INDEX

Abnormal moveout: inversion, 1827, 2020

associated with turning waves, 686 processing sequence in relation to, 1839
Acoustic impedance: 1808 three-dimensional (3-D), 1863
estimation, 1863 Average velocity, 432
processing sequence to estimate, 1865 Azimuth dependence of moveout velocities, 1036
three-dimensional (3-D), 1872 Azimuth moveout (AMO): 1047
volume, 1901 correction for, 1340
Air wave, 81 Band-pass filtering, 42
Aki-Richards equation for AVO, 1816, 2019 Band-reject filtering, 42
Alias frequency, 31 Bandwidth:
Amplitude spectrum: and filter length, 46
two-dimensional, 55, 1541 and vertical resolution, 46
one-dimensional, 26, 153 Binning of 3-D data, 1019
of a wavelet, 29 Birefringence, 1999
Amplitude variation with offset (AVO): 1807, 1814 Body waves, 1795, 2008
equations for, 1816, 1832 Bortfeld equation for AVO, 1816
for anisotropic medium, 1998 Bulk modulus, 1795, 2011
Anisotropic dip-moveout (DMO) correction, 1968 Cable feathering, 1019
Anisotropic migration, 1980 Cable noise, 81, 840
Aniostropic velocity analysis, 1965 Calibration to well tops, 1426
Anisotropy: 1961 Cascaded migration, 525
and AVO response, 1998 Causal wavelet, 176
shear-wave splitting, 1999 Cheops’ pyramid, 726
elliptical, 1965 Chebychev recursion, 1083, 1201
weak, 1965 CMP fold, 93
Antialiasing: CMP sorting, 93
in 3-D prestack depth migration, 1333 CMP stack:
in 3-D DMO correction, 1049 and zero-offset section, 467
Aperture in migration: 502 CMP stacking:
effect of random noise on, 508 as a principle process, 4, 26, 91
Asymptotic conversion point (ACP), 1946 effect of charge type, 6
Asymptotic ray solution, 1348 effect of deomgraphic restrictions, 7
Autocorrelation: effect of near-surface, 6
and multiple reflections, 209, 884 Coherency inversion: 1354, 1369, 1667
frequency-domain description of, 41 applied to 3-D seismic data, 1665
computation of, 40 ray tracing in, 1443
and Wiener filter, 179 velocity resolution in, 1404
Automatic gain control (AGC), 81 Coherent linear noise: 838
AVO (amplitude variation with offset), 1814 and DMO correction, 716
analysis, 1851 and slant-stack transformation, 924
attributes, 1854 dip filtering of, 905
crossplots, 1858 in the f -k domain, 65, 838
equations for, 1816, 1832 Common-conversion-point (CCP): 1933, 1946
gradient, 1820 binning, 1933
intercept, 1820 Common-midpoint (CMP) gather, 93
interpretation, 1862 Common-midpoint (CMP) stack, 93
xxvi Seismic Data Analysis

