal surface. A 64. When you kick a stone, you get hurt. Due to which
time dependent horizontal force F = kt acts on the property this happens?
block, where k is positive constant. Acceleration- time (1) inertia of stone (2) velocity of the kick
graph of the block is (3) momentum of the kick (4) reaction of the stone
65. A man is at rest in the middle of a pond on
perfectly smooth ice. He can get himself to the
a a
shore by making use of Newton's :
(1) (2) (1) first law (2) second law
(3) third law (4) All of the above
t t 66. A man is standing on a boat in still water. If he
walks towards the shore the boat will
a a (1) Move away from the shore
(2) Remain stationary
(3) (4)
(3) Move towards the shore
t t (4) Sink
30
Physics
67. Consider two spring balances hooked as shown in 75. The working principle of Jet engine depends on
the figure. We pull them in opposite directions. If the principle of
the reading shown by A is 1.5 N, the reading shown (1) Conservation of mass
by B will be (2) Conservation of energy
(3) Conservation of linear momentum
A B (4) Conservation of angular momentum
76. Newton's second and third law of motion are directed
towards which important law ?
(1) 1.5 N (2) 2.5 N (3) 3.0 N (4) Zero (1) Law of pressure
68. Assertion : Action reaction forces act on two (2) Law of Conservation of Momentum
different objects. (3) Principle of Archimedes
Reason : Action and reaction have zero resultant. (4) Law of Energy Conservation
(1) Both assertion and reason are correct and 77. The force exerted by the floor of an elevator on
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. the feet of a person standing there is more than
(2) Both assertion and reason are true but reason
the weight of the person, if the elevator is
is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(3) Assertion is true but reason is false. (1) Going up and slowing down
(4) Assertion is false but reason is true. (2) Going down and slowing down
(3) Going up and speeding up
69. Rocket works on the principle of conservation of
(4) Both (2) and (3)
(1) mass (2) energy
78. A boy of mass 50 kg is standing on a weighing
(3) momentum (4) velocity
machine placed on the floor of a lift. The machine
70. A shell of mass 0.020 kg is fired by a gun of reads his weight in N. What is the reading of the
mass 100 kg. If the muzzle speed of the shell is machine if the lift is moving upwards with a uniform
80 m s–1, what is the recoil speed of the gun ? speed of 10 m s–1 ?
(1) 0.02 m/s (2) 0.04 m/s (Take g = 10 m s–2)
(3) 0.016 m/s (4) 0.032 m/s (1) 510 N (2) 480 N (3) 490 N (4) 500 N
71. A cracker at rest explodes into two equal parts. 79. A lift is descending with an acceleration 2 m/sec2.
These parts will move in : What will be the apparent weight of a person of 80
(1) opposite direction with different velocities kg mass?
(2) same direction with different velocities (1) 640 N (2) 72 N (3) 48 N (4) 480 N
(3) same direction with same velocities 80. A lift is descending with a constant velocity 'v'. A
(4) opposite direction with same velocities man in the lift drops a coin. The coin experiences
an acceleration towards the floor equal to
72. A bullet of mass A and velocity B is fired into a block
(1) g + v (2) g – v (3) g (4) Zero
of wood of mass C. If loss of any mass and friction be
81. A body of mass 4 kg weighs 4.8 kg when suspended
neglected, the final velocity of the system must be
in moving lift. The acceleration of the lift is
AB A+C AC A+B (1) 9.80 ms–2 downwards
(1) (2) (3) (4)
A+C B+C B+C AC (2) 9.80 ms–2 upwards
73. A batsman has a choice to use heavy or light bat, (3) 1.96 ms–2 downwards
while facing a fast bowler. He will prefer (4) 1.96 ms–2 upwards
(1) light bat, because handling it is easy 82. Choose the correct option :
(2) heavy bat, so that he can handle it firmly (1) When a person walks on a rough surface, the
(3) heavy bat, because it will recoil less frictional force involved is kinetic friction.
(4) none of the above (2) When a person walks on a rough surface, the
frictional force exerted by the surface on the
74. An object A of mass 2 kg is moving with a velocity
person is opposite to the direction of his motion.
of 3 m/s and collides head-on with an object B of
mass 1 kg moving in opposite direction with a velocity (3) When a person walks on a rough surface, the
frictional force exerted by the surface on the
of 4 m/s. After collision, both objects coalesce so
person is in the direction of his motion.
that they move with a common velocity equal to
(4) When a person walks on a rough surface, no
(1) 3 m/s (2) 2 m/s
frictional force is exerted by the surface on the
(3) 1 m/s (4) 2/3 m/s
person.
31
Class X
83. The coefficient of static friction between two surfaces 86. A block of mass 0.1 kg is held against a wall by
depends on applying a horizontal force of 5 N on the block
(1) Nature of surfaces (see fig.). If the coefficient of friction between the
(2) The shape of the surfaces in contact block and the wall is 0.5, the magnitude of frictional
force acting on the block is (g = 9.8 m/ s2)
(3) The area of contact
(1) 2.5 N f
////////////////
(4) All of the above
84. A block of mass 2 kg is placed on the floor. The (2) 0.98 N N F
coefficient of static friction is 0.4. Force of 2.8 N is
applied on the block. The force of friction between (3) 4.9 N
the block and the floor is (g = 9.8 m/s2) mg
(4) 0.49 N
(1) 2.8 N (2) 7.84 N
(3) 2.0 N (4) zero 87. A 20 kg block is initially at rest. A 75 N force is
required to set the block in motion. The coefficient
85. In the fig. shown, a block of weight 10 N is resting
of static friction is (g = 10 m/s2)
on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of static
(1) 0.6 (2) 0.52 (3) 0.44 (4) 0.375
friction between the block and the surface
88. Force of friction acts in the direction:
ms = 0.4. A force of 3.5 N will keep the block in
uniform motion, once it has been set in motion. A (1) of applied force
horizontal force of 3 N is applied to the block, then (2) opposite to the direction of applied force
the block will (3) at right angles to the direction of applied force
(4) none of the above
F 89. Friction between any two objects is due to :
//////////////// (1) repulsion between them
(2) attraction between them
(1) Move over the surface with constant velocity
(3) bumps and cracks on them
(2) Move having accelerated motion over the
(4) their even surface
surface
90. Maximum value of static friction is called:
(3) Not move
(1) normal friction
(4) First it will move with a constant velocity for
(2) coefficient of friction
some time and then will have accelerated motion
(3) rolling friction
(4) limiting friction
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 1 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 2 3 3 2 4 1 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 4 2 1 2
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 2 3 1 4 3 1 1 3 3 3 4 1 3 4 3 2 4 4 1 3
Que. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans. 4 3 1 1 3 2 4 2 3 4
32
Physics
10. THRUST & PRESSURE
n Thrust : The force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface is called thrust.
F
n Pressure : The thrust on unit area is called pressure. P =
A
l Pressure is a scalar quantity. Always remember it is the component of the force normal (perpendicular) to
the area under consideration for calculating pressure, not the force vector.
l SI unit of pressure is N/m2 or N m–2. In honour of scientist Blaise Pascal, the SI unit of pressure is called
pascal, denoted as Pa. 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
l A common unit of pressure is the atmosphere (atm), i.e. the pressure exerted by the atmosphere at sea
level, 1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa Another unit of pressure is bar, 1 Bar = 105 Pa.
l For a given force, pressure is inversely proportional to the area. Thus, the same force acting on a smaller
area exerts a larger pressure, and a smaller pressure on a larger area.
l Some common examples related to pressure :
} The area of sharp edge of a knife is quite small and thus, pressure is large enough to cut the vegetables.
} The area of the pointed tip of a nail is very small due to which a large pressure is created at a surface
that is sufficient to insert it into that surface.
} The straps of shoulder bags are made wide (broad). This is because the wide straps have larger area so
that the pressure exerted on the shoulder becomes quite small, making it comfortable to carry such
shoulder bags.
} Porters (coolies) place on their heads a round piece of cloth, when they have to carry heavy load. By this
they increase the area of contact of the load with their head. So, the pressure on their head is reduced
and they find it easier to carry the load.
} Buildings have wide foundations so that they exert less pressure on the earth.
n Pressure in fluids : A fluid is any substance that has no definite shape and has the ability to flow. All liquids
and gases are fluids.
l Fluids can exert pressure on the base and walls of the container in which they are enclosed.
l Pascal’s law : The French scientist Blaise Pascal observed that ‘the pressure in a fluid at rest is the sameat
all points if they are at the same height’.
l Fluid pressure acts in all directions, not just the direction of the applied force. When you inflate a car tire,
you are increasing the pressure in the tire. This force acts up, down, and sideways in all directions inside the
tire.
l The fluid pressure at any point on the object is perpendicular to the surface of the object at that point.
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\10 Thrust and pressure Th.p65
l ‘Pressure applied to any part of an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted in all directions equally to every
portion of fluid and the walls of the containing vessel.’ This is an another statement of Pascal’s law and this
property is used in hydraulic press, hydraulic lift, hydraulic brakes in cars, trucks.
m
n Density of a substance : The density r, of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. r = , wheree
V
m is the mass of a sample of the substance and V is its volume.
l Density is a characteristic property of a solid or a liquid. This means for a given solid (or liquid), its density
remains constant whatever be its size or mass.
l Density of a gas is not a constant, it is variable. It depends on temperature, pressure and volume.
l S.I. unit of density is kg/m3 or kg m–3, its c.g.s. unit is g/cm3 or g cm–3. The density of water is
1000 kg m–3 or 1 g cm–3.
l Density of a material depends on (i) mass of particles, such as atoms or molecules, that make up the
material. The more mass these particles have, the greater the density of the material (ii) distance
between particles. The greater the distance between the atoms or molecules, the smaller the density.
43
Class X
l Relative density (R.D) : The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of water.
rs
It is also called ‘specific gravity’. R.D = r
w
l The relative density of aluminium is 2.7. Its density is 2.7 g cm–3 or

2.7 ´ 103 kg m–3.
l Mercury is the liquid with highest density (13.6 ´ 103 kg m–3).
n Variation of pressure with depth : The fluid pressure depends only P1
on the height of the column of fluid above the surface where you measure Increasing
pressure
the pressure. It does not depends on the area of the surface in contact h
or the shape of the liquid column. The greater the height of the column
P2
of fluid above a surface, the greater the pressure exerted by the fluid
on the surface.
l If P1 is the pressure on the surface of liquid (see fig.) and P 2 is the
pressure at a point within the liquid at a depth h, then, their pressure
difference (P2 – P1) is given by,
DP = P2 – P1 = r g h
Pressure depends only on the height of the fluid above a surface,

not on the shape of the vessel. Pressure at the bottom of each
section of the vessel due to fluid is same (called hydrostatic paradox).
n Atmospheric Pressure : The envelope of air surrounding the Earth is known as the atmosphere.
l The pressure exerted on a surface by the air present in the atmosphere is known as atmospheric pressure.
} Atmospheric pressure on our body is a result of the weight of the atmosphere exerting force on our
body. Atmospheric pressure is approximately 105 N/m2 at sea level.
} Suppose the area of your head is 10 cm ´ 10 cm which is equal to 0.01 m2. Therefore, the weight
(force) of air on your head is, 105 N/m2 ´ 0.01 m2 = 1000 N.
l You don’t feel the atmospheric pressure because there is an equal, internal pressure pushing out from the
inside of your body. This internal pressure balances the external pressure exerted on you by the atmosphere.
l As you go higher in the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure decreases. This is because the height of the
column of air above you decreases. Atmospheric pressure decreases with the increase in altitude.
l Absolute pressure : When pressure is measured above zero
pascal (absolute zero or complete vacuum), it is called absolute
pressure (see adjoining figure). B
Pg
l Gauge pressure : When the pressure is measured above the Atmospheric pressure
A
atmospheric pressure, it is called gauge pressure.
Pv
} It is measured by a ‘pressure gauge’. All pressure gauges C
read zero when open to atmosphere. They read the pressure
difference between fluid pressure and the atmospheric pressure.
l Vacuum pressure : It is the pressure of a fluid below the O
atmospheric pressure. Its value is the amount by which it is below O represents 0 pascal (absolute vacuum)
the atmospheric pressure. It is measured by a ‘vacuum gauge’. AB = Gauge pressure = Pg
AC = Vacuum pressure = Pv
l Absolute pressure at B is OB = OA + AB = Pa + Pg
OA = Atmospheric pressure = P a
Absolute pressure at C is OC = OA – AC = Pa – Pv
44
Physics
n Manometers : Measuring fluid pressure usually involves the use of liquid columns in vertical or inclined tubes.
Pressure measuring devices based on this technique are called manometers.
n Mercury barometer : It is an instrument used to find the atmospheric Vacuum
pressure at any place. It consists of an evacuated glass tube put in a Glass tube
reservoir of mercury. Atmospheric pressure pushes mercury up in the

