University of Engineering and

Technology, Lahore

Department of Polymer and Process

Engineering
 Group members

 Aneela Khan 2017-PE-05

 Hammad Butt 2017-PE-09
 Esha Qaiser 2017-PE-11
 Muhammad Nauman 2017-PE-25
 Maham Bushra 2017-PE-27
 Shahryar Khan 2017-PE-29
Topic:
Design of zigzag kilns for brick
manufacturing
 Table Of Contents

 Introduction
 Types of kiln
 Comparison between FCBTKs and Zigzag kiln
 Articles
 Designing of zig zag kiln
 Improvement of designing and efficiency of zig zag kiln
 Pakistan air pollution reduction by zigzag kiln
 Kiln
 A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces
temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening,
drying, or chemical changes.

 Kilns have been used for millennia to turn objects made

from clay into pottery, tiles and bricks. Various industries use rotary kilns for
pyro processing to calcinate ores, to
calcinate limestone to lime for cement, and to transform many other
materials.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/kiln-oven
 Types of kiln

There are two types of kiln which are as

follows :
FCBTKs
Zig zag kiln
 FCBTKs kiln

 FCBT kiln stands for ( Fixed Chimney Bull’s Trench Kiln). It involves a continuous,
moving fire kiln in which the fire is always burning and moving forward in the
direction of air flow, due to the draught provided by a chimney

 The bricks are stacked in sections of about 3.60 m length having 20 to30
thousands bricks in a section. The top two layers in the kiln are loaded with kacha
bricks and the section is covered with a layer of about 20 cm of earth or ash.

http://cdn.cseindia.org/attachments/0.15498400_1520395734_fcbtks-kilns-design
 Benefits of straight line kiln
Advantages of FCBTKs are as follows:
 short production cycle
 high yield and high quality
 countercurrent principle,
 high thermal efficiency
 fuel economy
 Improve quality: The temperature of three parts, Preheating zone, firing
zone and cooling zone

https://www.thepassionateseeker.com/construction-and-working-of-bulls-
trench-kiln-and-hoffmans-kiln/
 Zig zag kiln

 Natural Zigzag kiln is a moving fire kiln in which the fire moves in a closed
rectangular circuit through the bricks stacked in the annular space
between the outer and the inner wall of the kiln. Zig-zag kiln required
skilled manpower for its operation.

http://themachinepeople.com/how.html
brickkilnsoftware.net/Home/BlogDetail/zig-zag-brick-kiln.
 Benefits of zigzag kiln
Benefits are as follows:
 increases the air flow path length and turbulence in the air.
 improved combustion & heat transfer rate
 uniform temperature across the kiln cross section.
 reduced energy consumption,
 reduced pollutant emissions
 improved product quality
 Zig zag path is about three times that of straight line air path .

envjournalists.com/green_tech/zig-zag-brick-kiln...
 Comparison between FCBTK vs zig zag kiln

 In zigzag kiln, the air moves in a zigzag path whereas in an FCTBKs the
movement of air is in a straigth path . The length of the zigzag air path is
about three times longer than the straight line air path .

 In a zigzag kiln powdered coal is fed in small quantities and fuel feeding
zone is six times longer than the FCTBKs. The longer the fuel feeding
zone , the smaller size of coal particles.

 FCBTK is oval or circular in shape , while Zigzag kiln is rectangular in

shape.

www.brickguru.in/web/brickguru/knowledge-briefs.
https://www.slideshare.net/legacysittu/bhatta
 Why we use ZIGZAG kiln instead of
FCBTKs
 In FCBTK , there is no roof and cannot be used during the monsoon season.
And it also cause pollution.

 In a Zigzag Kiln, air flows in a zigzag path. Zigzag Kilns are an improvement
over FCBTK in which air flows in a straight-line path. The zigzag air flow
considerably improves the combustion of fuel and heat transfer in a Zigzag
Kiln, because of which its performance is better than an FCBTK.

 About 20%–25% savings in fuel consumption.