Common-offset section: 93 Crossline smearing, 1020

in relation to DMO correction, 669 Crossplotting in AVO analysis, 1858
Common-offset migration, 728, 777 Cycles per second (Hz), 26
Common-reflection-point gathers: 670, 774 Cycles per unit distance:
and migration velocity analysis, 788 (wavenumber), 48
from 3-D prestack migration, 1121 Data modeling: 10, 1355
Common-reflection-point stack, 769 by generalized linear inversion (GLI), 1525
Common-reflection-surface stack, 769 Deconvolution:
Common-receiver gathers: 93 and random noise, 207
from prestack depth migration, 1285, 1297 as a principle process, 4, 26, 91, 159
Common-shot gather, 93 conjugate-gradient method for, 1529
Complex overburden structures, 1214 deterministic, 170, 172, 181
Complex Wiener filter, 995 frequency-domain, 233
Compressional (P ) waves, 1795 generalized linear inverse formalism of, 1526
Compressional-wave velocity: in the τ -p domain, 932
and confining pressure, 272 poststack, 222
and depth of burial, 273 predictive, 185
and lithology, 273 prestack, 213
in dry and saturated rocks, 272 signature, 217
Conflicting dips: spiking, 180, 189
and dip-moveout (DMO) correction, 655 surface-consistent, 262
associated with fault-plane reflections, 657 time-variant, 227
associated with salt-flank reflections, 657 types of, 189
Conjugate gradient method for deconvolution, 1529 reverse of convolution, 167
Constant phase shift statistical, 170, 181
and change in wavelet shape, 34 vibroseis, 219
Constant time shift Deep seismic sounding, 3
and linear phase shift, 34 Demultiplexing, 91
Constant-velocity migration, 776 Depth estimation:
Constant-velocity stacking: 290 from refracted arrivals, 444
by Radon transform, 954 Depth migration: 464, 1224
Constrained inversion, 1526 applied to 3-D poststack data, 1304
Converted waves, 1915 applied to 3-D prestack data, 1321
Convolution, 38 applied to 2-D poststack data, 1238
commutativity in, 39 applied to 2-D prestack data, 1249
mechanics of, 39 of zero-offset data, 1245
Convolutional model, 162 versus time migration, 1244
in the frequency domain, 170 Depth step size: 646
and random noise, 207 in 15-degree finite-difference migration, 520
in the time domain, 167 in frequency-space migration, 537
equation for, 168 in frequency-wavenumber migration, 566
surface-consistent, 169 in phase-shift migration, 566
Correlation: Depth structure maps, 1425
as a time-domain process, 39 Deregowski loop (iterative residual moveout analysis), 1462
of vibroseis data, 41 Deterministic deconvolution, 170, 172, 181
Coupling of geophones in 4-C recording, 1922 Differencing schemes, 488
Critical angle of refraction, 377, 445 Diffraction: 482, 1795, 2012
Crosscorrelation: response in laterally varying media, 1223
frequency-domain description of, 41 Diffraction hyperbola, 482
computation of, 40 in the f -k domain, 498
and Wiener filter, 179 Diffraction term, 490, 640
Crossdip, 1029 Diffraction summation, 484
Cross-equalization in 4-D seismic, 1912 Diving waves, 1524
Crossline direction in 3-D surveys, 1002 DMO ellipse, 681, 826
Crossline migration, 1129 Dip filtering:
 Index xxvii

in slant-stack domain, 931 structure-dependent, 1354, 1574, 1651

of coherent linear noise: 905 structure-independent, 1354, 1450, 1577, 1678
time-variant, 931 Earthquake seismology, 1
Dip-line shooting, 1027 Eigenimage: 891
Dip-moveout (DMO) correction: 655, 820 decomposition for multiple attenuation, 893
and coherent linear noise, 716 Eikonal equation, 1325, 1346
and fault-plane reflections, 693 finite-difference solution to, 1349
and multiple reflections, 705 high-frequency limit in relation to, 1325, 1349
and reflection-point dispersal, 670 Elastic deformation, 1795
and residual statics corrections, 718 Elastic moduli, 1795, 2006
and salt-flank reflections, 692 Elastic wave equation, 2007
and stacking velocities, 657 Elastic wavefield modeling, 1790
and trace interpolation, 718 Engineering seismology, 1
and velocity analysis, 662, 677 Explicit schemes: 488, 646
anisotropic, 1968 applied to 3-D poststack migration, 1082, 1200
applied to 3-D seismic data, 1009, 1046, 1050, 1720 for frequency-space migration, 493, 644
as part of sequence for prestack time migration, 728 stability of, 493
as prestack partial migration, 670 Exploding reflectors model, 467
constant-velocity, 674 Exploding reflectors migration operator, 636
effect of velocity errors on, 681 Exploration seismology, 1
frequency-wavenumber method of, 672, 821 Far-field term, 486, 1346
integral method of, 679 Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 27
log-stretch method of, 677, 823 Field statics corrections, 375
of diffractions, 674 Filtering, 41
of dipping events, 676 Filter coefficients, 41
of P S data, 1959 Filter length, 44
principles of, 668 and Gibbs phenomenon, 45
processing sequence for, 692 Filter scans, 48
variable-velocity, 684 Finite-difference migration: 486
Dip-moveout operator: 671, 730, 826 and spatial aliasing, 584, 609
for P -to-S converted data, 1963 applied to 3-D seismic data, 1074
Dipping events: depth step size in, 520
and slant-stack transformation, 924 downward continuation in, 486
DMO correction of, 676 differencing schemes in, 488, 492
migration of, 477 steep-dip, 492
NMO for, 285 velocity errors in, 525
in t-x and f -k domains, 57 First breaks, 374
Discrete Radon transform, 943 f -k domain, 55
Dispersion: mapping of dipping events in, 57
of guided waves, 838 migration of dipping events in, 496
Dispersion relation, 489, 629 f -k filtering:
Diving wave, 371 and random noise, 904
Dix conversion, 1354, 1365, 1534, 1742 and velocity analysis, 911
Dix equation, 312, 1365, 1539 of linear noise attenuation, 898, 905
Double-square-root equation, 632 f -k migration, 494
Downgoing waves: 628 of dipping events, 496
and free-surface multiple attenuation, 990 of diffraction hyperbola, 496
Downward continuation: 486, 630 wraparound in, 575
of shots and receivers in wave-equation datuming, 1234 f -k multiple attenuation, 907
t-outer scheme for, 491 f -k plane, 51
z-outer scheme for, 491 f -k spectrum, 55
Earth imaging, 1213 Fluid factor, 1828
Earth modeling: 10, 1356 Fluid saturation, 1820
by layer-by-layer inversion, 1433, 1445, 1574 Focusing analysis, 798
by time-to-depth conversion, 1416 Fold of coverage: 93
xxviii Seismic Data Analysis