tube. The mercury reaches a height where the pressure at the bottom Mercury
column
of the column of mercury balances the pressure of the atmosphere.
Using formula, P = r g h or h =P/rg, we can find the height of
Atmosphere
mercury column in the glass tube, which is, h pressure
760 mm of Hg = 76 cm of Hg = 1 atm
l Mercury is used in barometer because its density is high, thus, height Mercury
reservoir
of mercury column will be low ( h µ 1 / r ).
l If we use water in the barometer, then height of water will be
10.33 meter which is impractical.
l Another unit of pressure is ‘Torr’. 1 torr = 1 mm of Hg
l A mercury barometer measures ‘absolute pressure’ as the pressure
inside the tube is zero i.e., complete vacuum. Mercury barometer
l Blood pressure in human body is also measured in ‘mm of Hg’. Pressure of flowing blood in major arteries
is approx. 120 mm of Hg, when heart is contracted to its smallest size (systolic pressure). When the heart
expands to its largest size, the pressure is about 80 mm of Hg (diastolic pressure).
l Aneroid barometer is used to measure the pressure inside a fluid.
n Equilibrium of two immiscible liquids in a U tube :
Patm
l Let two immiscible liquids of different densities be poured into the two limbs A
Patm
of a U tube. At equilibrium, the pressures at D and E will be equal. C
r1 h1
h1 r2 h2 r2
\ =
h2 r1 D E
i.e., at equilibrium, the heights of the two liquid columns above the common
surface of contact are in the inverse ratio of their densities. The height of the
heavier (denser) liquid will be smaller.
l Note that the height of the liquid column does not depend on the cross-sectional area of the limb of the U
tube. That is, the above equation will also hold if the two limbs have unequal diameters.
n Buoyancy : The tendency for an immersed body to be lifted up in a fluid, due to an upward force that acts
opposite to the action of gravity is called buoyancy.
l The buoyant force : It is an upward force that is exerted by a fluid on any object immersed partly or wholly
in the fluid.
l Cause of buoyant force : The buoyant force is caused by the pressure
that is exerted by a fluid on an object in the fluid. Figure shows a cube
shaped object submerged in a glass of water. The water exerts pressure
everywhere over the surface of the object. The direction of the pressure on
a surface is always perpendicular to the surface. Also, the pressure exerted
by a fluid increases as you go deeper into the fluid. In the figure shown, the
bottom of the cube is deeper in the water. Therefore, the pressure that is
exerted by the water at the bottom of the cube is greater than it is at the
top of the cube. The higher pressure near the bottom means that the
water exerts a net upward force on the cube. This net upward force is the
buoyant force.
l A buoyant force acts on all objects that are placed in a fluid, whether they are floating or sinking.
45
Class X
n Archimedes’ principle : When a body is immersed in a fluid either wholly or partially, it is lifted up by a
buoyant force which is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the body.
\ Buoyant force, FB = rLVLg, where rL is the density of the fluid, VL = volume of the fluid displaced, g =
acceleration due to gravity.
l Because of an upward force acting on a body immersed in a fluid, either wholly or partially, there occur an
apparent loss in weight of the body. The net weight of an object immersed in a fluid is called
‘apparent weight’.
l Archimedes’ principle has many applications. It is used in designing ships and submarines. Lactometers,
which are used to determine the purity of a sample of milk and hydrometers used for determining
density of liquids, are based on this principle.
l Sinking and floating : The buoyant force pushes an object in a fluid upward, but gravity pulls the object
downward.
} If the weight of the object is greater than the buoyant force, the net force on the object is downward
and it sinks.
} If the buoyant force is equal to the object’s weight, the forces are balanced and the object floats.
l Changing the buoyant force : An object sinks or floats depends on whether the buoyant force is smaller
than or equal to its weight. The fluid exerts upward pressure on the entire lower surface
of the object that is in contact with the fluid. If this surface is made larger, then upward pressure is
exerted on larger surface of the object and the buoyant force becomes large enough to float the object.
e.g. If an aluminium sheet is crumpled, the buoyant force on it is less than the weight, so the aluminium
sheet sinks. When the aluminium is flattened into a thin, curved sheet, the buoyant force is large enough
that the sheet floats.
n Law of floatation : A body floats in a liquid if weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed portion of the body
is equal to the weight of the body. Let an object of density rs is immersed in a liquid of density rL.
l If rs > rL, the body will sink to the bottom.
Apparent weight in this case, W’ = Weight of body in air – Buoyant force = W – F B
or W ' = (rs Vs – rL VL ) g
æ rL ö
l Also, W ' = W ç 1 – r ÷ Where, W is the weight of body in air (its true weight).
è s ø
l If rs = rL, apparent weight = 0 i.e., weight of the body in air = buoyant force or W = FB
or Vs = VL
This means, the body will just float or remain hanging at whatever height it is left inside the liquid.
l If rs < rL, apparent weight = 0 i.e., weight of the body in air = buoyant force or W = FB
rs Vs
or rsVs = rLVL or VL =
rL
Clearly, the volume (VL) of liquid displaced is less than the total volume (Vs) of the body. This means
the body will float but it is immersed partly in the liquid.
VL rS
} The fraction of floating object inside a liquid, =
VS rL
VO rL – rS
The fraction of floating object outside a liquid, V = r
S L
rs > rL rs = rL rs < rL
The body sinks to the bottom The body just floats on liquid i.e, The body floats on liquid,
it is completely immersed in liquid it is partly immersed in liquid
46
Physics
l Buoyant force is the loss of weight of an object when it is immersed in a liquid.
FB = W – W'
Weight of body in air W1

l Formulae of relative density of body : R.D= Loss of weight in water = W – W (for a sinking body)
1 2
VL
Also, R.D= V (for a floating body)
s
Where, VL = volume of the body immersed in water, and Vs = total volume of the body.
l The buoyant force on an object completely submerged in a fluid remains the same at any depth.
n Ice floating in water : When a piece of ice floating in water in a beaker completely changes to liquid state, the
level of water in the beaker remains unchanged.
n An ice cube containing a lead (rlead > rwater) in it is floating in a glass of water. As ice melts, lead sinks to the bottom
and the level of water in the glass falls.
n Centre of gravity : The centre of gravity of an object is the point at which the weight may be considered to act.
Centre of buoyancy : The centre of buoyancy of the object is located at the centre of gravity of the volume of
the displaced liquid. It is the point through which the upward buoyant force seems to act.
47
Class X
THRUST & PRESSURE EXERCISE

Multiple choice questions 12. A nail has a pointed tip to
1. 1 Pascal is, (1) Decrease the thrust on the surface
(1) 1 N/m (2) 1 m/N (2) Decrease the pressure created at the tip
(3) 1 kg m s –1 –1
(4) 1 kg m–1 s–2 (3) Increase the pressure created at the tip
2. An atmosphere (4) Make it lighter
(1) is a unit of force 13. In a stationary homogeneous liquid
(2) is a unit of pressure (1) pressure is the same at all points at the same
(3) is the height above which there is no air level
(4) gives us an idea of composition of air (2) pressure is the same at all points
3. A force of 50 N is applied on a nail of area 0.001 (3) pressure depends on the direction
sq. cm. Then the thrust is (4) pressure is independent of any atmospheric
(1) 50 N (2) 100 N (3) 0.05 N (4) 10 N pressure on the upper surface of the liquid
4. If a force of 10 N acts on surfaces of areas in the
14. The principle of fluid pressure that is used in
ratio 1 : 2, then the ratio of thrusts is
hydraulic brakes or lifts is that
(1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 1 (3) 3 : 1 (4) 1 : 1
(1) pressure is the same at all levels in a fluid
5. Pressure cannot be measured in
(2) increases of pressure are transmitted equally
(1) Nm–2 (2) bar (3) Pa (4) Kg wt
to all parts of a fluid
6. 1 millibar is equal to
(3) the pressure at a point in a fluid is due to the
(1) 100 Nm–2 (2) 10 Nm–2
weight of the fluid above it
1
(3) 1 Nm–2 (4) Nm–2 (4) increases of pressure can only be transmitted
100 through fluids
7. The two thigh bones (femurs), each of cross-sectional
15. A piston of cross-sectional area 100 cm2 is used in
area 10 cm2 support the upper part of a human
a hydraulic press to exert a force of 107 dyne on
body of mass 40 kg. Estimate the total pressure
the water. The cross sectional area of the other
sustained by the both femurs.(Given g = 10 m s–2)
piston which supports an object having a mass of
(1) 1 ´ 105 Pa (2) 2 ´ 105 Pa 2000 kg is
(3) 3 ´ 105 Pa (4) 4 ´ 105 Pa (1) 100 cm2 (2) 109 cm2
8. The pressure exerted by the weight of a cubical (3) 2 × 104 cm2 (4) 2 × 1010 cm2
block of side 3 cm on the surface is 5 Pa. Calculate 16. An object of uniform density is allowed to float in
the weight of the block. water kept in a beaker. The object has triangular
(1) 15 × 10–2 N (2) 45 × 10–4 N cross-section as shown in the figure. If the water
(3) 32 N (4) 25 × 10–2 N pressure measured at the three points A, B and C
9. A man of mass 60 kg stands on a weighing machine below the object are PA, PB and PC respectively, then
of area 225 m2. The pressure exerted by him is Nod e5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CC P\Physics-2\10. T hrust and Pressure Ex .p65
(take g = 10 ms–2)
(1) 26666.7 Nm–2 (2) 266.67 Nm–2
(3) 26.667 Nm –2
(4) 2.67 Nm–2
10. A girl stands on a box having 60 cm length, 40 cm
breadth and 20 cm height in three ways. Pressure
exerted by the brick will be A B C
(1) max. when length and breadth form the base
(1) PA > PB > PC (2) PA < PB < PC
(2) max. when breadth and height form the base
(3) PA = PB = PC (4) PA = PC < PB
(3) max. when height and length form the base
(4) the same in all the above three cases 17. The ratio of SI unit to CGS unit of density is
(1) 103 (2) 102 (3) 10–2 (4) 10–3
11. Tank trailers are provided with 16 wheels so as to
18. A rectangular tank 6 m long, 2 m broad and 2 m
(1) Increase pressure on the road
deep is full of water. The thrust acting on the bottom
(2) Decrease pressure on the road of the tank is
(3) Support the weight of the tank (1) 23.52 × 104 N (2) 23.52 N
(4) None of these (3) 11.76 × 104 N (4) 3.92 × 104 N
48
Physics
19. If a room has dimensions 3 m ×4 m × 5 m, what is 29. The blood pressure in humans is _____ at the feet
the mass of air in the room if density of air at NTP than at the brain.
is 1.3 kg m–3 ? (1) Smaller
(1) 78 kg (2) 60 kg (3) 64 kg (4) 71 kg (2) Greater
20. If the density of iron is 7900 kg m , then its relative
–3 (3) Equal
density is (4) Varies from person to person
(1) 790 (2) 79 (3) 7.9 (4) .79 30. As we move upwards, the atmospheric pressure
21. The SI unit of relative density is (1) Increases (2) Decreases
(1) g cm–3 (2) kg m–3 (3) Remains same (4) Cannot be said
(3) g cm –2
(4) It is unitless 31. A tank 2 m high is half filled with water and then
22. The density of a substance can be obtained by filled to the top with oil of density 0.80 g/cc. What
multiplying its _____ by the density of water. is the pressure at the bottom of the tank due to
these liquids only ? (Take g = 10 ms –2)
(1) Mass
(1) 1.8 × 103 Nm–2 (2) 0.9 × 103 Nm–2
(2) Weight
(3) 1.8 × 104 Nm–2 (4) 0.9 × 104 Nm–2
(3) Volume
(4) Relative density 32. A body submerged in the sea was brought up slowly
from the sea bed to the sea surface. Variation of
23. The mass of an empty bucket of capacity 10 litres
pressure on the body with decrease in the depth of
is 1 kg. Find its mass when completely filled with a
sea is shown in the figures below. Which of these is
liquid of relative density 0.8. correct ?
(1) 9 kg (2) 7 kg (3) 12 kg (4) 3 kg
(1)
24. A hollow metal of mass 180.6 g contains cavity of
volume 2.5 cm3. This metal when placed in water P
displaces 24 cc of water. Find the specific gravity
of metal.
1 atm
(1) 7.5 (2) 8.4 (3) 6.4 (4) 9.2
25. The vessels shown below all contain water to the 0
same height. Rank them according to the pressure Sea bed Sea surface
exerted by the water on the vessel bottoms, least
(2)
to greatest.
P
1 atm
(1) 3, 4, 2, 1 0
(2) 4, 3, 2, 1 Sea bed Sea surface
Nod e5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CC P\Physics-2\10. T hrust and Pressure Ex .p65
(3) 2, 3, 4, 1
(3) `
(4) All pressures are the same
P
26. Pressure at certain depth in river water is P1 and at
the same depth in sea water is P2, then
(1) P1 = P2 (2) P1 > P2 1 atm
(3) P1 < P2 (4) None of these
27. The size of an air bubble rising up in water 0
(1) Decreases Sea bed Sea surface
(2) Increases
(4)
(3) Remains same P
(4) May increase or decrease
28. Two stretched membranes of area 2 cm 2 and
3 cm2 are placed in a liquid at the same depth. 1 atm
The ratio of the pressure on them is
0
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 2 : 3
(3) 3 : 2 (4) 22 : 32 Sea bed Sea surface
49
Class X
33. What is the absolute pressure at a point 41. A solid is immersed first in tap water and then in
10 m below the surface of a lake ? (see fig.) salt solution. The maximum loss in weight of the solid
(Take g = 10 m s–2 ; 1 atm = 1.01 ´ 105 Pa) is observed, when it is
Atmospheric pressure (1) partially immersed in salt solution
(2) partially immersed in tap water
(3) completely immersed in salt solution
(4) completely immersed in tap water
10 m 42. Two blocks of equal volumes, one of gold
(density = 19300 kg/m3), the other of aluminium
(density = 2700 kg/m3), are completely immersed
in a liquid of unknown density. The buoyant force
(1) 1.01 ´ 105 Pa (2) 2.01 ´ 105 Pa
(1) is greater on the gold block
(3) 3.01 ´ 10 Pa
5
(4) 4.01 ´ 105 Pa
(2) is greater on the aluminium block
34. At a depth of 1000 m in an ocean, what is the
gauge pressure ? (The density of sea water is (3) is zero on both blocks
1.03 ´ 103 kg m–3 ; g = 10 m s–2) (4) is non-zero, and equal, on both blocks
(1) 1.03 ´ 105 Pa (2) 2.06 ´ 105 Pa 43. A body attached to a spring balance is put in water.
(3) 1.03 ´ 10 Pa7
(4) 2.06 ´ 107 Pa The reading of spring balance
35. To obtain the absolute pressure from the gauge (1) Decreases
pressure (2) Increases
(1) subtract atmospheric pressure (3) Remains unchanged
(2) add atmospheric pressure (4) May increase or decrease
(3) subtract 273 44. Two pieces of metal when immersed in a liquid have
equal upthrust on them, then
(4) add 273
(1) Both pieces must have equal weights
36. Pressure of a gas enclosed in a container can be
(2) Both pieces must have equal densities
measured using a
(3) Both pieces must have equal volumes
(1) Barometer (2) Manometer
(4) Both must be of the same material
(3) Hydrometer (4) Odometer
45. A ball weighing 4 kg of density 4000 kg m–3 is
37. Mercury is a convenient liquid to use in a barometer
completely immersed in water of dens ity
because
1000 kg m–3. Find the force of buoyancy on it.
(1) it is a metal (Given g = 10 m s–2)
(2) it has a high boiling point (1) 100 N (2) 1 N (3) 20 N (4) 10 N
(3) it expands little with temperature 46. As the density of a series of liquids increases, the
(4) it has a high density upthrust on the iron rod submerged
38. The height of mercury which exerts the same (1) Increases (2) Decreases
pressure as 20 cm of water column, is (rHg= 13.6 (3) Remains constant (4) Nothing can be said
g/cm3) 47. For a cylinder of density 1.5 g cm–3, buoyant force
(1) 1.47 cm (2) 14.8 cm is 4 N inside a liquid of density d. Find the buoyant
(3) 148 cm (4) None of these force for the same inside a liquid of density 3d.
39. The height of a mercury column in a barometer at (1) 8 N (2) 12 N (3) 4 N (4) 15 N
a place is 74 cm. If a liquid of density 5.44 g cm –3 48. A device used to check the purity of milk is called
is used, then find the height of the liquid column. (1) Lactometer (2) Hydrometer
(1) 92 cm (2) 134 cm (3) Speedometer (4) Barometer
(3) 100 cm (4) 185 cm 49. On basis of which principle / law submarine is
40. Buoyant force acting on an object is equal to the constructed ?
(1) mass of the solid immersed (1) Principle of Archimedes
(2) weight of the solid immersed (2) Law of Pascal
(3) mass of the liquid displaced by the object (3) Law of Bernouli
(4) weight of the liquid displaced by the object (4) Law of Netwon
50
Physics
50. Iron nail sinks in water because 57. Two identical blocks of ice float in water as shown.
Then
(1) Weight of nail is less than the buoyant force
acting on it due to water
(2) Weight of nail is equal to the buoyant force B
acting on it due to water A
(3) Weight of nail is greater than the buoyant force
acting on it due to water
(4) Weight of nail increases in the water
51. An object of weight W and density r is submerged
in a liquid of density s. Its apparent weight will be (1) block A displaces a greater volume of water
since the pressure acts on a smaller bottom area
(r - s)
(1) W (r – s) (2) (2) block B displaces a greater volume of water
W
since the pressure is less on its bottom
æ sö æ rö (3) the two blocks displace equal volumes of water
(3) W ç 1 - ÷ (4) W ç 1 - ÷ since they have the same weight
è rø è s ø
(4) block A displaces a greater volume of water
52. An object weighs 10 N in air. When immersed fully since its submerged end is lower in the water
in water, it weighs only 8 N. The weight of the liquid
58. A fire wood board floats in fresh water with 60 %
displaced by the object will be of its volume under water. The density of the wood
(1) 2 N (2) 8 N in g/cm3 is
(3) 10 N (4) 12 N (1) 0.4 (2) 0.5 (3) 0.6 (4) < 0.4
53. A rock weighs 1400 N in air, has an apparent weight 59. A boat floating in fresh water displaces 16,000 N
of 900 N when submerged in fresh water of water. How many newtons of saltwater would it
(998 kg/m3). The volume (in m3) of the rock is displace if it floats in saltwater of specific gravity
(g = 9.8 m/s2) 1.17 ?
(1) 0.14 (2) 0.60 (1) 14,500 (2) 17,600
(3) 0.90 (4) 5.1 ´ 10–2 (3) 16,000 (4) 28,400
54. A solid has a volume of 8 cm3. When weighed on a 60. The dimensions of a wooden raft (density =
spring scale calibrated in grams, the scale indicates 150 kg/m3) are 3.0 m ´ 3.0 m ´ 1.0 m. What
20 g. What does the scale indicate if the object is maximum load can it carry in seawater so that the
weighed while immersed in a liquid of density plank just floats in water (density = 1020 kg/m 3) ?
2 g/cm3 ? (1) 1350 kg (2) 7830 kg
(1) 16 g (2) 10 g (3) 9200 kg (4) 19,500 kg
(3) 12 g (4) 4 g 61. A body floats with 1/3rd of its volume outside water
55. An aluminium block suspended from a string is and 3/4th of its volume inside another liquid. The
completely immersed in a container of water. The density of the other liquid is

