KELOMPOK 2

FISIKA GELOMBANG III-B

1. Dwi Puspita Sari (200801014)

2. Elisa Syafitri (200801016)
3. Graselita M.P Lumban Batu (200801018)
4. Liderson Sinaga (200801020)

SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 7

Problem 7.1
The figure shows the mesh representation of a transmission line of inductance L0 per unit length
and capacitance C 0 per unit length. Use equations of the form

d d
I r−1−I r= q r=C 0 dx V r
dt dt
and
d
L0 d x I =V r−V r+1
dt r
together with the method of the final section of Chapter 4 to show that the voltage and current
wave equations are
∂2 V ∂2 V
=L0 C 0 2
∂ x2 ∂t
and
∂2 I ∂2 I
=L C
0 0
∂ x2 ∂t 2
Answer :
The equation
d d
I r−1−I r= q r=C 0 dx V r
dt dt
at the limit of dx → 0 becomes :
 dl dV
=C0
dx dt
(7.1.1)
The equation
d
L0 dx I r=V r −V r +1
dt
at the limit of dx → 0 becomes :
∂V ∂I
=L0
∂x ∂t
(7.1.2)
The derivative of equation (7.1.1) on t gives :
∂2 I ∂2V
=C 0 2
∂x∂t ∂t
(7.1.3)
The derivative of equation (7.1.2) on x gives :
∂2 V ∂2 I
=L 0
∂ x2 ∂x ∂t
(7.1.4)
Equation (7.1.3) and (7.1.4) give :
∂2 V ∂2 V
=L0 C 0 2
∂ x2 ∂t
The derivative of equation (7.1.1) on x gives :
∂2 I ∂2 V
=C 0
∂ x2 ∂ x∂t
(7.1.5)
The derivative of equation (7.1.2) on t gives :
∂2 V ∂2 I
=L0 2
∂x∂t ∂t
(7.1.6)
Equation (7.1.5) and (7.1.6) give :
∂2 I ∂2 I
=L 0 C 0
∂ x2 ∂t 2

Problem 7.2
Show that the characteristic impedance for a pair of Lecher wires of radius r and separation d in a
medium of permeability µ and permittivity ɛ is given by
1 μ d
Z 0=
√
π ℇ
Answer :
log e
r
A pair of parallel wires of circular cross section and radius a are separated at a distance 2d
between their centres.
To find the inductance per unit length we close the circuit by joining the sides of a section of
length l .
The self inductance of this circuit is the magnetic flux through the circuit when a current of 1
amp flows around it.
If the current is 1 amp the field outside the wire at a distance r from the centre is μ0 I /2 πr ,
where μ0 is the permeability of free space. For a clockwise current in the circuit (Fig Q.7.2.1)
both wires contribute to the magnetic flux B which points downwards into the page and the total
flux through the circuit is given by :
2 d −2 a
μ Idr μ 0 lI 2d
2l ∫ 0
a 2 πr
= ( ) π
ln
a
for d≫a

Hence the self inductance per unit length is :

μ 2d
L= 0 ln
π ( ) a
To find the capacitance per unit length of such a pair of wires we first find the electrostatic
potential at a distance r from a single wire and proceed to find the potential from a pair of wires
via the principle of electrostatic images.
If the radius of the wire is a and it carries a charge of λ per unit length then the electrostatic
flux E per unit length of the cylindrical surface is : 2 πrE ( r )=λ /ε 0 , where ε 0 is the
permittivity of free space. Thus E ( r )= λ/2 π ε 0 r for r > a and we have the potential :
−λ λ b
ϕ (r )=
2 πε 0
ln ( r ) +constant =()
2 πε 0
ln
r
for ϕ=0 at r=b .
The conducting wires are now represented in the image system of Fig Q.7.2.2. The equipotential
surfaces will be seen to be cylindrical but not coaxial with the wires. Neither the electric field nor
the charge density is uniform on the conducting surface.
The surface charge is collapsed onto two line carrying charges ± λ per unit length. The y axis
represents an equipotential plane.
The conducting wires, of radius a , are centred a distance d from the origin ο(x = y = 0).
The distances ± p can be chosen of the line charges so that the conducting surfaces lie on the
equipotentials of the image charge. Choosing the potential to be zero at ∞ on the y axis, the
potential at point p in the xy plane is given by :
λ 1 λ 1 λ r 22
ϕ p=
2 πε 0
ln ( )
−
r 1 2 πε 0
ln ( )
=
r 2 4 πε 0
ln 2
r1 ()
In Fig Q.7.2.2 :
r 22=2αγ + δ
r 21=2 βγ + δ
where and α =( d + p ) ; β=( d− p ) ; γ= ( d+ r cosθ ) and δ =( r 2+ p2 −d 2 ).
If the position of the image charge is such that p2=( d 2−a2 ), then, at r =a :
λ d+p
ϕ ( a )=
4 πε 0
ln (
d− p )
, independent of θ , and the right-hand conductor is an equipotential of the

image charge. Symmetry requires that the potential at the surface of the other conductor is
−ϕ (a) and the potential difference between the conductors is :
λ d+ p
V=
2 πε 0
ln( d− p )
Gauss’s theorem applied to one of the equipotentials surrounding each conductor proves that the
surface charge on each conductor is equal to the image charge. The capacitance per unit length is
now given by :
 λ 2 πε 0 2 πε 0
C= = ≈ for d ≫ a
V d+ p 2d
ln (
d− p ) ( ) ln
a
and
1 /2
μ0 2d
( )
( )
ln 1/ 2
L π a μ 2d
z 0 for the∥wires=
C
=
√
2 πε 0
ln ( 2 d /a )
( ) a)
≈ 20
π ε0( ln

Problem 7.3
1
In a short-circuited lossless transmission line integrate the magnetic (inductive) energy L0 I 2
2
1
and the electric (potential) energy C0 V 2 over the last quarter wavelength (0¿− λ/4 ) to show
2
that they are equal.
Answer :
The integral of magnetic energy over the last quarter wavelength is given by :
0 0

∫ 12 L0 I 2 dx= ∫ 12 L0 ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
− λ/4 −λ/ 4

The integral of electric energy over the last quarter wavelength is given by :
0 0
1 1
∫ C 0 V 2 dx = ∫ C 0 ¿ ¿ ¿¿
− λ/4 2 −λ /4 2

Noting that Z 0=√ L0 /C 0 , we have :

0
1
∫ L0 I 2 dx=¿¿
− λ/4 2

Problem 7.4
Show, in Problem 7.3, that the sum of the instantaneous values of the two energies over the last
quarter wavelength is equal to the maximum value of either.
Answer :
The maximum of the magnetic energy is given by :
1
(
( E m )max = 2 L0 I
2
)
max
=¿ ¿

The maximum of the electric energy is given by :

1
(
( E e )max = 2 C0 V
2
)
max
=¿ ¿

The instantaneous value of the two energies over the last quarter wavelength is given by :
1
( E m + E e )i = 2 L 0 ¿ ¿
¿ 2 C0 V 0+¿ 2
cos2 kx +2 C 0 V 0+ ¿ sin kx ¿ ¿
2 2

¿ 2 C0 V 0+¿ ¿ 2

So we have :
( E m )max =( Ee )max =( Em + E e ) i=2C 0 V 0+¿ ¿ 2