in 3-D surveys, 1023, 1034 as t-squared scaling, 85

4-C seismic method, 1915 function, 84
4-D seismic method, 1911 as time-variant scaling, 81
Fourier transform: as rms amplitude AGC, 85
definition of, 25 as instantaneous AGC, 87
and addition, 154 Fresnel zone, 1803
and autocorrelation, 154 Gapped deconvolution, 185
and convolution, 154 Gardner’s density relation, 1798
and differentiation, 154 Gauss’s divergence theorem, 1343
and its relation to z-transform, 155 Generalized reciprocal method, 379
and multiplication, 154 Generalized linear inversion (GLI): 1525
and scaling operation, 154 applied to reflection traveltime tomography, 1552
and shifting operation, 154 applied to surface-consistent deconvolution, 1530
computation of 2-D, 58 for discrete Radon transformation, 943, 984, 1534
integral of, 153, 156 formalism of deconvolution, 1526
one-dimensional, 26, 153 for refraction statics corrections, 448, 1532
theorems, 154 for residual statics corrections, 444, 1531
two-dimensional, 48, 156 Geometric spreading correction, 81
Fourth-order moveout, 280, 437 Gibbs phenomenon, 45
Fowler’s prestack time migration, 803 Goupillaud earth model, 167
noindent Free-surface multiple attenuation, 989 Goodway et al inversion for AVO, 1833, 2022
Frequency, 26 Gradient (AVO attribute), 1820
Frequency filtering, 41 Green’s function, 1344
design and application of, 44 Green’s theorem, 1345
Frequency aliasing, 30 Gridding, 1543
Frequency-domain deconvolution: 233 Ground roll: 69
design and application of, 238 backscattered component of, 69
theory of, 253 Group velocity, 1963
Frequency-space migration: Guided waves: 70
and spatial aliasing, 584, 609 analysis of, 977
depth step size in, 537 Half-space velocity analysis, 1415, 1609, 1647
dip limits in, 549 Head wave: 371
explicit schemes for, 493, 549, 644 in relation to eikonal equation, 1328
implicit schemes for, 492, 535, 641 Hertz (cycles per second), 26
in practice, 530 High-cut filtering, 42
velocity errors in, 544, 552 High-frequency limit, 1325, 1349
f -x (frequency-space) deconvolution, 966, 995 Hilbert transform, 254
f -x filter, 995 Hooke’s law, 1795, 2007
f -x (frequency-space) migration, 492, 530, 641, 644 Horizon velocity analysis, 312
Frequency-wavenumber DMO correction, 672 Huygens’ secondary source, 482
Frequency-wavenumber filtering: Huygens’ principle: 1343
and random noise, 904 applied to anisotropic medium, 1967
and statics corrections, 905 Hyperbolic moveout, 274
of linear noise attenuation, 898, 905 Hyperbolic Radon transform, 943, 984
Frequency-wavenumber migration: 494, 649 Image gathers, 1355, 1406, 1461, 1695, 1746
and spatial aliasing, 584, 610 and multiples, 1618
depth step size in, 566 model verification by, 1563
dip limits in, 559 residual moveout analysis of, 1462, 1756
in practice, 559 Imaging beneath:
of prestack data, 776, 831 shallow gas anomalies, 1620
phase-shift method of, 498 volcanics, 1597
Stolt method of, 500 Imaging principle, 472
velocity errors in, 567 Image rays, 1226, 1238, 1243
Frequency-wavenumber multiple attenuation, 907 map migration by, 1425, 1674
Gain: time-to-depth conversion by, 1425
 Index xxix