tension in the string is equal to the (1) 8/9 g cm–3 (2) 3/9 g cm–3
(3) 4/9 g cm –3
(4) 2/9 g cm–3
(1) Weight of the block in air
62. A solid cylinder of density 800 kg m–3 floats in water.
(2) Buoyant force acting on the block The percentage volume of solid cylinder outside
(3) Apparent weight of the block the water is
(4) Sum of apparent weight and buoyant force (1) 10% (2) 80% (3) 50% (4) 20%
th
56. An object is put one by one in three liquids having æpö
63. If a body floats with ç ÷ of its volume above the
different densities. The object floats with 1/9 ; èqø
2/11 ; 3/7 parts of their volumes outside the liquid surface of water, then the relative density of the
surface in liquids of densities d 1, d 2 and d 3 body is
respectively. Which of the following statement is q+p p
correct ? (1) (2) –1
q q
(1) d1 > d2 > d3 (2) d1 > d2 < d3 q-p p
(3) d1 < d2 > d3 (4) d1 < d2 < d3 (3) (4)
q q
51
Class X
64. A body is floating in water. Its apparent weight is 74. A piece of wood is held under water. The upthrust
equal to on it will be
(1) Actual weight of the body (1) less than the wt. of the wood piece
(2) Zero (2) more than the wt. of the wood piece
(3) equal to the wt. of the wood piece
(3) Weight of the body minus weight of the liquid
(4) None of these
(4) None of these
1
65. A body floating in a liquid experiences an upthrust 75. A ping pong ball has a volume V and density th
equal to 7
that of liquid (Density of liquid = r). What force
(1) The weight of the whole body would be required to hold it completely submerged
(2) The weight of the portion of body outside the under liquid ?
liquid
1 6
(3) The weight of the portion of body inside the (1) Vrg (2) Vrg
2 7
liquid
(4) Zero 1
(3) Vrg (4) Vrg
66. The apparent weight of wood floating on water if it 7
weighs 100 g in air is 76. A body of mass 716 g and volume 448 cm3 is put in
(1) 400 g (2) 300 g (3) 100 g (4) Zero a liquid of density 1.3 g cm–3. Will it float or sink ?
67. Clouds float in the atmosphere because of their (1) Float fully submerged
low (2) Float partially submerged
(1) Density (2) Pressure (3) Velocity (4) Mass (3) Sink
68. A block of wood of weight 200 gf floats on the (4) Undefined
surface of water. If the volume of block is 300 cm 3, 77. A large homogeneous object sinks in water. It is
the upthrust due to water is now divided into two parts, one of which is larger
(1) 300 gf (2) 500 gf (3) 200 gf (4) 400 gf than the other. Will both of these parts now sink ?
69. An object of weight P experiences a buoyant force (1) Both will sink
Q when floating in liquid. In this situation
(2) Larger will sink, smaller will float
(1) P > Q (2) P < Q
(3) Both will float
(3) P = Q (4) None of these
(4) Larger will float, smaller will sink
70. A solid of density D is floating in a liquid of density
78. A solid uniform ball having volume V and density r
d. If v is the volume of solid submerged in the liquid
floats at the interface of two immiscible liquids as
and V is the total volume of the solid, then v/V is
shown in the figure. The densities of the upper and
equal to
the lower liquids are r1 and r2 respectively, such
d D D D+d that r1 < r < r2. What fraction of the volume of the
(1) (2) (3) (4) ball will be in the lower liquid ?
D d (D + d) D
r - r2 r
71. An object just floats in water. If common salt is added (1) (2) Nod e5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CC P\Physics-2\10. T hrust and Pressure Ex .p65
into the water, r1 - r2 r1 - r2

(1) The volume of the object immersed in the liquid r1 - r r1 - r2
(3) (4)
decreases r1 - r2 r2
(2) The object sinks 79. A substance floats in water, but sinks in coconut oil.
The density of the substance
(3) The object first sinks and then floats up
(1) is less than the density of water
(4) Cannot be determined
(2) is greater than the density of oil
72. If a cylindrical wooden piece of density 750 kg m–3
(3) both (1) and (2)
is floating in water, what fraction of the length of
the cylinder is inside the water ? (4) cannot be decided based on given information
80. If an object of density 1 g/cm3 is fully submerged in
2 1 1 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) a jar of water and released, it will
3 2 4 4
73. A piece of wood of R.D. 0.25 floats in a pail (1) Sink to the bottom
containing oil of R.D. 0.81. The fraction of volume (2) Rise to the surface
of the wood above the surface of the oil is (3) Hang at whatever position it is released
(1) 0.31 (2) 0.69 (3) 0.21 (4) 0.79 (4) Move sideways
52
Physics
81. Sonam has 4 solid metallic balls, all of equal weight. 86. A piece of steel has a weight W in air, W1 when
The sizes of the 4 balls are as shown below. If ball 2 completely immersed in water and W 2 when
sinks in water, which of the other balls will definitely completely immersed in an unknown liquid. The
sink in water ?
relative density (specific gravity) of liquid is
W - W1 W - W2
(1) (2)
W - W2 W - W1
W1 - W2 W1 - W2
(3) (4)
W - W1 W - W2
87.
1 2 3 4
(1) Only ball 1
(2) Only ball 3
(3) Both ball 1 and ball 4
(4) All the other balls – 1, 3 and 4
82. When a body is weighed in a liquid, the loss in its A B C
weight is not equal to A ball is held in water in 3 ways – A, B, C as shown

in the figure. Which of the following statement(s) is
(1) Weight of liquid displaced by the body.
true ? (Neglect the presence of hand).
(2) Weight of water displaced by the body.
(1) Buoyant force is largest in case A
(3) The difference in weights of the body in air and
liquid. (2) Buoyant force in C > buoyant force in B
(4) The upthrust of liquid on the body. (3) Buoyant force is equal in all three cases
83. A 0.50 N metal sinker appears (as measured using (4) Buoyant force in C = buoyant force in B
a spring scale) to have a weight of 0.45 N when 88. A block of ice at 0 °C is floating on the surface of
submerged in water. The relative density of the ice water in a beaker. The surface of the water just
comes to the top of the beaker. When the ice melts
metal is
the water level will
(1) 6 (2) 8
(1) rise and overflow will occur
(3) 9 (4) 10
(2) remain the same
84. A solid weighs 32 gf in air and 28.8 gf in water.
(3) fall
The R.D. of the solid is
(4) depend on the initial ratio of water to ice
(1) 8.9 (2) 10
89. An ice cube containing a lead piece in it is floating in
(3) 29.12 (4) 20
a vessel of water. As ice melts, the water level will
85. A body weighs x g in air, y g in liquid and z g in the
(1) Fall (2) Rise
water. The ratio of relative density of liquid and the
(3) Remains stationary (4) None of these
body is
90. The resultant upthrust in a liquid acts at a point called
(1) x – y : x (2) x – y : z
(1) Centre of gravity (2) Geometric centre

(3) y – z : x (4) z – y : y
(3) Centre of buoyancy (4) All of these
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 2 1 4 4 1 2 2 4 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 4 1 1 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 4 1 2 4 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 4 1 4 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 4 1 3 4 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 1 4 3 2 1 4 1 3 3 2 1 4 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 3
Que. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans. 1 2 4 2 1 2 4 2 1 3
53
54
Class X
Important Notes

Physics
11. WORK, ENERGY, POWER
n In common usage, the word ‘work’ means any physical or mental exertion. But in physics, the word ‘work’
has a definite and precise meaning.
l Two important conditions that must be satisfied for work to be done are : (i) a force should act on an object
(ii) the object must be displaced. If any one of the above conditions does not exist, work is not done. For
example, when a student holds the chair in his hand, he exerts a force to support the chair. But, work is not
done on the chair as the chair does not move.
n Mathematical definition of work : s
l A constant force is applied in the direction of the
displacement of an object : Let W be the work done. Here, we
F F
define work to be equal to ‘the product of the force and
displacement’. Work done by a constant force
Work done = force × displacement acting in the direction of displacement
W = F´s F
l A constant force is applied at a certain angle with the q
direction of the displacement of an object : The work done on

s
the object is given by,
Work done by a constant force acting at
W = F ´ s ´ cos q an angle with the direction of displacement
Where, the angle between the force and the direction of the displacement is q (see fig.).
Here, we define work to be equal to ‘the force multiplied by the displacement multiplied by the
cosine of the angle between them’.
l Area under the force (F) - displacement (s) graph gives the work done
Force (N)
on an object or a system.
l Work is a scalar quantity, it has only magnitude and no direction.
W
l SI unit of work : Joule. 1 Joule = 1 newton × meter or 1 J = 1 N m
l Definition of 1 joule : 1 J is the amount of work done on an object
when a force of 1 N displaces it by 1 m along the line of action of the force.
Displacement (m)
l C.g.s unit of work : erg. 1 erg =1 dyne × cm 1 J = 107 ergs
l Some important points related to work :
} If q = 0°, then cos 0° = 1 and W = F × s.
} If q = 90°, then, W= 0 because cos 90° = 0. So, no work is done F F
on a buckets being carried by a girl walking horizontally (see fig.)
The upward force exerted by the student to support the bucket is
perpendicular to the displacement of the bucket, which results in
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\11 Work,Energy,Power Th.p65
no work done on the bucket.

} If q = 180°, then cos 180° = –1 and W = – F × s. s
n Concept of negative and positive work : The work done by a force can be either positive or negative.
l Whenever angle (q) between the force and the displacement is acute, i.e., 0° < q < 90°, the work done is
positive. Also, when angle (q) between the force and displacement is zero, i.e., force and displacement are in
same direction, the work done is positive.
l Whenever angle (q) between the force and the displacement is obtuse, i.e., 90° < q < 180°, the work done
is negative. Also, when angle (q) between the force and displacement is 180°, i.e., force and displacement
are in opposite direction, the work done is negative.
F F
q F q q
s s s F s
q is acute angle q is zero q is obtuse angle q is 180°

Work is positive Work is positive Work is negative Work is negative
(a) (b) (c) (d)
55
Class X
l Whenever force is in the direction of motion, velocity of the object increases and the work done is positive.
l Whenever force opposes motion, velocity of the object decreases and the work done is negative.
l Work done by the centripetal force is always zero because centripetal force (F) is always perpendicular
to the displacement (s) of the particle moving along a circular path. That is, the angle (q) between them
is 90°.
Work done, W = F s cos q = F s cos 90° = 0
For example, if an electron moves around a nucleus in a circular path due to centripetal force provided
by the electric force between them, if a stone is whirling in a circular path due to tension in the string,
if an artificial satellite is moving around the earth in a circular path due to centripetal force provided
by the gravitational force between them, work done by centripetal force is zero.
s or v Stone
s or v Satellite
FC T
String
h
Earth
Tension T in the string

FC is perpendicular to s
is perpendicular to s Work done
Work done by FC = 0 against gravity
Work done by T = 0
n Work done by applied force against gravity :
If an object is lifted up to a certain height (see fig), definitely, a work is done by the applied force. The
applied force must be equal to the weight (= mg) of the object.
This work done is given by,
W = F ×s = mgh
Where, m = mass of object ; g = acceleration due to gravity ; h = height.
l Whenever a person holds an object in his hands or supports an object over his head, he is always
applying a force in upward direction.
} When a person lifts a body from the ground i.e., displaces it in upward direction, the work done by
him is positive (see fig.) as force and displacement are in same direction. When a person puts an
object from a certain height to the ground i.e., displaces it in downward direction, the work done
by him is negative (see fig.) as force and displacement are in opposite direction.
} When a person lifts a body from the ground i.e., displaces it in upward direction, the work done by
force of gravity is negative (see fig.) as force of gravity and displacement are in opposite direction.
When a person puts an object from a certain height to the ground i.e., displaces it in downward
direction, the work done by the force of gravity is positive (see fig.) as force of gravity and
displacement are in same direction.
FA FA
Displacement down
Displacement down
Displacement up
Displacement up
mg mg
FA FA
Work done by Work done by mg mg

applied force applied force Work done by Work done by
is positive is negative gravity is negative gravity is psoitive
56
Physics
} The work done against gravity depends on the difference
in vertical heights of the initial and final positions of the B B
object and not on the path along which the object is
moved. (Such forces which are called conservative forces;
force of gravity is also a conservative force.) In the
adjoining figure, in both the situations, the work done on h Path 1 h
the object is 'mgh'.
n Energy : Energy is the capacity to do work. Thus, when you Path 2
think of energy, think of what work is involved.