 Better product quality – over 80% bricks are of Class-1 quality.
 Substantial reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) and PM emissions.

https://www.brickguru.in/web/brickguru/knowledge-briefs?arturl=kb46-what-
is-a-zigzag-kiln-
Different articles on how zig zag
kiln are better than FCBTK’s
 Article 01: Understanding Zig Zag kiln

 Reference:
 TP-cleaner-brick-
production-20171211-15-
Understanding-Zig-Zag-
Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-
Kumar.pdf
 Authors:
Rahul kumar
 Published: 2012

 Website:
www.cseindia.org
Article 02: improved fixed
chimney brick kiln
 Reference:
DesignMannualBL.pdf
 Supported by:

 Authors:
Dr Sameer Mathiel, MR. Sonal Kumar
 Published:
September 2015
 Webite:
www.minergynepal.com
 Article 03: zig zag kilns

 Reference:
0.15498400_1520395734_zig-zag-
kilns- design_manual.pdf
 Written by:
Nivit Kumar Yadav and Rahul Kumar
 Published on 2015
 Webite:
https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/trac
k?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3AUS%3A0d62c
d34-42a7-4dfe-949a-ad824431b499
 Article 04: induced draught zig zag kiln
 Reference:
Induced Draught Zig Zag Kiln.pdf
 Author:
Federation of Nepalese brick
industries
 Produced by:
minErgy pvt.ltd.,Nepal
 Website:
www.minergynepal.com
www.fnbi.org.np
 Published on 2015
Article 05: A Comparative Study of Stack
Emissions from Straight-Line and Zigzag Brick
Kilns in Nepal
 Reference:
atmosphere-10-00107.pdf
 Author:
Prakash sharma, sagar
Adhikari
 Published on:
1 march 2019
 Website:

https://documentcloud.adobe.
com/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid
%3Ascds%3AUS%3A141430e7-
10ea-4b0d-9ea3-d076eaee2105
 Article 06: Production
of brick
through natural zig zag kiln
 Reference:
2015_Cleaner Brick Production Case Study
#2 on Production of Bricks through Natural
Draft Zigzag Kiln_CCAC_ICIMOD_Greentech
Knowledge Solutions (1).pdf
 Published on:
December 2015
 Produced by:
Greentech Knowledge Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi, India
 Website:
www.gkspl.in
 Article 07: zig-zag-brick-kiln-
technology
 Reference:
zig-zag-brick-kiln-technology-
reducing-emissions.pdf
 Author:
Sagar sahali
 Published on: 2013
 Website:
http://envjournalists.com/gre
en_tech/zig-zag-brick-kiln-
technology-reducing-
emissions/
 Article 08: brick kiln performance
 Reference:
Brick_Kilns_Performance_Assessme
nt.pdf
 Author:
Greentech Knowledge Solutions
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (India)
Dr. Sameer Maithel, Mr. Dheeraj
Lalchandani, Mr. Gaurav
Malhotra, Mr. Prashant
 Website:
https://documentcloud.adobe.co
m/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3As
cds%3AUS%3A06cec4bc-2d95-
4902-a6c5-54d2f3b139f7
 Published on April 2012
 Article 09: zigzag kiln
 Reference:
1c96fe984ce709e0bc982c639a50e4
83.pdf
 Factsheet prepared by:
Business Environmental Corporation
– CAEM , Bogota, Colombia
 (CAEM Colombia staff members
for EELA Project)
 Swisscontact, Lima, Peru
 (EELA Program staff members)
 Website:
https://documentcloud.adobe.com/li
nk/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Ascds%3A
US%3A9adf2f7e-e3ee-4274-9963-
6fdd900e9415
Article 10: Design of improved kiln
 Reference:

DESIGN_OF_AN_IMPROVED_SMA
LL_SCALE_BRICK.pdf
 Authors:
KAJJOBA DERRICK
12/1/335/D/011
KIBUUKA MOHAMADI
12/1/335/D/013
 Website:
https://documentcloud.adobe.co
m/link/track?uri=urn%3Aaaid%3As
cds%3AUS%3Ada1cbe1c-38f9-
41ca-bbe3-3ff548435b8d
 Advantages of converting a Fixed Chimney Bull's
Trench Kiln (FCBTK) to a Zigzag Kiln
 There are primarily two advantages that can
accrue to a brick entrepreneur when a Fixed
Chimney Bull's Trench Kiln (FCBTK) is converted
into a Zigzag Kiln.
• Savings in fuel cost due to lower consumption of
fuel.
• Increase in revenue due to improvement in the
quantity of good quality bricks.