Impedance contrast, 1809 decomposition to eigenimages by, 891

Implicit schemes: 489, 646 K-filtering
rational approximations for, 489 to avoid spatial aliasing, 58
for frequency-space migration, 492, 535, 641 K-L transform, 887
applied to 3-D poststack migration, 1074, 1198 Kirchhoff integral, 1343
Impulse response: 36 Kirchhoff migration: 481
of a dip-moveout operator, 681 amplitude and phase factors for, 485
of a migration operator, 484 and Huygens’ secondary source, 482
of 15-degree operator, 520 and point source, 482
of implicit schemes, 537 and spatial aliasing, 582, 609
of phase-shift migration operator, 565 aperture in, 502
of prestack time migration operator, 730 maximum dip limit in, 509
of reverse time migration operator, 535 of prestack data, 788
of 3-D implicit schemes, 1074 of 3-D seismic data, 1073
Inline direction in 3-D surveys, 1002 velocity errors in, 509
Instantaneous AGC, 87 Kirchhoff summation, 485
Instantaneous attributes, 1896 aperture for, 502
Integral DMO correction, 679 applied to 3-D poststack migration, 1073
Interactive velocity analysis, 311 applied to 3-D prestack migration, 1324
Intercept (AVO attribute), 1820 far-field term in, 485
Interpretation of seismic data, 18, 1156 rho filter in, 486
removal of opacity in, 1158 Klauder wavelet, 219
seed detection applied to, 1159 Kunetz seismogram, 167
structural, 1161 Lamé’s constants, 1795, 2005
use of 3-D visualization in, 1156 Laplace transform:
use of time slices in, 1156 applied to 3-D explicit schemes, 1083
volume-based, 1690 Lateral resolution, 1803
Interval velocity estimation: Lateral velocity variations, 1222
by Dix conversion, 1365, 1417 Layer stripping (layer-by-layer earth modeling), 1433, 1445, 1574
by coherency inversion, 1369 Layer replacement, 1226
by half-space analysis, 1415 poststack, 1230
by image-gather analysis, 1406 prestack, 1231
by stacking velocity inversion, 1392 Layer velocity estimation:
effect of near-surface layer in, 1382 by Dix conversion, 1365
Inverse filter: 171 by coherency inversion, 1369
design and application of, 172 by half-space analysis, 1415
least-squares, 173 by image-gather analysis, 1406
theory of, 252 by stacking velocity inversion, 1392
Inverse Q filtering, 234 effect of near-surface layer in, 1382
theory of, 266 Layer velocities, 1356
Inverse of the source wavelet, 172, 251 Least-squares inverse filter, 173
Inversion: Least-squares method:
broad meaning, 10 for residual statics corrections, 342
for data modeling, 10 for refraction statics corrections, 379
for earth modeling, 10, 1356, 1450 Levinson recursion, 259
narrow meaning, 10 Linear moveout: 923, 938
of seismic data, 10 associated with refracted arrivals, 380, 450
to zero-offset (IZO), 1048 Linear noise, 838
Irregular water bottom: 1233 Linear superposition, 38
imaging beneath, 1597 linear uncorrelated noise attenuation, 960
Isotropic solid: 1965 Li’s correction in 3-D poststack migration, 1203
elastic wave equation for, 2008 L1 -norm refraction statics, 456
Isotropy, 1961 L1 -norm residual statics, 458
Iterative depth migration, 1247 Log-stretch DMO correction, 677, 823
Karhunen-Loeve transform: 887 Long-wavelength statics anomalies, 370
xxx Seismic Data Analysis