l An object that possesses energy can exert a force on A A
another object. When this happens, energy is transferred
from first object to the second object. The second object
may move as it receives energy and therefore do some
work. Thus, the first object had a capacity to do work.
This implies that any object that possesses energy can do
work.
l The object which does the work loses energy, and the object on which the work is done gains energy.
l SI unit of energy : Since, energy is the capacity to do work, its unit is same as that of work, that is,
joule (J). 1 J is the energy required to do 1 joule of work. Sometimes a larger unit of energy called kilo
joule (kJ) is used, 1 kJ = 1000 J.
l C.G.S. unit : Erg 1 J = 107 ergs
n Forms of energy : The world we live in provides energy in many different forms. The various forms
include potential energy, kinetic energy, heat energy, chemical energy, electrical energy and light energy.
l Mechanical energy : The capacity to do mechanical work is called mechanical energy. Mechanical
energy can be of two types : (1) Kinetic energy (2) Potential energy
The sum of the gravitational potential energy and the kinetic energy is called mechanical energy.
l Kinetic energy : This is the energy a body has due to its movement. To give a body KE, work must be
done on the body. The amount of work done will be equal to the increase in KE.
} Kinetic energy is the energy associated with an object in motion.
} Kinetic energy possessed by an object of mass, m and moving with a uniform velocity, v is
1
Ek = mv 2
2
} For a given mass, E K µ v2. That is, more the value of v, more will be the kinetic energy.
} For a given velocity, EK µ m. That is, more the mass, more will be the kinetic energy of a body.
EK EK EK
m = constant
m = constant v = constant
v v2 m
Graphs relating kinetic energy, velocity and mass.
57
Class X
l Potential energy : The energy possessed by an object due to its position or configuration is called ‘potential
energy’.
} Potential energy is associated with an object that has the potential to move because of its position or
configuration.
} Gravitational potential energy : Gravitational potential energy is energy due to an object’s position
in a gravitational field.
} Imagine an egg falling off a table. As it falls, it gains kinetic energy. But, where does the egg’s kinetic
energy come from ? It comes from the gravitational potential energy that is associated with the egg’s
initial position on the table relative to the floor.
} We know that, the work done on the object against gravity is W = mgh. This work done is the energy
gained by the object. This is the potential energy (EP) of the object. That is,
E p = W = mgh
The above formula actually represents, change in potential energy D Ep = (Epf – Epi). Assuming initial
potential energy as zero and final potential energy = Ep, we get, Ep = mgh.
} If in a problem, several masses are involved at different vertical positions, then you can assume the
potential energy of the mass at the lowest position as zero and you find the potential energies of other
masses with respect to the mass at lowest position.
} Elastic potential energy : Suppose a spring is placed on a
Relax length Wooden
tabletop and it is fixed at one end. Now, push a block on the of spring block
spring, compressing the spring, and then release the block.
The block slides across the tabletop.
} The kinetic energy of the block came from the stored energy in
the compressed spring (see fig.). This potential energy is called
elastic potential energy. Movement of
wooden block
} Elastic potential energy is stored in any compressed or stretched when it is released
elastic object, such as a spring or the stretched strings of a
tennis racket or guitar.
} The length of a spring when no external forces are acting on it
Compressed spring
is called the relaxed length of the spring. The amount of energy
stores elastic
depends on the distance the spring is compressed or stretched potential energy
from its relaxed length.
1 2
Ep = Kx
} The elastic energy stored in a spring is given by,

2
Where, K = spring constant or force constant and x = distance compressed or stretched from the relaxed
position of a spring. For strong or stiff springs, K is large and for soft spring, K is small.
l Net work done by all the forces i.e., the work done by the unbalanced force is always equal to change
in kinetic energy.
1 1
Wnet = D KE = Kf – Ki or W= mv 2 – mu 2 This is called work-energy theorem.
2 2
n The law of conservation of energy : Energy appears in many forms, such as heat, motion, height, pressure,
electricity, and chemical bonds between atoms.
l Energy transformations : Energy can be converted from one form to another form in different systems,
machines or devices. For example, friction transforms energy of motion to energy of heat. A bow and arrow
transform potential energy in a stretched bow into energy of motion (i.e., kinetic energy) of an arrow.
58
Physics
l Energy can never be created or destroyed, just converted from one
form into another. This is called the law of conservation of energy. A PE = max
It applies to all forms of energy. If energy increases somewhere, it KE = 0
must decrease somewhere else.
x
l When a body is dropped from a certain height under gravity then,
in the absence of any non conservative forces like air resistance, PE ¹0
B
friction, etc, the total mechanical energy of the body remains h KE ¹ 0
constant.
h–x
1
mv 2 + mgh = constant
2
l Kinetic energy at the ground = potential energy at the maximum C PE = 0
height. Also, at the ground, the total energy is purely kinetic energy KE = max
while at the maximum height, it is purely potential energy. At any
point located in between the ground and the maximum height, total Total mechanical energy
is conserved in a free fall.
energy is partly kinetic energy and partly potential energy.
l When a spring fixed at one end and held with other end is stretched
or compressed on a frictionless surface and then allowed to release,
it oscillates about its equilibrium position. But its total mechanical
energy remains constant.
Extreme
x = 0 position
Total energy
ET
xm
Energy
Mean
position
EK
EP
O hmax
height –xm
E K = kinetic energy
E = kinetic energy
E P = potential energy
K
E = potential energy
P
Energy changes during free fall Energy changes of a vibrating spring
Extreme
position
n Power : The rate at which work is done is more critical than the amount of work done.
l Power is the rate at which work is done. Power can also be defined as the rate at which energy is transferred.
Work done W E
P= = =
time taken t t
l SI unit of power : Watt (W) 1 Watt = 1 joule/second
or 1 W = 1 J s–1
l Definition of 1 watt : If 1 joule work is done per second by a device or a machine then the power of that
device or machine is 1 watt.
l A commonly used unit for power is ‘horse power (h.p.)’. 1 h.p. = 746 W = 0.746 kW
l Power in terms of force (F) and velocity (v) :
W Fs æsö
We know that power, P = = = F ç ÷ or P =F´v
t t ètø
59
Class X
n Commercial unit of energy : A bigger unit of energy called kilowatt hour (kWh) is called commercial unit of
energy.
l Definition of 1 kWh : If a machine or a device of power 1 kW or 1000 W is used continuously for
one hour, it will consume 1 kWh of energy. Thus, 1 kWh is the energy used in one hour at the rate of
1000 W (or 1 kW).
1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 h = 1000 W × 3600 s = 3600000 J or 1 kWh = 3.6 ×106 J.
l Relationship between momentum and kinetic energy :
p2
EK = (momentum, p = mv) Also, p = 2mE K
2m
l For a given momentum, kinetic energy is inversely proportional to mass ( E K µ 1 / m ). This means smaller
the mass, more will be the kinetic energy and vice-versa. For a given kinetic energy, momentum is directly
proportional to the square root of mass ( p µ m ). This means heavier body will have more momentum and
vice-versa. For a given mass, momentum is directly proportional to the square root of kinetic energy
( p µ E K ). This means more the kinetic energy, more will be the momentum and vice-versa.
EK p p
p = constant
E K = constant m = constant
m m EK
60
Physics
WORK, ENERGY, POWER EXERCISE

Multiple choice questions 7. A sledge (including load) weighs 5000 N. It is pulled
1. In which case work is not done ? on level snow by a dog team exerting a horizontal
(1) a girl swimming in a pond force on it. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
(2) a windmill lifting water from a well sledge and snow is 0.05. How much work is done
by the dog team pulling the sledge 1000 m at
(3) a standing man holding a suit case in his hand
constant speed ?
(4) a sail boat moving in the direction of wind.
(1) 2.5 × 104 J (2) 2.5 × 105 J
2. A boy holds a 40 N weight at arm’s length for
10 s. His arm is 1.5 m above the ground. The work (3) 5.0 × 105 J (4) 2.5 × 106 J
done by the force of the boy on the weight while 8. How much work is done in ergs in pulling a box 2m
he is holding it is across a table top with a force of 20 N in horizontal
(1) 0 J (2) 6.1 J (3) 40 J (4) 60 J direction.
3. The work done on an object does not depend upon the (1) 20 × 105 (2) 40 × 10–7
(1) displacement (3) 40 × 107 (4) 20 × 10–5
(2) force applied 9. A body is acted upon by a force which is proportional
(3) angle between force and displacement to the distance covered. If distance covered is
(4) initial velocity of the object denoted by x, then work done by the force will be
proportional to
4. Work done in moving a 50 kg block through a
horizontal distance of 10 m by applying a force of (1) x (2) x2
100 N which makes an angle of 60° with the (3) x3/2 (4) x4
horizontal is
10. The angle between the direction of applied force
(1) 200 joule (2) 425 joule
and displacement, for maximum work, should be :
(3) 500 joule (4) 575 joule
(1) 90° (2) 45°
5. A force F acting on an object varies with distance
(3) 0° (4) 30°
x as shown here. The force is in N and x is in m.
The work done by the force in moving the object 11. A force of 10 N displaces an object through 20
from x = 0 to x = 6 m is cm and does work of 1 J in the process. Find the
F(N) angle between the force and displacement.
(1) q = 60° (2) q = 30°
3
(3) q = 35° (4) q = 45°
2
12. In case of negative work the angle between the
Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\11. Work, Energy and Power Ex .p65
1 force and displacement is