Article:
Zig-Zag Brick Kiln Technology: Reducing Emissions
by Sahar SohailOctober 30, 2018
 Fuel savings using zig zag kiln

 On an average, a properly constructed and

properly operated Zigzag Kiln saves 20%-30%
fuel as compared to an FCBTK.
 For a kiln producing 50 lakh bricks per year,
the annual savings in coal could range from
150–200 tones per year or an annual savings of
Rs 7.5 lakh to Rs 20 lakh.
 Quantity of good quality bricks produced in a
Zigzag Kiln

 Typically, only 50%-60% of the bricks

produced in an FCBTK get classified as
Class-1 bricks. On the other hand, 80%-
90% of the bricks produced in a Zigzag
Kiln can be classified as Class-1 bricks.
 For a kiln producing 50 lakh bricks per
year, this means an additional 10-15 lakh
Class-1 bricks. Class-1 bricks get higher
price in the market and are easier to sell.
 Reduction in air pollution (suspended particulate
matter [SPM] emissions) using zig zag kiln
 Typically, SPM emissions from FCBTKs
are in the range of 150–1250 mg/Nm3,
while SPM emissions from Zigzag Kilns
are in the range of 30–250 mg/Nm3.
There is a visible difference in the color
of smoke. While the color of smoke in
an FCBTK is often black, the smoke
from a properly constructed and
operated Zigzag Kiln is light grey in
color.

 This article was written by Sohar on 30

October 2018.
 Why is the performance of a Zigzag Kiln better
than a FCBTK
 In a Zigzag Kiln, there is
▪ less consumption and wastage of solid fuel,
▪ improvement in the quantity of good quality
bricks,
▪ reduction in air pollution,
▪ higher revenue compared to an FCBTK

 Article:

https://www.brickguru.in/web/brickguru/knowled
ge- briefs?arturl=kb-15-why-is-the-
performance-of-a- zigzag-kiln-better-than-a-
fixed-chimney-bull-s-trench- kiln-fcbtk-
 Performance parameters

 There are three main reasons for the better performance of a Zigzag Kiln
compared to FCBTK:
✓ Better combustion of solid fuel
✓ Better heat exchange between hot gases or air and bricks
✓ Uniform temperature across the cross-section of the kiln.
Designing of zigzag kilns
 Main components
of the zigzag kiln
 Dug width
 Dug wall height
 Chamber length
 Side nali spacing
 Gali width
 Miyan dimensions
 Kiln outer dimensions
 Flue duct system
 Kiln wall
 Wicket gate or Dwari
 Kiln floor https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-
cleaner-brick-production-20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-
 chimney Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Dimensions of a typical natural draft zigzag
kilns

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-
production-20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Dimensions of a typical induced draft
zigzag kilns

 A minimum height of 27m (approximately 90 feet) has been

mandated by MoEF& CC( Ministry of environmental, forests and
climate change) for brick kilns in its new draft standards.
 And for all other dimensions kept constant in the above table,
generally 10,000 more bricks per day can be produced in an
induced draft zigzag kilns.
 In an induced draft kiln, draft is created with the help of a fan. The
capacity of the fan depends on the trench width and the number
of bricks to be produced per day (generally 12-15 HP fan is used).

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-
production-20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Designing of zigzag kilns
 As in above table we have seen that all the dimensions of a zigzag
kilns depends upon the per day production of bricks. So, in order to
design a zigzag kiln we must consider the case of bricks production
per day.