Low-cut filtering, 42 by reflection traveltime tomography, 1469

Map migration, 1356, 1425 by residual moveout analysis of image gathers, 1462
Map processing, 1539 Model verification, 1563
Marquardt’s damping factor, 1526 Modulus of rigidity, 1795
Maximum-energy summation in 3-D prestack depth migration, Mudrock line, 1828
1331 Multicable recording in 3-D marine surveys, 1018
McClellan transform, 1082, 1202 Multicomponent recording, 1919
Migration: Multiple attenuation: 837
algorithms, 471, 501 by f -k filtering, 898
and edge effects, 620 by K-L transform, 887
and line length, 621 by modeling, 897
and random noise, 619 by predictive deconvolution, 209, 874
and spatial aliasing, 581 by Radon transform, 953
anisotropic, 1980 by τ -p deconvolution, 932
aperture in 2-D, 502 by velocity discrimination, 887
aperture in 3-D, 1010 free-surface, 989
as a principle process, 4, 26, 91, 463 water-bottom, 992
boundary and initial conditions for, 490 Multiple reflections: 81, 167, 838
from topography, 626 and autocorrelogram, 884
horizontal displacement in, 478 and DMO correction, 705
in the τ -p domain, 982 and image gathers, 1618
of dipping events, 477 and migration, 857
of P S data, 1961 and velocity analysis, 861
of synclines and anticlines, 480 in Radon-transform domain, 952
of 3-D seismic data, 1073 in slant-stack domain, 924
strategies, 470, 1322 periodicity of, 877
treatment of multiple reflections by, 857 types of, 856
velocities, 475 Multiplexed data, 91
vertical displacement in, 478 Mute compensation, 308
Migration velocity analysis: 775 Muting, 285
applied to 3-D seismic data, 1131 Near-field term, 1346
by common-offset migration, 777 NMO stretching, 283, 440
by Kirchhoff summation, 788 Noah’s deconvolution, 991
by prestack Stolt migration, 776 Noise attenuation, 837
by wavefield extrapolation, 833 by f -x deconvolution, 966, 995
using common-reflection-point gathers, 788 Normal-incidence rays, 468, 1238, 1242
Migration velocity field, 788 Nonhyperbolic moveout: 1232, 1235
Minimum delay, 178 associated with anisotropy, 1966
Minimum phase: 175 associated with lateral velocity variations, 1214
and causality, 176 associated with P -to-S conversion, 1956
Minimum-distance summation in 3-D prestack depth migration, Nonstationarity, 167, 222
1331 Nonzero-offset traveltime equation, 725, 827
Minimum-time summation in 3-D prestack depth migration, 1331 Nonzero-offset wavefield modeling, 1781
Minus time in refraction theory, 378, 447 Normal modes, 978
Mixed phase, 178 Normal moveout (NMO): 274, 639
Modeling: for a dipping reflector, 285, 442
elastic wavefield, 1790 for a flat reflector, 274
nonzero-offset wavefield, 1781 for a horizontally layered earth, 280
zero-offset traveltime, 468, 1780 for anisotropic medium, 1966
zero-offset wavefield, 1223, 1781 for a 3-D dipping reflector, 1036
Model representation and visualization: 1360 for layers with arbitrary dips, 287
triangulation in relation to, 1362 function of offset, velocity and time, 280, 288
tessellation in relation to, 1363 in relation to dip-moveout (DMO), 656
Model updating: 1450 Normal-moveout correction: 279
applied to 3-D seismic data, 1678 dip-dependent, 669
 Index
dip-independent, 669
Normal-moveout velocity: 274
versus stacking velocity, 288
Nyquist frequency, 29
Nyquist wavenumber, 48
OBC (ocean-bottom cable), 1917
Obliquity factor, 485
Omega-x (frequency-space) migration, 492
One-pass 3-D migration, 1074, 1199
One-way wave equation, 489
noindent Opacity, 1158, 1714, 1773
Operator aliasing, 609
Operator length:
in frequency filtering, 44
in predictive deconvolution, 190
Overcorrection in normal-moveout, 280
Parabolic approximation to wave equation, 639
Parabolic equation, 490, 639
Parabolic moveout, 944
Parabolic Radon transform, 944, 987
Parseval’s theorem, 154, 178
Parsimony in processing, 124
Period, 26
Phase-lag, 26
Phase-shift migration: 498, 629, 649
and spatial aliasing, 584, 610
applied to 3-D seismic data, 1203
impulse response of, 565
depth step size in, 566
velocity errors in, 567
Phase-shift-plus-correction:
migration by, 1088
Phase spectrum, 153
of a wavelet, 29
Phase rotation, 34
and change in polarity, 35
Phase velocity, 1963
Plane-wave decomposition:
and slant-stack transform, 921
and 2-D Fourier transform, 55
Plus-minus method, 377
Plus time in refraction theory, 378, 447
Point diffractor: 1223
and Kirchhoff migration, 483, 1344
and downward continuation, 487
Point source, 482
Poisson’s ratio: 1795, 2005
and fluid saturation, 1820
and VP /VS ratio, 2011
Polarity, 35
Poststack deconvolution, 222
Poststack depth migration, 1224
applied to 2-D seismic data, 1238, 1356
applied to 3-D seismic data, 1304
Poststack layer replacement, 1230
xxxi
Poststack migration, 470
Power-line interference, 81
P P section, 1922
P S section, 1922
Prediction error filter: 186, 262
design and application of, 189
Prediction filter: 186, 260
complex, 995
design and application of, 188
for noise attenuation, 966
Prediction lag:
in predictive deconvolution, 185, 193
Predictive deconvolution:
by Wiener filtering, 185
in practice, 190
multiple attenuation by, 209
operator length in, 190
percent prewhitening in, 203
prediction lag in, 193
theory of, 260
Prestack amplitude inversion, 1827, 1851, 2019
Prestack deconvolution, 213
Prestack depth migration: 1273, 1357
shot-geophone method of, 1274
shot-profile method of, 1280
Prestack f -k migration, 776, 831
Prestack imaging (PSI), 728
Prestack layer replacement, 1231
Prestack migration, 470
Prestack partial migration, 670
Prestack Stolt migration, 776
Prestack time migration: 725
by Kirchhoff summation, 788
ellipse for, 828
for AVO analysis, 1848
frequency-wavenumber technique for, 831
Fowler’s velocity-independent, 803
of common-offset data, 728
of fault-plane refelctions, 742
of salt-flank reflections, 729
operator for, 731
summation techniques for, 726, 829
Prewhitening: 255
in deconvolution, 181, 203
Primary reflections, 70, 167
Principle of superposition:
applied to deconvolution, 167
applied to migration, 469
Processing of seismic data, 4
Programmed gain control, 85
P -to-S conversion, 1813, 1915
P (compressional) waves, 1795
P -wave impedance, 1831
P -wave reflectivity, 1816
P -wave velocity: 2009
xxxii Seismic Data Analysis