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (1) 0° (2) 45° (3) 90° (4) 180°
x in (m)
13. Work done is said to be positive when a force causes
(1) 4.5 J (2) 18.0 J (3) 13.5 J (4) 9.0 J
displacement
6. A crate moves 10 m to the right on a horizontal
(1) in its own direction
surface as a woman pulls on it with a 10 N force.
Rank the situations shown below according to the (2) in the direction opposite to the applied force
work done by her force, least to greatest.
(3) in the direction at right angles to the direction
of applied force
10 N
10 N (4) none of the above
10 N
14. A man with a box on his head is climbing up a ladder.
3
The work done by the man on the box is
1 2
(1) 2, 1, 3 (2) 2, 3, 1 (1) Positive (2) Negative
(3) 1, 3, 2 (4) 3, 2, 1 (3) Zero (4) Undefined
61
Class X
15. A plot of velocity versus time is shown in figure. 22. A rocket rises up in the air due to the force
A single force acts on the body. The correct generated by the fuel. The work done by the
statement is
(1) fuel is negative work and that of force of gravity
v A B is positive work
(2) fuel is positive work and that of force of gravity
is negative work
C
O (3) both fuel and force of gravity do positive work
t
D (4) both fuel and force of gravity do negative work.
23. A ball of mass 1 kg thrown upwards reaches a
(1) In moving from C to D, work done by the force
maximum height of 5.0 m. Calculate the work done
on the body is positive
by the force of gravity during this vertical
(2) In moving from B to C, work done by the force
displacement.
on the body is positive
(1) – 59 J (2) – 49 J (3) – 30 J (4) – 48 J
(3) In moving from A to B, the body does work
24. A brick was lifted from the ground to a height 'h' in
on the system
3 different ways. In which case was the work done
(4) In moving from O to A, work is done by the against gravity maximum ?
body and is negative
16. No work is done when an object moves
(1) along the direction of force
(2) opposite to the direction of force
(3) at any angle to the direction of force
(4) at 90° to the direction of force A B C
17. A girl is carrying a school bag of 3 kg mass on her (1) Case A (2) Case B
back and moves 200 m on a levelled road. The (3) Case C (4) Equal in all 3 cases
work done against the gravitational force will be 25. When speed of a motor car increases six times,
(g =10 m s–2) then kinetic energy increases by
(1) 6 × 103 J (2) 6 J (3) 0.6 J (4) zero (1) 6 times (2) 36 times
18. When the force applied and the displacement of (3) 12 times (4) 24 times
the body are inclined at 90° with each other, then 26. The KE of a body is increased most by doubling its
work done is (1) mass (2) weight (3) speed (4) density
(1) infinite (2) maximum 27. A graph was plotted between kinetic energy (K)
(3) zero (4) unity and velocity (v) of the body. Which of the following
represents correct graphical relation ?
19. Work done by a centripetal force
K K
(1) increases by decreasing the radius of the circle
(2) decreases by increasing the radius of the circle Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\11. Work, Energy and Power Ex .p65
(1) (2)
(3) increases by increasing the mass of the body
(4) is always zero v v
K K
20. A body of mass m is moving in a circle of radius r
with a constant speed v. The force on the body is
mv2 (3) (4)
and is directed towards the centre. What is
r v v
the work done by this force in moving the body
28. What is the mass of a body which has 5 J of kinetic
over half the circumference of the circle ?
energy while moving at a speed of 2 m/s ?
mv 2 mv2 pr 2 (1) 2.5 kg (2) 4 kg (3) 5.5 kg (4) 10 kg
(1) (2) zero (3) (4) 29. An 8000 N car is travelling at 12 m/s along a
pr 2 r2 mv2
horizontal road when the brakes are applied. The
21. A stone is tied to a string and whirled in a circular car skids to a stop in 4.0 s. How much kinetic energy
path. The work done on the stone is does the car lose in this time ? (g = 10 m/s2)
(1) negative (2) zero (1) 4.8 × 104 J (2) 5.76 × 104 J
(3) positive (4) none of the above (3) 1.2 × 105 J (4) 5.8 × 105 J
62
Physics
30. The weight of an object on the moon is one-sixth of 41. Two bodies of equal weight are kept at heights 'h'
its weight on Earth. The ratio of the kinetic energy and '3h' respectively. The ratio of their PE is
of a body on Earth moving with speed V to that of (1) 1 : 3 (2) 3 : 1 (3) 1 : 9 (4) 9 : 1
the same body moving with speed V on the moon is
42. A car is accelerated on a levelled road and attains
(1) 6 : 1 (2) 36 : 1 (3) 1 : 1 (4) 1 : 6
a velocity 4 times of its initial velocity. In this process
31. The kinetic energy of an object of mass 'm', moving
the potential energy of the car
with a velocity of 5 ms–1 is 25 J. If the velocity is
increased by three times, the kinetic energy is (1) does not change
(1) 100 J (2) 225 J (3) 400 J (4) 180 J (2) becomes twice to that of initial
32. When the speed of a particle is doubled, the ratio
(3) becomes 4 times that of initial
of its kinetic energy to its momentum
(1) remains the same (2) gets doubled (4) becomes 16 times that of initial
(3) becomes half (4) becomes four times 43. When speed of the moving object is doubled its
33. The momentum of a body is numerically equal to (1) acceleration is doubled
the kinetic energy of the body. What is the velocity
of the body? (2) momentum becomes four times more
1 (3) kinetic energy is increased to four times
(1) units (2) 2 units
2 (4) potential energy is increased
1 44. An aeroplane flying at a height of 20,000 m at
(3) units (4) 3 units
3 a speed of 300 kmh–1 has
34. When mass is halved and velocity is doubled, the
kinetic energy of a body (1) only potential energy
(1) remains same (2) is doubled (2) only kinetic energy
(3) is 4 times (4) is 1/4th times (3) both, potential and kinetic energy
35. A 1 kg mass has kinetic energy of 1 joule when
its speed is (4) none of the above
(1) 0.45 m/sec (2) 1 m/sec 45. When work done by force of gravity is negative
(3) 1.4 m/sec (4) 4.4 m/sec (1) PE increases (2) KE increases
36. Water stored in a dam possesses
(3) PE remains constant (4) PE decreases
(1) no energy (2) electrical energy
(3) kinetic energy (4) potential energy 46. A compressed spring of a watch has
37. A golf ball is struck by a golf club and falls on a (1) no energy stored in it.
green three meters above the tee. The potential (2) heat energy stored in it.
energy of the ball is greatest
(3) kinetic energy stored in it.
(1) just before the ball is struck
(2) just after the ball is struck (4) elastic potential energy stored in it.
(3) just after the ball lands on the green 47. Statement-I : A spring has potential energy, both
(4) when the ball reaches the highest point in its when it is compressed or stretched.
flight Statement-II : In compressing or stretching, work
38. A 2 kg block is thrown upward from a point is done on the spring against the restoring force.
20 m above earth’s surface. At what height above
(1) Both statements-I and II are true, statement-
earth’s surface, the gravitational potential energy
of the block is increased by 500 J ? II is correct explanation for statement-I.
(g = 10 m/2) (2) Both statements-I and II are true, statement-II
(1) 5 m (2) 25 m (3) 45 m (4) 70 m is not the correct explanation for statement-I.
39. A body at rest can have (3) Statement-I is true and statement-II is false.
(1) Velocity (2) Kinetic energy (4) Statement-I is false and statement-II is true.
(3) Potential energy (4) Momentum 48. A long spring is stretched by 2 cm and its potential
40. An object of mass 1 kg is raised through a height energy is U. If the spring is stretched by 10 cm, the
'h'. Its potential energy is increased by 1 J. Find potential energy stored in it will be
the height 'h'.
(1) 0.102 m (2) 0.105 m U U
(1) (2) (3) 25 U (4) 5 U
(3) 0.130 m (4) 0.110 m 5 25
63
Class X
49. Velocity-time graph of a particle of mass 2 kg 57. When a cracker bursts,
moving in a straight line is as shown in figure. Work (1) Electrical energy is converted into chemical
done by all the forces on the particle is energy.
v(m/s) (2) Potential energy is converted into kinetic
energy.
(3) Kinetic energy is converted into nuclear energy.
20 (4) Chemical energy is converted into light and sound
energy.
t(s) 58. In a hydroelectric dam, the potential energy of water
0 changes to
2
(1) Electrical energy only
(1) 400 J (2) –400 J (3) –200 J (4) 200 J (2) Kinetic energy only
50. A 5.0 kg cart is moving horizontally at 6.0 m/s. (3) First kinetic energy and then electrical energy
In order to change its speed to 10 m/s, the net (4) First electrical energy and then kinetic energy
work done on the cart must be 59. A body is falling from a height h. After it has fallen
(1) 40 J (2) 90 J (3) 160 J (4) 400 J a height h/2, it will possess
51. A cricket player catches a ball of mass m that is (1) only potential energy
moving towards him with speed v. While bringing (2) only kinetic energy
the ball to rest, his hand moves back a distance
d. Assuming constant retardation, the horizontal (3) half potential and half kinetic energy
force exerted on the ball by his hand is (4) more kinetic and less potential energy
(1) mvd (2) mv2/d (3) 2mv/d (4) mv2/(2d) 60. If the water falls from a dam into a turbine wheel
52. A body of mass 20 kg, slows down from 5 ms–1 19.6 m below, then the velocity of water at the
to 2 ms–1 by a retarding force. The work done by turbine is (g = 9.8 m/s2)
the force is
(1) 9.8 m/s (2) 19.6 m/s
(1) –50 J (2) –200 J (3) –300 J (4) –210 J
53. A lorry and a car with the same kinetic energy are (3) 39.2 m/s (4) 98.0 m/s
brought to rest by the application of brakes which
61. A 2 kg block is attached to a horizontal ideal spring
provide equal retarding forces. Which of them will
come to rest in a shorter distance ? with a spring constant of 200 N/m. When the spring
(1) Lorry has its equilibrium length, the block is given a speed
(2) Car of 5 m/s. What is the maximum elongation of the
(3) Both will stop at the same distance spring ?
(4) Cannot be determined (1) 0 m (2) 0.05 m (3) 0.5 m (4) 10 m
54. A photocell converts light energy into 62. A ball is held at a height H above a floor. It is then
(1) Chemical energy (2) Electrical energy released and falls to the floor. If air resistance can
(3) Heat energy (4) Mechanical energy be ignored, which of the graphs below correctly
55. A steam engine converts gives relationship between the mechanical energy Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\11. Work, Energy and Power Ex .p65
(1) Heat energy into sound energy E of the ball and the height h of the ball ?
(2) Heat energy into mechanical energy
(3) Mechanical energy into heat energy E E
(4) Electrical energy into sound energy
56. A body of mass m was slowly pulled up the hill by a
force F which at each point was directed along the
tangent of the trajectory. All surfaces are smooth.
Find the work performed by this force. H H
h h
(1) (2)
E E
F h
l
H H
(1) mgl (2) –mgl h h
(3) mgh (4) zero (3) (4)
64
Physics
63. A 6.0 kg block is released from rest 80 m above 68. A ball released from certain height loses 50% of its
the ground. When it has fallen 60 m its kinetic energy K.E. on striking the ground. It will attain a height again
is approximately (g = 10 m/2) (1) One fourth the initial
(1) 4800 J (2) 3600 J (2) Half the initial
(3) 1200 J (4) 120 J (3) Three fourth the initial
(4) None of these
64. A bead starts sliding from a point P on a frictionless
wire with initial velocity of 5 ms–1. Find the velocity 69. When time taken to complete a given amount of
work increases, then
of bead at point R (take g = 10 ms–2)
(1) power increases (2) power decreases
(1) 7 m/s P
(3) energy increases (4) energy decreases
70. An escalator is used to move 20 people (60 kg
(2) 5 2 m/s R each) per minute from the first floor of a
4m departmental store to the second floor at a height
(3) 6 2 m/s 1.65 m of 5 m. Neglecting friction, the power required is
(Take, g = 10 m/s2)
(4) 6 m/s Q
(1) 100 W (2) 200 W (3) 1000 W (4) 2000 W
65. A cricket ball is dropped from a certain height. The
71. One kilowatt is approximately equal to
energy of the ball varies with height (h) above the
(1) 1.34 hp (2) 1.56 hp
ground as shown in the graph. Identify lines A, B
and C in the graph. (3) 2.50 hp (4) 1.83 hp
72. The work done by an electric drill rated 50 W in
Energy
(A) 30 s is
(1) 1200 J (2) 600 J (3) 900 J (4) 1500 J
73. How much time will it take to perform 440 J of
(C) work at a rate of 11 W?
(B)
(1) 50 s (2) 40 s (3) 30 s (4) 20 s
O h 74. Two persons do the same amount of work, one
(1) A-kinetic energy, B-potential energy, C-total in 10 s and the other in 20 s. Find the ratio of
energy the power used by the first person to that by the
(2) A-total energy, B-kinetic energy, C-potential second person.
energy (1) 6 : 1 (2) 2 : 1 (3) 5 : 1 (4) 4 : 1
(3) A-potential energy, B-kinetic energy, C-total 75. A one kilowatt motor pumps out water from a well
10 metres deep. Calculate the quantity of water
energy
pumped out per second.
(4) A-total energy, B-potential energy, C-kinetic
(1) 10.204 kg (2) 15.302 kg
energy
(3) 11.201 kg (4) 16.204 kg
66. A bullet of mass m, moving with velocity u strikes a 76. A motor boat is having a steady speed of 20 ms –1.
suspended wooden block of mass M as shown in If the water resistance to the motor boat is 600 N,
figure. If the block rises to a height h, the initial
then the power is
velocity will be given by
(1) 12 kW (2) 120 kW
(1) 2gh (3) 9.8 kW (4) 1200 kW
æ M+mö 77. If a force F is applied on a body and it moves with
(2) ç ÷ 2gh velocity v, then power will be
è m ø
æ m ö M F F
(3) ç ÷ 2gh (1) F × v (2) (3) (4) F × v2
è M+mø v2 v
M h 78. A vehicle is moving on a straight horizontal road
m at a constant velocity of 10 m/s. The engine needs
æ M+mö u
(4) ç ÷ 2gh to spend 4 kJ of energy per second. The force on
è M-mø the vehicle is
67. A body of mass 2 kg is projected vertically upwards (1) 0.2 kN (2) 0.4 kN (3) 0.6 kN (4) 1 N
with a speed of 3 m/s. The maximum gravitational 79. Which one of the following is not the unit of energy ?
potential energy of the body is (1) joule (2) newton meter
(1) 18 J (2) 4.5 J (3) 9 J (4) 2.25 J (3) kilowatt (4) kilowatt hour
65
Class X
80. Kilowatt hour (kWh) represents the unit of 87. A gun fires a bullet with velocity v. Mass of the
(1) power (2) impulse bullet is m. The mass of the gun is M and it recoils
with velocity V. If the kinetic energy of the bullet be
(3) momentum (4) energy
Eb and that of gun be Eg, then
81. 1 kWh equals
(1) Eb = Eg (2) Eb < Eg
(1) 36 × 102 Joules (2) 36 × 104 Joules
(3) Eb > Eg (4) Eb ³ Eg
(3) 3.6 × 106 Joules (4) none of these
88. Which of the following graphs best represents the
82. A certain household consumes 250 units of electric graphical relation between momentum (p) and
energy in a house. The energy consumed in mega kinetic energy (K) for a body in motion ?
joule is
(1) 900 MJ (2) 750 MJ
p p
(3) 2250 MJ (4) 1750 MJ
(1) (2)
83. The energy consumed (in kWh) by four devices of
O K O K
500 W each in 10 hours is
(1) 4 kWh (2) 5 kWh
(3) 10 kWh (4) 20 kWh p p
84. Two masses of 1 kg and 4 kg are moving with (3) (4)

equal kinetic energies. The ratio of the magnitudes O O
K K
of linear momentum of 1 kg mass to the linear
momentum of 4 kg mass is 89. When a light and a heavy body have equal K.E,
then which one has a greater momentum?
(1) 4 : 1 (2) 2 :1 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 1 : 16
(1) light body
85. If the K.E of a body is increased by 300%, its
(2) heavy body
momentum will increase by
(3) both have equal momentum
(1) 100% (2) 150% (3) 300% (4) 175%
86. If the K.E of a body is doubled, then the momentum (4) uncertain
of the body becomes 90. For same K.E., momentum shall be maximum
1 for
(1) times (2) 2 times
2 (1) electron (2) proton
(3) deutron (4) a-particle
(3) 2 2 times (4) none of these
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 1 4 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 4 4 3 4 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 1
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 1 1 3 3 1 4 1 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 2
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4
Que. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans. 3 1 4 3 1 2 3 4 2 4
66
Physics
WAVES AND SOUND EXERCISE

Multiple choice questions 7. In case of longitudinal waves, the particles of
1. The transfer of energy in a material medium due medium vibrate
to the periodic motion of its particles is called (1) in the direction of wave propagation
(1) stream (2) wave motion (2) opposite to the direction of wave propagation
(3) pulse (4) none of the above (3) at right angles to the direction of wave
2. The sound waves in a medium are characterised propagation
by the (4) none of the above
(1) linear motion of particles in the medium 8. A longitudinal waves consists of
(2) rotatory motion of particles in the medium
(1) crests and troughs in the medium
(3) oscillatory motion of particles in the medium
(2) compressions and rarefactions in the medium
(3) both (1) and (2)
3. The velocity of sound in vacuum is :
(4) neither (1) nor (2)
(1) 332 ms–1 (2) 330 ms–1
9. A sitar player plucks the wire of a sitar. After a short
(3) 228 ms–1 (4) 0
time each part of the wire starts vibrating in a direction
4. Two persons on the surface of the moon cannot perpendicular to the wire. The propagation of this
talk to each other, because disturbance is
(1) there is no atmosphere (1) Longitudinal wave
(2) 'g' is very small (2) Transverse wave
(3) sound is absorbed by the surface of the moon (3) Non mechanical
(4) sound produced on the moon is infrasonic (4) Both longitudinal and transverse waves
5. Non-mechanical wave can propagate in : 10. The depth of the troughs of a wave is called its
(1) material medium as well as vacuum (1) amplitude (2) displacement
(2) in vacuum, but not in material medium (3) frequency (4) none of these
(3) in material medium but not in vacuum 11. In case of transverse waves the particles of a
(4) neither in material medium nor in vacuum medium vibrate
6. In the setup shown here, there is an electric bell (1) in the direction of wave propagation
inside a vacuum jar. The bell is turned on and all the (2) opposite to the direction of wave propagation
air is sucked out of the jar using a vacuum pump. (3) at right angles to the direction of wave
Switch propagation
Electric bell
hanging by (4) none of the above
thin string 12. A transverse wave consists of
Battery (1) crests and troughs in the medium
Bell jar (2) compressions and rarefactions in the medium
Bell clanger (3) both (1) and (2)
Platform with
rubber seal to Gong
(4) neither (1) nor (2)
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keep air out

13. The longitudinal waves can propagate only in
Air is sucked out
through the bottom (1) solids (2) liquids
hole by a vacuum (3) gases (4) all the above
pump
14. In the compression region of the medium, in case
As the air is pumped out, the sound level of the ringing
of longitudinal wave
bell decreases until we cannot hear it anymore.
(1) the volume momentarily decreases
Which of these BEST explains why this happens ?
(2) the density momentarily increases
(1) The gong slowly stops vibrating as the air level
decreases. (3) the pressure momentarily increases
(2) Less energy is transmitted from the bell to the (4) all the above
surroundings as the air decreases. 15. A part of longitudinal wave in which particles of
(3) Energy is increasingly absorbed by the glass of medium are farther away than the normal particles
the bell jar as the amount of air decreases. is called
(4) The energy produced by the gong is absorbed (1) rarefaction (2) trough
completely by the vacuum that is produced. (3) compression (4) crest
79
Class X
16. In the region of compression or rarefaction, in a 25. A wave source produces 20 crests and 20 troughs
longitudinal wave, the physical quantity which does in 0.2 sec. Find the frequency of the wave.
not change is (1) 200 Hz (2) 500 Hz
(1) pressure (2) mass (3) density (4) volume
(3) 100 Hz (4) 300 Hz
17. A stretched slinky is given a sharp push along its
length. A wave travels from one end to another. 26. The time period of a sound wave travelling in a
The wave so produced is medium is T. At a given instance (t = 0) a particular
(1) transverse wave (2) longitudinal wave region in the medium has minimum density. The
(3) Non mechanical (4) none of the above density of this region will be minimum again at :
18. A longitudinal sound wave in air consists of (1) t = T (2) t = T/2
(1) a number of rarefaction pulses one after the (3) t = T/3 (4) t = T/4
other 27. The bob of a pendulum moves from the mean
(2) a number of compression pulses one after the position to an extreme position in 0.28 seconds.
other Then the time period of the pendulum is
(3) compression and rarefaction pulses alternating (1) 2.24 seconds (2) 1.12 seconds
with each other
(4) a rarefaction pulse followed by compression (3) 0.84 seconds (4) 3.84 seconds
pulse, separated by some distance. 28. What is the distance travelled by sound in air when
19. The density of air at some point in a longitudinal a tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz completes 25
sound wave is minimum at an instant. The pressure vibrations ? The speed of sound in air is 343 ms –1.
of air at that point is (1) 18.7 m (2) 25.2 m (3) 33.5 m (4) 42.5 m
(1) minimum 29. A wave of frequency 1000 Hz travels between X
(2) maximum and Y, a distance of 600 m in 2 seconds. The
(3) equal to atmospheric pressure number of wavelengths there in distance XY is
(4) none of the above (1) 3.3 (2) 300 (3) 180 (4) 2000
20. Let f be the frequency, v the speed, and T the
30. An ultrasonic source emits sound of frequency 220
period of a sinusoidal travelling wave. The correct
kHz in air. If this sound meets a water surface, what
relationship is
is the wavelength of
(1) f = 1/T (2) f = v + T
(3) f = vT (4) f = v/T (a) the reflected sound,
21. Water waves in the sea are observed to have a (b) the transmitted sound? (At the atmospheric
wavelength of 300m and a frequency of 0.07 Hz. temperature, speed of sound in air = 352 m s–1
The speed of these waves is and in water = 1496 m s–1)
(1) 0.00021 m/s (2) 2.1 m/s (1) 1.6 × 10–3 m, 6.8 × 10–3 m
(3) 21 m/s (4) 210 m/s (2) 1.8 × 10–3 m, 1.8 × 10–3 m
22. A sound wave has a wavelength of 3.0 m. The (3) 2 × 10–3 m, 3.2 × 10–3 m
distance from a compression center to the adjacent
(4) 2.8 × 10–3 m, 1.8 × 10–3 m
rarefaction center is
(1) 0.75 m 31. The frequency of a second's pendulum is
(2) 1.5 m (1) 0.5 Hz (2) 1.0 Hz