 Here we are considering the case of 44,000 bricks per day and we
are designing each and every component of kiln according to this.
 Designing of zigzag kilns
Side line Miyan
spacing width

Kiln
width
Gali
width

Miyan Trunk /dug

Kiln Wicket width
length length gate
 Dimension of main components
 DUG WIDTH
The dug width is defined by brick dimension, and the daily production
needed. There are two methods, which can be followed to define the dug
width:
▪ Dug width defined by brick dimension and brick stack length
▪ Fixing the dug width and adjusting the brick stack pattern accordingly
The design team, in consultation with brick entrepreneurs has proposed 28 feet
wide dug for IDZZK and for NDZZK 22 feet wide dug has been proposed.
 DUG WALL HEIGHT
The dug wall height is the height measured from the dug surface. It is
generally from 10-11 feet.

https://www.gkspl.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/REBM9.pdfv
 Dimension of main components
 CHAMBER LENGTH
In general practice, the length of the chamber varies from 6 feet to 9
feet. The better zig-zagging of air flow can be achieved by decreasing the
length of the chamber. Hence, 6 feet long chambers are proposed for both
induced and natural draft zig-zag kilns.
 FLUE DUCT SYSTEM
The flue duct system consists of designing the size and dimensions of
following components:
▪ Main nali(main flue gas inlet)
▪ Side nali (side flue gas inlet)
▪ Vertical hall or Mangal

https://www.gkspl.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/REBM9.pdfv
 Dimension of main components
 MAIN NALI
The main nali is either circular or rectangular and runs throughout the
length of Miyan. It is designed with a circular hume pipe of 40 inch diameter.
The circular hume pipe is proposed for faster reconstruction requirement in the
post-earthquake context.
▪ The Volume of fluid (Q) flowing with velocity (v) thorough a chimney with
cross section area (a) can be calculated using following formula
Q=axv
Q = Volume of gas flowing per second (m3/s) = 3.98 m3/ sec ( from article)
v = Air flow rate i.e. velocity of gas (m/s) = 5 m/sec ( from article)
a = Cross sectional area through which gas flows (m2) = ?
a = 3.98/5 = 0.80 m2 = 8.5 ft2
a = π D2/4 , D = 3.30 ft = 39.62 inch ≈ 40 inch
Hence, the main duct is designed to be a circular pipe of 40 inch diameter.

https://www.gkspl.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/REBM9.pdfv
 Dimension of main components
 SIDE NALI
The cross section area of the side nali
is maintained at70% of the main nali.
Required area of flue inlet = 70% of 8.5 ft2
= 5.95 ft2
 Vertical hall /Mangal
Vertical hall is a vertical rectangular
structure that serves as connector between
the side and main nali with a shunt. The
opening size of vertical hall should be
almost equal to the cross section of side nali
and should be less than main nali.

https://www.gkspl.in/wp-
content/uploads/2018/10/REBM9.pdfv
 Dimension of main components
 SIDE NALI SPACING
The side nali is a flue inlet component,
which is spaced in a regular interval along the
length of Miyan. The spacing is defined by the
length of chamber. In case of a 6 feet long
chamber, the side nali is placed at the center of
every 3rd chamber, i.e. the spacing is 18 feet
center to center.
 GALI WIDTH
The Gali is a narrow section of either edge
of the zig-zag kiln, which is always narrower in
width than the dug width. To optimize the kiln
design, the Gali width will be taken as half of the
dug width. Hence,

Gali width = Half of Dug width

Gali width for IDZZK = 0.5 x 28 = 14 feet
Gali width for NDZZK= 0.5 x 22 = 11 feet

https://www.gkspl.in/wp-
content/uploads/2018/10/REBM9.pdfv
 Dimension of main components

 MIYAN DIMENSIONS
The length of the Miyan is
decided according to the number of
chambers to be set on one side of the
trench length. To make the kiln
efficient and compact, a smaller
length is preferred.
▪ The width of the Miyan also varies,
which should at least
accommodate the base of
chimney. It varies between 16 to 30
feet.
▪ Miyan length = 156 feet (26
chambers) or 192ft (32 chambers)
▪ Miyan width = 25–28 feet for natural
and 18 ft for induced draft
https://www.gkspl.in/wp-
zigzag kilns
content/uploads/2018/10/REBM9.pdfv
▪ Miyan height = 10–11 feet
 KILN’S OUTER DIMENSIONS:

 A kiln’s outer dimensions can be calculated simply by adding dug

width and gali width to the miyan wall’s dimensions,
As we are taking the production rate of bricks as 44000 bricks per day
so we will design our kiln walls according to it and all the other
parameters will be taken accordingly.
Dimensions Taken for 44000 bricks/day
 Length of miyan= 156 ft
 Galli width= 16.5 ft
 Width of miyan= 25ft
 Dug width= 33ft

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Continual,

As we know that,
Length of kiln (excluding outer wall thickness) = Length of miyan + 2 x gali width
Length of kiln= 156 + 2 x 15 = 189 ft

Breadth of kiln (excluding outer wall thickness) = Width of miyan + 2 x dug width
Breadth of kiln= 26 + 2 x 33 = 92 ft

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Standard dimensions of zigzag kiln

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 KILN WALLS

 The outer wall and the miyan wall are the two key kiln walls. Since
there is a lot of workers’ movement around the walls, they need to
be strong and durable.

Outer wall design:

 Generally, the outer wall is a double brick wall plastered with mud.
The space between the walls is filled with mud and ash, for
insulation. A three inch inclination is maintained from the bottom to
the top of the outer on the outside of the kiln.

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
Continual,
 Wicket gate or Dwari:
Wicket gates are provided in the outer wall of the kiln for
transportation of bricks in and out of the kiln. There is no consistent
design methodology to define size, positioning and number of wicket
gates.
The following considerations must be taken into account
while designing a wicker gate:
 Heat loss must be minimized;
 It should be easy to transport green bricks into and fired bricks out
of the kiln.
 It should be easy and to transport green bricks into the dug
efficiently using any mode of transport, either human, animal,
electric cars or trucks.

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Diagrams:

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Kiln floor:
 The ground of the kiln is made in such a way that it exchanges heat
with the kiln.
 Most of the heat absorbed by the floor of the kiln is conducted to
the ground below.
 The amount of heat loss depends upon the ground condition.
 The water table and moisture content in the ground has a large role
in ground heat loss.
 The ground heat loss is about 10 – 20% of total heat input. Hence, it
is a serious component to be considered for the energy-efficiency
of the kiln.

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Kiln Floor Design

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Chimney:
 The chimney is the most important and costly section of a kiln
structure. Hence, chimney design is of prime concern for all kiln
owners.
 In retrofitting of existing kiln into High Draft zig zag kiln same chimney
can be used but for stack monitoring, a port hole and a proper
platform for placing the monitoring instrument should be provided.
 In Natural draft zig zag kiln the chimney is responsible for creating
the draft and therefore the height of the chimney is decided
depending upon the production capacity.

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Design For Chimney:

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 Apparatus required:

https://cdn.cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/slideshows/TP-cleaner-brick-production-
20171211-15-Understanding-Zig-Zag-Sonal-Kumar-and-Rahul-Kumar.pdf
 SUGGESTIONS TO
IMPROVE EFFICIENCY
EFFECTIG FACTORS
Factors affecting efficiency of zigzag brick
kilns
 Brick stacking
 Height of chimney
 Zigzag path
 Fuel quality and consumption
 Fuel gas scrubbers
 No.of chambers
 Bricks stacking

 The bricks are stacked in such a manner to guide the air flow in a zigzag
path.

 Zigzag flow increases the air flow path length and turbulence in the air,
thereby resulting in improved combustion & heat transfer rate and uniform
temperature across the kiln cross section.

 Also the long firing zone and fuel feeding practice improves the combustion
efficiency of the kiln.
 Height of chimney

 It is obvious that zigzag design is efficient because of reduced emissions.