and confining pressure, 272 Residual statics corrections: 324

and depth of burial, 273 and DMO correction, 718
and lithology, 273 and velocity analysis, 336
in dry and saturated rocks, 272 applied to 3-D data, 1050
Q factor, 225 by generalized linear inversion, 444
Quality control in processing, 122 by stack-power maximization, 365
Radial component in 4-C seismic, 1926 by traveltime decomposition, 345
Radon transform: 932, 982 processing sequence for, 381
and generalized linear inversion, 984 surface-consistent, 341
hyperbolic, 943, 984 Residual statics estimation:
multiple attenuation, 953 by least-squares method, 342
parabolic, 944, 987 by L1 -norm minimization, 458
Random noise, 81, 876 by stack-power maximization, 344
and convolutional model, 168 by traveltime decomposition, 336, 443
and f -k filtering, 904 correlation window for, 361
and migration, 619 effect of moveout errors in, 365
attenuation of, 837, 995 Gauss-Seidel method for, 343
migration aperture in the presence of, 508 maximum allowable shift in, 346
Ray parameter, 922 Reverberations, 843
Raypath, 2012 Reverse time migration, 491, 530
Ray tracing: Rho filter:
in coherency inversion, 1443, 1451 in Kirchhoff summation, 486
in traveltime calculation for prestack depth migration, 1324 in slant-stack transformation, 923
Ray velocity, 1963 RMS amplitude AGC, 85
Reflections, 70, 1795, 1808, 2012 RMS velocity: 280
Reflection coefficient: 1864 estimated from prestack time migration, 776, 1131, 1720
and 1-D seismogram, 165 Rotation of geophone components in 4-C seismic, 1926, 1945
series, 165 Seed detection, 1159, 1707, 1716
Reflection-point dispersal: 670, 817 Semblance: 301
associated with transverse isotropy, 1966 in coherency inversion, 1381, 1402, 1442
for a 3-D dipping reflector, 1047 Seismic anisotropy, 1961
Reflection traveltime tomography, 1469, 1545 Seismic impedance, 1808
Reflectivity; Seismic method, 1
as a random process, 171 Seismic monitoring, 22
series, 167 Seismic resolution: 1801
Reflector curvature, 1813 vertical, 1801
Reflector geometries, 1356 lateral, 1803
Refractions, 375, 1795, 1808, 2012 Seismic wavefield, 470
from a flat interface, 375, 445 Seismic waves, 1795, 2008
from a dipping interface, 377, 446 Separation versus splitting:
Refraction statics corrections: 370 in 3-D migration, 1074, 1199, 1314
applied to 3-D data, 1036 Shallow seismic method, 3
by generalized linear inversion, 449 Shaping filter, 183
by generalized-reciprocal method, 379 Shear (S) waves, 1795
by least-squares method, 379 Shear-wave splitting (birefringence), 1999
by L1 -norm minimization, 457 Shear-wave velocity:
by plus-minus method, 377 and confining pressure, 272
by tomography, 454 in dry and saturated rocks, 272
Refraction traveltime tomography, 453 Shifted hyperbola, 283, 437
Relative trace balancing, 90 Shift term, 493
Remez exchange algorithm, 645, 1083 Shortest-path summation in 3-D prestack depth migration, 1331
Reservoir characterization, 1794 Short-wavelength statics anomalies, 370
Reservoir monitoring, 1794, 1913 Shot-geophone migration, 633, 1274
Residual migration, 575, 651 Shot-profile migration, 1280
Residual moveout analysis of image gathers, 1462 Shuey equation for AVO, 1818
 Index xxxiii