(3) 3.0 m (3) 2.0 Hz (4) none of these
(4) need to know wave speed 32. The wavelength is the linear distance between
23. A fire whistle emits a tone of 170 Hz. Take the (1) two consecutive compressions
speed of sound in air to be 340 m/s. The (2) two consecutive rarefactions
wavelength of this sound is about
(3) one compression and one rarefaction
(1) 0.5 m (2) 1.0 m (3) 2.0 m (4) 3.0 m
24. During a time interval of exactly one period of (4) both (1) and (2)
vibration of a tuning fork, the emitted sound travels 33. The change in density/pressure of a medium from
a distance maximum value to minimum value and again to
(1) equal to the length of the tuning fork maximum value, due to the propagation of a
(2) of about 330 m longitudinal wave is called complete
(3) of one wavelength in air (1) oscillation (2) frequency
(4) equal to twice the length of the tuning fork (3) amplitude (4) none of the above
80
Physics
34. If the frequency of a wave is 25 Hz, the total number 43. Displacement - distance graph of any wave is shown
of compressions and rarefactions passing through in the figure. Its wavelength will be
a point in 1 second is
Displacement (m)
(1) 25 (2) 50
(3) 100 (4) none of the above 0.5 0.75 1.5 2.00
35. Time period of a wave in a medium is the time 0.25 1.00 1.25 1.75 distance (m)
taken by
(1) a compression to pass through a point
(2) a rarefaction to pass through a point (1) 0.50 m (2) 1.00 m
(3) an oscillation to pass through a point (3) 0.75 m (4) 1.50 m
(4) none of the above 44. In the curve (see fig.) half the wavelength is
36. The linear distance between a compression and a (1) A B
rarefaction or a crest and a trough is : (2) B D C D E
(3) D E A B
l l 3l
(1) (2) (3) l (4) (4) A E
2 4 2
45. In the diagram below, the interval PQ represents:
37. Which of the following properties of a sound wave
are affected by the change in temperature of air:
Displacement
(1) frequency (2) amplitude Q
(3) wavelength (4) intensity P time
38. The sound produced by a tuning fork has a
wavelength of 1.7 m in air. What would be wave
length in water if velocity of sound in air is 340 ms – (1) wavelength/2 (2) wavelength
1
and that in water is 1400 m/s ? (3) 2 × amplitude (4) period/2
(1) 2 m (2) 5 m (3) 7 m (4) 9 m 46. Sound travels in air if
39. Ships use sound waves to find the vertical distance (1) particles of medium travel from one place to
to the seabed. A pulse of sound waves is sent out another
and the echoes are detected. A ship emits a pulse (2) there is no moisture in the atmosphere
of waves lasting 0.50 s. The waves have a frequency (3) disturbance moves
of 3600 Hz. How many complete wavelengths does (4) both particles as well as disturbance travel from
the pulse contain ? one place to another.
(1) 1800 (2) 3600 47. Which is not the condition for hearing sound?
(1) There must be a vibrating body capable of
(3) 7200 (4) 18000
transferring energy.
40. The time period of a periodic wave is .02 seconds.
(2) There must be a material medium to pick up
At a particular position, there is a crest at t = 0. A and propagate energy

trough will appear at this position when ‘t’ is equal to (3) The medium must have a large density.
(1) 0.005 s (2) 0.010 s (4) There must be receiver to receive the energy
(3) 0.015 s (4) 0.025 s and interpret it.
41. When sound waves travel from one medium to the 48. The sound waves which travel in the air are called
other, the physical quantity that does not alter is (1) transverse waves
(1) amplitude (2) velocity (2) longitudinal waves
(3) frequency (4) intensity (3) electromagnetic waves
42. The frequency of two sound sources are 480 Hz (4) none of the above
and 960 Hz respectively. If T1 and T2 are the time 49. An instrument commonly used in laboratory to
periods, the correct relation is produce a sound of some particular frequency is
(1) sonar (2) electric bell
(1) T1 = T2 (2) T1 = 2T2
(3) tuning fork (4) a stretched wire
(3) 2T1 = T2 (4) 3T1 = T2
81
Class X
50. The speed of a sound wave is determined by 58. Earthquake produces which kind of sound before
(1) its amplitude the main shock wave begins
(2) its intensity (1) ultrasound (2) infrasound
(3) audible sound (4) none of the above
(3) its pitch
59. Infrasound can be heard by
(4) the transmitting medium
(1) dog (2) bat
51. The crack of thunder is heard after few seconds
(3) rhinoceros (4) human beings
the lightning flash, because
60. A boy claps his hands. At the same time, a bat near
(1) crack of thunder and lightning are not produced him produces ultrasonic waves. Which of the two
at same time sounds travels faster ?
(2) light travels extremely fast as compared to sound (1) Sound of clap
(3) sound waves slow down on passing through air (2) Sound of bat
(4) none of the above (3) Both have same speed
52. Arrange the following media in ascending order of (4) Depends on their loudness
speed of sound in them 61. If ultrasonic, infrasonic and audio waves travel
I - Water II - Steel III - Nitrogen through a medium with speed v 1, v2 and v 3
respectively, then
(1) III, II, I (2) I, III, II (3) III, I, II (4) II, I, III
(1) v1 = v2 = v3 (2) v1 > v3 > v2
53. The temperature at which the speed of sound in
air becomes double of its value at 0°C is _____ °C. (3) v1 < v3 < v2 (4) v3 £ v1 and `v1 = v2
(1) 819° C (2) 891° C (3) 189° C (4) 918° C 62. The sound waves having a frequency more than
54. The velocity of sound in a gas is 30 m s at 27°C. -1 20,000 Hz are called
What is the velocity of the sound in the same gas at (1) infrasonic waves (2) supersonic waves
127°C ? (3) ultrasonic waves (4) hypersonic waves
(1) 20 m s–1 (2) 30 m s–1 63. The animal which cannot hear ultrasonic waves is
(1) bat (2) cow (3) dog (4) dolphin
(3) 20 3 m s–1 (4) 60 m s–1
64. The minimum audible wavelength at room
55. A boy sitting in a boat fires a gun. An observer P is temperature in air, when speed of sound is
at a distance of 50 m from the boat. Another 400 m/s, is about
observer Q is a diver, who is 50 m under the boat (1) 0.2 Å
in water. Both hear the sound of gun.
(2) 5 Å
(1) P hears the sound first (3) 5 cm to 200 cm
(2) Q hears the sound first (4) 20 mm
(3) Both P and Q hear the sound at the same time 65. A key of a mechanical piano struck gently and then
(4) none of the above struck again but much harder this time. In the second
56. The velocity of sound is not affected by changes in case
(1) temperature of medium (1) both loudness and pitch will remain unaffected
(2) moisture (2) sound will be louder and pitch will also be higher
(3) sound will be louder but pitch will be lower
(3) atmospheric pressure
(4) sound will be louder but pitch will not be different
(4) density of medium
66. When we change feeble sound to loud sound we
57. Assertion : Sound waves travel faster on a rainy
increase its
day than on a dry day.
(1) frequency (2) amplitude
Reason : Moisture increases the pressure.
(3) velocity (4) wavelength
(1) Both assertion and reason are correct and 67. Which of the following properties of a sound wave
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. determine its “pitch”?
(2) Both assertion and reason are true but reason (1) Amplitude
is not the correct explanation of assertion. (2) Distance from source to detector
(3) Assertion is true but reason is false. (3) Frequency
(4) Assertion is false but reason is true. (4) Phase
82
Physics
68. Note is a sound 77. A man fired a bullet against a wall and hears an
(1) of mixture of several frequencies echo after 2 s. He walks 80 m towards the wall and
(2) of mixture of two frequencies only fired bullet, such that he hears echo after 1 s. Find
(3) of a single frequency the distance from wall to his 1st position.
(1) 200 m (2) 80 m (3) 120 m (4) 160 m
(4) always unpleasant to listen
78. For hearing an echo, the distance to the obstacle
69. The same notes being played on sitar and veena
should be
differ in
(1) less than 10 m
(1) quality
(2) between 10 m and 15 m
(2) pitch
(3) 17 m or more
(3) both quality and pitch
(4) neither quality nor pitch
79. A man claps his hands at a distance of 660 m from
70. What is the meaning of 0 dB ?
a mountain, and hears the echo after 4 seconds.
(1) Intensity of sound is 1012 W/m2 What is the speed of sound in air ?
(2) Intensity of sound is 10–12 W/m2 (1) 280 m/s (2) 320 m/s
(3) Intensity of sound is 0 W/m2 (3) 360 m/s (4) 330 m/s
(4) None of these 80. A man stands between two cliffs and fires a gun.
71. A body travels with a velocity greater than the veloc- He hears two successive echoes after 3 sec and
ity of sound. The shape of the waveforms would be 5 sec. The distance between the two cliffs is (speed
(1) elliptical (2) spherical of sound = 340 m/s)
(3) parabolic (4) conical (1) 1340 m (2) 1330 m
72. A bullet is moving at a speed, more than the speed (3) 1360 m (4) 1310 m
of sound. It is said to be moving at 81. The minimum distance to the obstacle to hear an
(1) supersonic speed (2) ultrasonic speed echo is (V is speed of sound in air)
(3) infrasonic speed (4) sonic speed V V V V
(1) m (2) m (3) m (4) m
73. A sonic boom is produced in the air when an aircraft 10 20 30 40
(1) flies at a speed equal to the speed of sound 82. A submarine emits a SONAR plus which returns
(2) flies at a speed more than the speed of sound from an underwater cliff in 1.02 s. If the speed
of sound in salt water is 1531 m/s, how far away
(3) flies at a speed less than the speed of sound
is the cliff ?
(4) climbs vertically
(1) 500 m (2) 1 km (3) 781 m (4) 600 m
74. To verify the law of reflection of sound, two hollow
tubes are placed in front of a smooth cardboard as 83. The roofs and walls of the auditorium are generally
shown in figure. To hear the loudest ticking sound, covered with sound absorbent materials to reduce
what must be the value of Ðr ? (1) Volume of sound
Cardboard (2) Reverberation of sound
(3) Frequency of sound
60° (4) None of these
Tube
r 84. When lightning strikes, we hear multiple cracks of
thunder. These multiple reflections of sound are

Clock Ear called
(1) sonic boom (2) reverberations
(1) 90° (2) 40° (3) 30° (4) 60°
(3) resonance (4) none of the above
75. An echo is heard only, if the original sound after 85. In SONAR, we use
reflection should reach the ear in :
(1) ultrasonic waves (2) infrasonic waves
(1) less than (1/100) s (2) less than (1/10) s (3) radio waves (4) audible sound waves
(3) more than (1/10) s (4) none of the above 86. Naval ships called "destroyers" can detect
76. An object is 11 km below sea level. A research submarines in the sea. The device used by these
vessel sends down a sonar signal to confirm this ships is called
depth. After how long can it expect to get the (1) ultra cleaner (2) sonar
echo? (Take the speed of sound in sea water as (3) ultrasonograph (4) none of the above
1,520 m/s.) 87. The waves used in sonography are
(1) 15.30 s (2) 14.47 s (1) microwaves (2) ultra-violet waves
(3) 12.20 s (4) 11.13 s (3) ultrasonic waves (4) sound waves
83
Class X
88. The membrane which vibrates in the human ear is 96. The phenomenon in which the amplitude of
called oscillation of a pendulum decreases gradually is
(1) Pinna (2) Eardrum called
(3) Cochlea (4) Eustachian tube (1) decay period of oscillation
89. Which of these is not a part of the human ear ? (2) damping
(1) Cochlea (2) Hammer (3) building up of oscillation
(4) maintained oscillation
(3) Vocal chords (4) Auditory nerve
97. Two sources of sound are said to be in resonance
90. The bat hunts its prey by emitting and receiving
when
reflected
(1) They are similar
(1) super sonic waves (2) ultrasonic waves
(2) They produce sounds of same frequency
(3) sonic waves (4) infrasonic waves
(3) They are situated at a particular distance from
91. Before playing the orchestra in a musical concert, each other
a sitarist tries to adjust the tension and pluck the (4) They are excited by the same agency
string suitably. By doing so, he is adjusting
98. Four pendulums P,Q, R & S are suspended from
(1) intensity of sound only same elastic support as shown in figure. Out of these
(2) amplitude of sound only P and R are of the same length. Q is smaller than
(3) frequency of the sitar string with the frequency P and S is longest. If the pendulum bob P is
of other musical instruments displaced to give small vibration
(4) loudness of sound
92. To raise the pitch of a certain piano string, the piano
tuner
Q
(1) loosens the string (2) tightens the string
(3) shortens the string (4) lengthens the string R P
93. A simple pendulum is transferred from the earth to
the moon. It will S
(1) slow down (2) become faster (1) amplitude of vibration for S is maximum
(3) remain the same (4) none of these (2) amplitude of vibration for R is maximum
94. The length of a pendulum is doubled and the mass (3) amplitude of vibration for Q is maximum
of its bob is halved. Its time period would (4) amplitude of vibration for all is same
(1) become double (2) become half 99. A regiment of soldiers is crossing a suspension
(3) become bridge. They are ordered to
2 times (4) remain the same
95. The oscillations of a pendulum slow down due to (1) march in steps (2) break the steps
(3) twist their bodies (4) do rock and roll
(1) The force exerted by air and friction at the
support 100. At resonance
(2) The force exerted by air only (1) The amplitude of vibration is very large
(3) The force exerted by friction at the support (2) The amplitude of vibration is very small
only (3) The waves produced are ultrasonic
(4) none of these (4) Frequency of vibration is double the frequency