 All the environmental hazardous emissions can't be removed but after scrubbing
the remaining ones can be avoid by increasing the height of the chimney.
 By doing this, human health can be secured to some extent.
 For a given daily production capacity and brick-setting design, chimney internal
diameter and height changes according to the type of Zigzag kiln. The cross-
section of chimney can be of circular and square type.
 If the production capacity is higher, the chimney height is also high.

https://www.brickguru.in/web/brickguru/blogs?arturl=blog06-prevalent-misconceptions-
regarding-construction-and-operation-of-a-zigzag-kiln
Zigzag path

 The length of the zigzag path is about 3 times then FCBTK.

 To remain economical this path should be of optimized length
because if the path length is too long then more energy is required
to transfer flue gasses to bricks.
 Moreover, the zigzag design ensure uniform distribution of heat and
proper mixing of fuel and air for combustion.

Report No. 60155-BD Introducing Energy-efficient Clean Technologies

in the Brick Sector of Bangladesh June, 2011
 Fuel quality and consumption

 All brick kilns in developing countries are of a fuel-efficient design, resulting in

minimal CO2 and black carbon emissions, higher productivity and improved
working conditions.

 Our Mission That the environmentally friendly Zigzag Kiln technology is

implemented in place of existing inefficient and polluting brick kilns, ensuring
improved economic, environmental and social outcomes.

Report No. 60155-BD Introducing Energy-efficient Clean Technologies in the Brick

Sector of Bangladesh June, 2011
 Continued;
 If we use good quality of fuel then its consumption is less, on the other side
poor quality fuel effects the combustion and heating process of bricks
and can be the cause of low quality bricks, this makes the zigzag brick
kiln less efficient.
 This also results in producing high emissions, that’s why by using good
quality of fuel, efficiency of zigzag brick kiln can be increased.

http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=fuel+quality+and+consumption+for+zigz
ag+brick+kiln&d=4904841635692690&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-
US&w=vPav9Mc7uqS2doJTTBb8_5aFnfOUVCwI
 Flue gas scrubbers

 A flue gas scrubber with a water filled duct is in work

connecting to the outlet chimney.
 To improve the efficiency, the scrubbing water must be
cleaned after certain time, so that it can extract more
impurities and toxicants via super-heated steam.

Report No. 60155-BD Introducing Energy-efficient Clean

Technologies in the Brick Sector of Bangladesh June, 2011
 No.Of chambers

 There are more then 16 chambers in a zigzag brick kiln, which are connecting to
each other by dampers.
 Chambers shouldn't be of large area because the hot gas during firing pass
through dampers to adjacent chambers for pre-heating.
 If they are of large area then it might be possible that bricks not heated properly
and which results in poor quality of bricks, that’s why to obtain bricks of class-1,
chambers must be of small size.

Case Studies on Cleaner Brick Production Case Study No.2 Production of Bricks
through Natural Draft Zigzag Kiln December 2015 Greentech Knowledge Solutions
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India www.gkspl.in
Pakistan air pollution reduction by
zigzag kiln
 Air Pollution In Different cities of Pakistan

PM2.5
(µg/m3)

YEAR

Reference : www.who.in
Air Pollution in different cities of Pakistan
Reference: PAQI research given at
link: https://medium.com/pakistan-air-quality-initiative/
 Zigzag kiln Improvement on Air pollution

Reference: Article written By Rahul Kumar Singh “Brick Kiln shifting to Zig-
Zag Kiln “ at link : www.downtoearth.org.in
 Brick kiln in Pakistan
 Total 20,000 brick kiln in Pakistan .

 By changing, every brick kiln to zigzag kiln, the reduction of emission

is 70% by the article.

 Research Article: “Energy Efficient and Environment Friendly Brick Kiln”

(2017) Written by Faiza Sharif and Sanval Nasim
 Link: https://cdpr.org.pk/wp.../Energy-efficient-and-environment-friendly-
brick-kilns.pdf
 Zigzag kiln used in Pakistan

 One Zigzag kiln is located in Lahore .

 South Punjab’s zigzag made operational in Jahanian,
Khanewal district.