of applied force
ANSWER KEY
Qu e. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
An s . 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 4 4 1 2 2 3 1 1
Qu e. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
An s . 3 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 4 1 1 4 1 2 3 1 3 3 1 2
Qu e. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
An s . 3 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 1 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
Qu e. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
An s . 1 3 2 4 4 2 3 1 1 2 4 1 2 3 3 2 4 3 4 3
Qu e. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
An s . 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 1
84
Important Notes
Physics
85
Physics
12. WAVES & SOUND
n Waves : A wave is a repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space. For
example, ocean waves disturb the water and transfer energy through it. During earthquakes, energy is transferred
in powerful waves that travel through Earth. Light is a type of wave that can travel through empty space to
transfer energy from one place to another, such as from the Sun to Earth.
n Waves are a form of travelling energy : A wave moving across the surface of water is different from water
moving, as in a stream. As the wave moves by, an individual particle of water oscillates up and down with the
wave but remains in the same place. Watch a floating piece of cork on water (see fig.) as a wave passes. You will
see that the cork moves up and down in about the same place as the wave moves under it. The energy moves
through the water causing the surface to oscillate up and down as the wave energy passes through. Thus, a wave
is a travelling form of energy.
l For waves, there is no net displacement of the particles (they return to their equilibrium position), but there
is a net displacement of the wave. There are thus two different motions: the motion of the particles of the
medium and the motion of the wave.
l Waves transfer energy, momentum and pattern of disturbances from one place to another.
l Periodic motion : A motion that occurs when an object moves in Extreme Mean Extreme
a repeated pattern (a cycle) over equal periods of time is called a position position position
periodic motion.
Examples : Wave motion, motion of an oscillating pendulum, uniform Amplitude Amplitude
circular motion, all are periodic motions.
l Oscillatory motion : A motion that occurs when an object moves
to and fro about its mean position over equal periods of time is An oscillating particle
called an oscillatory motion or vibratory motion.
Examples : Motion of a simple pendulum, motion of a vibrating stretched string, motion of an oscillating spring.
l Equilibrium position (or mean position) : A position in the path of an oscillating particle at which the
net force acting on the particle is zero is called its equilibrium position or mean position.
n Mechanical and non-mechanical waves
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l Mechanical Waves : These waves require a medium for their propagation. For example, sound waves
travel through the air to reach your ears. Ocean waves move through water to reach the shore.
l A medium is the substance or material in which a wave will move. A medium can be a solid, a liquid, a gas,
or a combination of these.
l Non-mechanical waves : These waves do not require any medium for their propagation. They can travel
through space. These waves are also called electromagnetic waves. For example, light, radio waves,
gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, microwaves, all are electromagnetic waves.
l Wave pulse :
A pulse is a single disturbance that moves through a medium.
Amplitude
Position
} Amplitude of a wave pulse : The amplitude of a pulse is a
of rest
measurement of how far the medium is displaced from rest
(see fig.).
} Pulse speed : Pulse speed is the distance a pulse travels in a
Pulse length
unit time interval.
67
Class X
n Mechanical waves are of two types namely, transverse waves and longitudinal (compressional) waves. But
electromagnetic waves are always transverse in nature.
n Transverse waves : A transverse wave is a wave where the movement of the particles of the medium is
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave (see fig.).
Direction of wave travel
Particle motion
Line of zero
disturbance
A transverse wave
l Line of zero disturbance : It is the line at which the net force on the particles of the medium is zero. That
is, when an oscillating particle reaches this line, it achieves its equilibrium position.
l Crest and trough : Transverse waves consist of moving crests and troughs. A crest is the part of the
transverse wave which is above the line of zero disturbance. A trough is the part of transverse wave which
is below the line of zero disturbance.
Crest
Equilibrium
Trough
Crests and troughs in a transverse wave
l Amplitude : The amplitude is the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position in
either direction.
Amplitude
Equilibrium
Amplitude
Amplitude of a transverse wave

l Transverse waves can be formed in solids and on the surfaces of liquids only.
l When a transverse wave propagates, there are no pressure changes in the medium.
n Longitudinal waves : A longitudinal wave is a wave where the particles in the medium move parallel to the
direction of propagation of the wave. For example, if a long spring is given jerk along its length, a longitudinal
wave is produced in it which is shown in fig.. Sound is also a longitudinal wave.
Direction of motion of wave
Direction of motion of particles of the spring

Longitudinal wave through a spring
l Compression (or condensation) : A compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles
are closer together than their normal separations.
l Rarefaction : A rarefaction is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are farther apart than
their normal separations.
l Compressions are regions of high molecular density and high pressure while rarefactions are the regions of
low molecular density and low pressure.
68
Physics
l Longitudinal waves can travel through all the three media namely, solids, liquids and gases.
Compression
Rarefaction
Compressions and rarefactions on a longitudinal wave
n Some basic terms related to waves :
l Wavelength : The minimum distance in which a wave repeats itself is called its wavelength. Also, the
distance travelled by a wave when it completes its one cycle is called its wavelength. It is represented by a
Greek symbol 'l' called lambda.
} The wavelength in a transverse wave refers to distance between peaks of two consecutive crests or two
consecutive troughs. The length of one complete crest and trough also represents one wavelength of a
transverse wave.
l l
l
Wavelength of a transverse wave
} The wavelength in a longitudinal wave refers to the distance between two consecutive compressions or
between two consecutive rarefactions. The length of one complete compression and rarefaction also
represents one wavelength of a longitudinal wave.
l l
l
Wavelength of a longitudinal wave
} S.I. unit of wavelength : Meter (m)
l Time period (or period) : The time period T is the time taken by a particle to move through one complete
cycle of motion. In other words, time taken to complete one oscillation of a wave is called time period or
simply the period of the wave.
} For a transverse wave, the time period (T) is the time taken for two successive crests (or troughs) to pass
a fixed point. For a longitudinal wave, the time taken by two consecutive compressions or rarefactions
to cross a fixed point is called the time period of the wave.
} S.I. unit of time period : Second (s)

l Frequency (n) : The frequency n is the number of complete cycles or vibrations per unit of time. Also, it can
be defined as the number of oscillations per second.
} For transverse wave, the frequency is the number of successive crests (or troughs) passing a given point
in 1 second. For longitudinal wave, the frequency is the number of successive compressions (or rarefactions)
passing a given point in 1 second.
} Unit of frequency : Frequency is measured in cycles per second. The term “cycles” is usually left off
and the unit is written as s–1 or 1/s. This unit is also called hertz (Hz).
1 Hz = 1 cycle /sec or 1 oscillation/sec = 1 s–1
l Relationship between time period and frequency :
1
Frequency (n) is the reciprocal of time period (T). That is, n =
T
l Wave speed (v) : Wave speed is distance travelled by the pattern of the wave per unit time.
v =n l That is, speed = frequency ×wavelength.
69
Class X
n Graphs of waves : Graphs of waves are plotted between any property of the wave and the distance (or time).
In a transverse wave, the property of the wave that is used to plot the graph is 'displacement' of the particles
from their equilibrium position. In a longitudinal wave like a sound wave, the property of the wave that is used
to plot the graph is 'pressure' or 'density'.
Compression
Crest
(or pressure)
Displacement
Average density
Density
Line of zero
disturbance Distance (or pressure) Distance
(or time) (or time)
Trough Rarefaction
Graph of a transverse wave Graph of a longitudinal wave (a sound wave)
n Sound : All types of sounds originate from vibrating objects. But, some vibrations are visible some are
not. If you pluck a guitar string or strike a low-frequency tuning fork, you can see the actual vibrations of the
object. When you make a whistling sound by blowing over an empty pop bottle, the air molecules in the bottle
vibrate to produce sound.
l Frequency of sound produced is exactly equal to the frequency of the vibrating source. This means, an
object that vibrates faster forms a sound wave with a higher frequency and vice-versa.
l Propagation of sound : Sound moves through a medium from the point of generation (source) to the
listener. When an object vibrates, it sets the particles of the medium around it vibrating. The particles do not
travel all the way from the vibrating object to the ear. A particle of the medium in contact with the vibrating
object is first displaced from its equilibrium position (mean position). It then exerts a force on the adjacent
particle. As a result of which the adjacent particle gets displaced from its position of rest. After displacing
the adjacent particle the first particle comes back to its original position. This process continues in the
medium till the sound reaches your ear. The disturbance created by a source of sound in the medium travels
through the medium and not the particles of the medium.
} Propagation of sound can be visualised as propagation of density variations or pressure variations in the
medium.
l Understanding propagation of sound using a vibrating tuning fork : Air is the most common medium
through which sound travels.
(a) When a tuning fork is not vibrating, the air particles around it are at their normal positions, i.e., the
molecular density is uniform throughout the medium [see fig.(a)].
(b) When the prong of tuning fork swings to the right [see fig.(b)], the molecules in the air to the right of the
prong are forced closer together than normal. Such a region of high molecular density and high air
pressure is called a compression. This compression moves away from the fork (to the right) like a ripple
on a pond.
(c) When the prong swings to the left [see fig.(c)], the molecules in the air to the right of the prong spread
apart, and the density and air pressure in this region are then lower than normal. Such a region of low
molecular density and low air pressure is called a rarefaction. The rarefaction also moves to the right,
following the previously produced compression.
(d) As the tuning fork continues to vibrate, a succession of compressions and rarefactions forms and spreads
out from it [see fig.(d)].
Compression (C)
(a) No vibrations in the tuning fork (b) Forward movement in the tuning fork
R C R C R C
Rarefaction (R)
(c) Backward movement in the tuning fork (d) Vibrations in tuning fork produces
series of compressions and rarefactions
Production of sound by a tuning fork
70
Physics
l Sound needs a medium for propagation : Sound is also a mechanical wave thus, it requires a material
medium like air, water, steel , etc. for its propagation. It cannot travel through vacuum.
l Speed of sound in different media : The speed of sound is fastest in solids, faster in liquids, and slowest
in gases. Speed of sound waves depends on the nature of material (or medium). As a sound wave travels
through a material, the particles in the material collide with each other. In a solid, molecules are closer
together than in liquids or gases, so collisions between molecules occur more rapidly than in liquids or gases.
l Speed of sound depends on the temperature of the medium : Speed of sound depends on the
temperature of the material through which the sound waves are travelling. As a substance heats up, its
molecules move faster, so they collide more frequently. The more frequent the collisions are, the faster the
speed of sound is in the material. For example, the speed of sound in air at 0 °C is 332 m/s; at 20 °C, it is
343 m/s. The effect of temperature on the speed of sound is maximum in gases.
} For every rise in temperature of 1°C, the speed of sound in air increases by 0.59 m/s. The speed of
sound in air at normal atmospheric pressure can be calculated using the equation,
1/2
æ t ö
v = v 0 ç1 + ÷ Where, v0 = speed of sound at 0 °C = 332 m/s ; t is temperature in °C.
è 273 ø
For t << 273°C, an approximate formula is,
v = (332 + 0.6 t) m/s
} Lightning and thunder : Light travels nearly 1 million times faster than sound in air. Thus, we see
lightning first and then we hear its sound (thunder).
n Factors affecting speed of sound : Speed of sound in
l Effect of density : Higher the density of the medium, lesser different media at 25 °C
will be the velocity and vice-versa.
Speed
State Substance (m/s)
1 v2 r1
vµ Also, v = r
r 1 2 Aluminium 6420
Nickel 6040
For example, under similar condition, v H2 > v O2 . This is
Solids
Steel 5960
because rH2 < rO2 . Iron 5950
Brass 4700
l Effect of humidity : Density of water vapours is less than Glass (Flint) 3980
dry air at same pressure and temperature. Thus, density of
moist air is less than that of dry air. Sea water 1531
Liquids
Distilled water 1498

1 Ethanol 1207
Now, v µ Methanol 1103
r
Therefore, speed of sound increases as humidity increases. Hydrogen 1284
l Effect of temperature : As the temperature increases, Helium 965
Air 346
Gases
speed of sound increases and vice-versa.

Oxygen 316
v µ T (where T = temperature in Kelvin). Also, Sulphur 213
dioxide
v1 T1
=
v2 T2
l Effect of pressure : Pressure has no effect on the speed of sound.
l Effect of wind : If wind speed and speed of sound are in same directions, they are added together i.e.,
speed of sound increases. If wind speed and speed of sound are in opposite directions, the net speed of
sound is the difference of them i.e., speed of sound decreases.
n Audible and inaudible sounds : The ears of most young people respond to sound frequencies of between 20
Hz and 20,000 Hz.
l The sounds of frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz that can be detected by the human ear is called
audible sounds. The sounds of frequencies less than about 20 Hz and those higher than 20,000 Hz cannot
be detected by the human ear. Such sounds are called inaudible sounds.
l Frequencies of less than 20 Hz are called infrasonic sounds. Frequencies that are higher than 20,000 Hz
are called ultrasonic sounds.
l Rhinoceroses communicate using infrasound of frequency as low as 5 Hz. Whales and elephants produce
sound in the infrasound range. It is observed that some animals get disturbed before earthquakes. Earthquakes
produce low-frequency infrasound before the main shock waves begin which possibly alert the animals.
71
Class X
l Children under the age of five and some animals, such as dogs can hear up to 25 kHz. As people grow older
their ears become less sensitive to higher frequencies. Ultrasound is produced by dolphins, bats, porpoises
and moths of certain families. Rats also play games by producing ultrasound.
n Characteristics of audible sounds :
l Pitch : We can say that a thinner voice like a female voice has high pitch while a thicker (heavy) voice like
a male voice has low pitch. Sounds of musical instruments like guitar, sitar, violin, veena are high pitch
sounds while sounds of drum, tabla, dholak are low pitch sounds.
} The frequency determines the shrillness or pitch of a sound. If the frequency of vibration is higher we
say that the sound is shrill and has a higher pitch. If the frequency of vibration is lower, we say that the
sound has a lower pitch.
} The frequency of a wave is an objective quantity that can be measured, while pitch refers to how
different frequencies are perceived by the human ear.
Low frequency High frequency
t t
Low pitch High pitch
(a) (b)
Pitch and frequency are related
l Loudness : The loudness of the sounds humans perceive relates to the intensity of the audible sound. Sound
intensity is energy carried by the sound per unit time per unit area i.e. amount of sound energy passing each
second through unit area. Sound intensity is usually measured in watt/(meter)2 or (W/m2).
} The loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude of vibration. The greater the amplitude, the higher
the volume (loudness) of the sound. A speaker making a loud sound moves back and forth more than a
speaker making a soft sound.
} Unit of loudness : The loudness is expressed in a unit called decibel (dB). On the decibel scale,
0 dB (= 10–12 Watt/m2) is called the threshold of hearing. Every change of 10 units on the decibel
scale represents a tenfold effect on the intensity level.
High amplitude
Low amplitude
Soft (or quiet)

Loud
Amplitude and loudness are related
} Intensity of sound (or any wave) is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the sound (or wave).
I µ A2
} Intensity of sound wave varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source (I µ 1/r2).
} Another unit for measuring loudness is Bel. 1 decibel = (1/10) bel.
Loudness of sound coming from various sources
S.No. Source of sound Loudness (in dB)
1. Threshold of hearing 0
2. Normal breathing 10
3. Soft whisper (at 5m) 30
4. Normal conversation 60
5. Busy traffic 70
6. Average factory 80
7. Threshold of pain 130
72
Physics
l Loudness and intensity are not always the same : Loudness is a measure of the response of the ear to
the sound. Intensity is an objective property of the sound wave — in fact, it is related to the square of the
wave amplitude, and does not depend on the particular characteristics of a person’s ears. Loudness, on the
other hand, is a subjective property of the sound that depends on the human ear, the sensitivity of the ear to
the frequency of the sound, and the distance from the source of the sound.
} In other words, loudness can be considered as the intensity of an audible sound. If there are two sounds
of equal intensity, one is audible and another is inaudible, then, our ears will hear the audible sound as
a loud sound while the inaudible sound will not be detected by our ears.
l Quality (or timbre) : Quality of a sound is the subjective property by which two sounds of the same pitch
(or frequency) and loudness emitted by two different sources can be distinguished from each other. It depends
on the waveform of the sound produced by a source.
} A clarinet sounds different from a violin because of differences in quality (timbre), even when both
instruments are sounding the same note at the same volume (see fig.).
Clarinet
Waveform
Waveform
Violin
A clarinet and a violin produce different waveforms for the same note (pitch)
} The sound which is more pleasant to human ear is said to be of a rich quality. Eg. music.
l Tone : A sound of single frequency is called a tone or pure tone. For example, a tuning fork produces a
single frequency i.e, a pure tone.
l Note : The sound which is produced due to a mixture of several frequencies is called a note and is pleasant
to listen to. The notes produced by musical instruments are not pure tones.
l Sonic boom : When the speed of any object is less than the speed of sound, it is said to be travelling at
subsonic speed. When the speed of any object is equal to the speed of sound, it is said to be travelling at
sonic speed. When the speed of any object exceeds the speed of sound, it is said to be travelling at
supersonic speed. Bullets, jet aircrafts etc. often travel at supersonic speeds.
} When a sound producing source moves with a speed higher than that of sound, it produces shock waves
in air. These shock waves carry a large amount of energy. The air pressure variation associated with this
type of shock waves produces a very sharp and loud sound called the “sonic boom”.
} A shock wave due to a jet traveling at the speed of sound is made visible as a fog of water vapor. The
large pressure variation in the shock wave causes the water in the air to condense into water droplets.
(d) Supersonic speed

(a) Rest (b) Subsonic speed (c) Sonic speed (sonic boom)
Sound waves propagating outward from jet moving at various speeds.
} Mach number : When aircraft or any object get close to or go faster than the speed of sound, a
different unit is often used to describe their speed. It’s called the Mach number, named after Ernst
Mach. The Mach number of a source of sound is the ratio of the speed of the object to the speed of
sound in air at that location.
Speed of object
Mach number =
Speed of sound
73
Class X
If mach number is less than one, this means objects are travelling at subsonic speeds.
If mach number is equal to one, this means objects are travelling at sonic speeds.
If mach number is greater than one, this means objects are travelling at supersonic speeds.
n Reflection of sound : Just as a mirror reflects light, when sound waves radiating out from a source strike a
rigid obstacle, the angle of reflection of the sound waves equals the angle of incidence. Also, the incident ray, the
reflected ray and the normal, all lie in the same plane.
l Echo : If we shout or clap near a suitable reflecting object such as a tall building or a mountain, we will hear
the same sound again a little later, and fainter. This sound which we hear is called an echo.
} Echoes are produced when sound is reflected by a hard surface, such as a wall or cliff. An echo can be
heard distinctly only if the time interval between the original sound and the reflected sound is greater
than 0.1 s. This is because the sensation of sound persists in our brain for about 0.1 s.
v×t
l Distance between the source and the reflecting surface s =
2
Let us take the speed of sound in air to be 344 m/s. The sound
must go to the obstacle and reach back the ear of the listener on Incident sound
reflection after 0.1 s i.e., t = 0.1 s.
Reflected sound
Hence, the minimum total distance covered by the sound from the
Listener s
point of generation to the reflecting surface and back is,
2s = v × t = (344) × 0.1 = 34.4 m. Wall
The minimum distance between the observer and the reflecting surface is, (or hard surface)
v× t 344 × 0.1
s= = = 17.2 m, for an echo to be heard.
2 2
l Reverberation : Persistence of sound after the source has stopped as a result of repeated reflections from
walls, ceilings, and other surfaces is called reverberation.
} The reverberation time is the amount of time it takes for a sound’s intensity to decrease by 60 dB.
} To reduce reverberation, the roof and walls of the auditorium are generally covered with sound-absorbent
materials like compressed fibreboard, rough plaster or draperies. The seat materials are also selected
on the basis of their sound absorbing properties. Padded furnishings and plants can also be arranged.
} The qualities of a room or auditorium that determine how well sound is heard are called acoustics. Also,
the total effect of sound produced in an enclosed space is called acoustics.
n Uses of reflection of sound :
l Megaphones or loud hailers, horns, musical instruments such as trumpets and shehanais, are all designed to
send sound in a particular direction using multiple reflection. Thus, they travel a greater distance as compared
to the distance travelled without the help of megaphone.
l Stethoscope is a medical instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body, chiefly in the
heart or lungs. When the metallic disc (see fig.) is gently pushed against the part of the body to be examined,
the vibrations of this part vibrates the diaphragm. These vibrations after suffering multiple reflections in the
tube assembly ultimately reach the earphones.
Ear phones
Metal & rubber

tube assembly
Megaphone
Multiple reflection
of sound
Metal disc
with diaphragm
Horn A stethoscope
74
Physics
l Usually, the ceilings of concert halls, conference halls and cinema halls are made curved so that sound after
reflection reaches all corners of the hall (see fig.). Sometimes a curved (concave) sound board may
be placed behind the stage so that the sound, after reflecting from the sound board, spreads evenly across
the width of the hall (see fig.). In this case, the source of sound is placed at the focus of the concave
shaped sound board. Thus, the sound after reflection from the sound board gives an almost parallel beam.
Sound
board
Source of sound
Curved ceilings in concert halls Use of curved sound board

helps to reach the sound in all parts of a hall spread the sound evenly in the hall
n Applications of ultrasound : Ultrasounds are able to travel along well-defined paths even in the presence of
obstacles.
l Industry :
} Cleaners : Ultrasound is generally used to clean parts located in hard-to-reach places, for example,
spiral tube, odd shaped parts, electronic components, etc. Objects to be cleaned are placed in a cleaning
solution and ultrasonic waves (usually from 20 – 400 kHz) are sent into the solution. Due to the high
frequency, the particles of dust, grease and dirt get detached and drop out. The objects thus get
thoroughly cleaned.
} Ultrasonic cleaners are often used to clean jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental and
surgical instruments, fountain pens, industrial parts and electronic equipment.
} Detectors : Ultrasounds are used to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks that are generally used in
construction of big structures like buildings, bridges, machines and also scientific equipment.
Defect or flaw
Ultrasound
Detectors
Metal block
Detection of defects in metal blocks
l Medical diagnostics :
} Echocardiography : Ultrasonic waves are made to reflect from various parts of the heart and form
the image of the heart. It can provide many helpful informations, including the size and shape of the
heart, its pumping capacity and the location and extent of any damage to its tissues. It is especially
useful for assessing diseases of the heart valves.
} Ultrasonography : Ultrasound scanner is an instrument which uses ultrasonic waves (in the range of
1–10 MHz) for getting images of internal organs of the human body and for examination of foetus
during pregnancy.
} Surgery : Ultrasound is now used to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces so that they can be
flushed out with urine without needing a painful operation.
75
Class X
l Sonar : Sonar stands for ‘SOund Navigation
and Ranging’. This process is used to
determine the depth of water under a Ship
boat or ship. By measuring the length of
time between emitting a pulse of sound Water surface
and hearing its echo off the ocean floor,
the distance to the ocean floor can be Transmitter +
measured. Sonar also can be used to Receiver
detect submarines, sunken objects like s Transmitted
ships, schools of fish, etc. sound
Let the time in terval between Sound reflected
transmission and reception of ultrasound from the bottom
signal be t and the speed of sound Sea bed
through seawater be v.
Distance between the ship and the
v× t
seabed, s =
2
n The human ear : The human ear consists of three sections: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear (see fig.).
l The outer ear consists of the external ear (pinna) and the auditory canal. The external ear is shaped to
collect sounds, which then travel down the auditory canal to the eardrum.
l The middle ear is separated from the outer ear by the eardrum, a very tough, tightly stretched membrane
less than 0.1 mm thick. The eardrum is forced to vibrate by sound coming down the ear canal. The vibration
of the eardrum has the same frequency as the source of the sound waves.
Oval
Hammer Stirrup window
Anvil
Eardrum
External ear Cochlea
or pinna Auditory
nerve
Auditory
canal Eustachian
tube
Outer Middle Inner

ear ear ear Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\12. Wave and Sound Th .p65
A human ear
l Attached to the inside of the eardrum are three small interlocking bones: the hammer (malleus), the anvil
(incus), and the stirrup (stapes). These bones transmit the vibrations of the eardrum to the inner ear, mechanically
magnifying the pressure variations by a factor of 18. The stirrup transmits the eardrum vibrations to the
threshold of the inner ear at the oval window.
l The vibrations set up pressure waves in the fluid that fills the inner ear’s cochlea. The cochlea is a snail-
shaped organ approximately 3.0 cm long, divided into two equal sections by a partition for most of its
length. Waves are transmitted down one side of the cochlea, around the end of the partition, and back
almost to the point of origin.
l As these waves move, they cause approximately 23,000 microscopic hairs to vibrate. Each hair is connected
to a cell that converts the mechanical motion of the hair into an electrical signal, which in turn is transmitted
to the brain by the auditory nerve.
l The cavity containing the middle ear is filled with air and is connected to the mouth by the Eustachian tube.
It equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear.
76
Physics
l Hearing aid : A hearing aid is an electronic device that amplifies sounds for people with hearing impairments.
l Echolocation : Dolphins and orca whales rely on the production and reflection of sound to navigate,
communicate, and hunt in dark waters. The location of an object using reflected sound is called echolocation.
Most bats use echolocation for navigation in the dark and for finding food. The bat can identify an object by
the echo of the ultrasound and can even tell the size, shape, and texture of a small insect.
n Frequency of a vibrating string : More the tension in the string i.e. tighter it is, more will be the frequency produced.
n Simple pendulum : Motion of a pendulum is an oscillatory motion.
Its motion is also called simple harmonic motion. Time period of a
simple pendulum is given by,
l
Time period, T = 2p Bob
g
Where, l is the length of pendulum (it is the distance

KE = 0 KE = 0
between the point of suspension and the centre of PE = maximum PE = maximum
the bob).
l Effect of the length l on the time period T : KE = maximum
PE = 0
Time period depends on l as T µ l or T2 µ l .
l In a simple pendulum, at extreme position, kinetic energy is zero while potential energy in maximum.
At its mean position, kinetic energy is maximum while potential energy is zero.
l A pendulum oscillates because of gravity, the force of gravity acts as a restoring force for its oscillatory
motion. A pendulum will not oscillate in space (zero gravity) or in a satellite moving round the earth
or when it is allowed to fall freely under gravity (its time period becomes infinite).
n Free oscillations : The oscillatory motions we have considered so far have occurred under an ideal frictionless
system, that is, one that oscillates indefinitely under the action of only a linear restoring force. Such oscillations
are called free oscillations i.e., vibrations or oscillations of a body with constant amplitude and constant
frequency. The frequency of the freely vibrating body is called its natural frequency. Free vibrations can occur
only in vacuum, therefore these vibrations cannot be realised in practice.
n Damped oscillations : In most systems, resistive forces, such as friction, air resistance are present and
they retard the motion of the system. Consequently, the mechanical energy and amplitude of the system
decrease with time, and such oscillations are called damped oscillations.
n Forced oscillations : We have seen that the mechanical energy of a damped oscillator decreases with
time as a result of the resistive force like friction. It is possible to compensate for this energy decrease by
applying an external force that does positive work on the system. Such an oscillator then undergoes forced
oscillations. At any instant, energy can be transferred into the system by an applied force that acts in the
direction of motion of the oscillator. For example, a child on a swing can be kept in motion by appropriately
timed “pushes.” The amplitude of motion remains constant if the energy input per cycle of motion exactly
equals the decrease in mechanical energy in each cycle that results from resistive forces.
Constant amplitude Constant amplitude

Decreasing
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
amplitude
0 0 0
time time time
(a) Free vibration (b) Damped vibration (c) Forced vibration
Graphs showing free vibration, damped vibration and force vibration
77
Class X
n Resonance : Resonance is a special case of forced oscillations. The phenomenon of dramatic increase in
amplitude when the frequency of the driving force is close to the natural frequency of the oscillator is called
resonance.
l Resonance can be demonstrated with a series of
pendulums suspended from a stretched string
(see fig.). When A is set in vibration, E begins to
vibrate in time with it. Although B, C, and D may C
B D
begin to vibrate, they do not continue to vibrate
A E
nor do they vibrate as much. When B is set in
vibration, D begins to vibrate in sympathy, but A,
C, and E vibrate intermittently and only a little.
The pairs A and E, and B and D each have the
same lengths and, thus, have the same natural A series of pendulums suspended
frequencies. The periodic vibratory force exerted from a string used to show resonance.
by one pendulum moves through the supporting

string to the other pendulums, but only the
pendulum with the same natural frequency begins
to vibrate in resonance.
l Applications of resonance :
} A troop of soldiers marching in step across a bridge, can create a periodic force that sets the bridge
in resonant vibration and cause the bridge to collapse.
} If an opera singer sings a note with the same natural frequency as that of a wineglass, the glass
will begin to vibrate in resonance, with an amplitude large enough that it may shatter.
} During an earthquake, the structure attached to the ground is the oscillator. It has a set of natural
frequencies, determined by its stiffness, its mass, and the details of its construction. The periodic
driving force is supplied by the shaking of the ground. If a natural frequency of the building matches
a frequency contained in the ground shaking, the vibrations of the building can build to a very large
amplitude, large enough to damage or destroy the building.
78

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Physics

position to final position.

l Unit : c.g.s.system - centimeter (cm) ; S.I. system - metre (m).

l Speed gives no idea about the direction of motion of the object.

l Instantaneous Velocity : It is the velocity at some particular instant of time.

} Velocity at ground : v = 2gH

A body at rest A body in A body in uniformly

A body at rest A body in A body in uniformly

A body at rest A body in A body in uniformly

n Significance of graphs in motion :

l Slope of speed-time graph or velocity-time graph gives acceleration. 1

(c) Displacment-time graph (d) Velocity-time graph (e) Acceleration-time graph

moving along a circular path is called angular displacement. q

p radian = 180°, 1 radian = 180°/p = 57.3°

} Relation between angular acceleration & linear (tangential) acceleration : a t = ra

(1) If the car is moving on straight road means that

20. A car travels rd distance on a straight road with

(1) 12 m (2) 4 m a and b are respectively.

projected vertically upwards from the ground with

73. Slope of a velocity – time graph gives

69. From the given v – t graph, it can be inferred that 20

(1) 1.33 m/s2 ; 150 m

79. Velocity time (v – t) graph for a moving object is

during the time interval when there is non-zero

(1) (2) (3) acceleration (4) momentum

Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\07. Motion Ex .p65

accelerations in them are a1 and a2 respectively, then, m1a1 = m2a2

player is quite large).

or mu = (M +m) V or V = Final momentum =

Initial momentum = Final momentum

m1g FBD for m1 FBD for m2

l The law of static friction may be written as, fs £ m s N

l The law of kinetic friction may be written as, fk = m k N

m s > m k , ms or mk have no units as they are ratio of two

forces. Applied force

called the rolling friction.

l Walking on the road is not possible without static friction.

Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\08 Force & NLM Th.p65

(1) If the car is moving on straight road means that

20. A car travels rd distance on a straight road with

(1) 12 m (2) 4 m a and b are respectively.

projected vertically upwards from the ground with

73. Slope of a velocity – time graph gives

69. From the given v – t graph, it can be inferred that 20

(1) 1.33 m/s2 ; 150 m

79. Velocity time (v – t) graph for a moving object is

during the time interval when there is non-zero

(1) (2) (3) acceleration (4) momentum

Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\07. Motion Ex .p65

Newton ´ (meter)2 Nm2

} It is a universal force of attraction.

For h << R, i.e., a point very near the surface,

} g at a depth below the surface (Point B) : g

Where, m = mass of object in kg ; g = acceleration due to gravity

FORCE & NLM EXERCISE

velocity of 4 m s–1 on a frictionless horizontal table.

100 m/s hits a wall and rebounds with the same

the force of friction between the vehicle and road is :

Node5\e\Data\CBSE-2016\10th\Advance\CCP\Physics-2\08. Force and NLM Ex .p65

l The relative density of aluminium is 2.7. Its density is 2.7 g cm–3 or

Pressure depends only on the height of the fluid above a surface,

reservoir of mercury. Atmospheric pressure pushes mercury up in the

Weight of body in air W1