Side-scattered noise, 81, 838 applied to 3-D seismic data, 1674

Sideswipe energy, 1003 Stack-power maximization:
Signal: for residual statics corrections, 365
analog versus digital, 28 Stationary signal, 167, 222
analysis of, 24, 27 Statics corrections: 325
synthesis of, 24, 27 and f -k filtering, 905
time-dependent, 27 Stationary phase method:
Signature deconvolution, 217 to derive traveltime equations, 638
Slant stack: 920 to derive the equation for DMO ellipse, 826
and plane waves, 920 Statistical deconvolution, 170, 181
multiple attenuation, 932 Steep-dip migration, 535, 549, 641
practical aspects of, 924 Stepout, 51, 922
physical aspects of, 920 Stiffness matrix, 1965
transformation, 923 Stolt migration: 500, 649
Small-dip approximation: applied to prestack data, 776
in NMO correction, 287 three-dimensional, 1204
in migration, 490 Stolt stretch, 501, 572, 650
Small-spread hyperbola, 280 Strain: 1794, 2001
Smith and Gidlow inversion for AVO, 1824, 2020 compressional, 2003
Snell wave, 922 extensional, 2003
Snell’s law, 1535, 2016 normal, 2002
Solid model, 1431, 1718 shear, 2004
Sonic log: Stratigraphic interpretation, 1171, 1744
and 1-D seismogram, 162 Stress: 1794, 2001
Source waveform, 167 compressional, 1794, 2001
inverse of, 172, 251 normal, 1794, 2001
Sparse-spike reflectivity, 1872, 1900 shear, 1794, 2001
Spatial aliasing: tensional, 1794, 2001
and 3-D DMO correction, 1049 tensor, 2001
and migration, 581, 1017 Stretching caused by NMO correction, 283, 440
definition of, 51 Stretch factor for Stolt migration, 501, 572, 650
of dipping events, 64 Strike-line shooting, 1027
and threshold frequency, 65 Structurally consistent earth modeling, 1742
ways to avoid, 56 Structural interpretation, 1161, 1744
Spatial frequency, 48 Structural inversion: 1557
Spatial prediction filter: three-dimensional, 1626, 1651, 1674, 1703
applied to random noise attenuation, 966, 995 Structure-dependent earth modeling, 1354, 1574
applied to trace interpolation, 1065, 1204 Structure-independent earth modeling, 1354, 1450, 1577
Spectral decomposition, 255 Subsalt imaging, 1558, 1574, 1626, 1651
Spectral whitening, 231 Surface-consistent:
Spherical spreading factor, 485 convolutional model, 169
Spiking deconvolution: deconvolution, 262
and minimum phase, 178 Surface waves, 1795, 2008
by Wiener filtering, 180 Survey design in 3-D seismic exploration, 1010
as special case of predictive deconvolution, 189 Swath recording in 3-D land surveys, 1028, 1031
theory of, 258 S (shear) waves, 1795
Stable filter, 178 S-wave impedance, 1831
Stable extrapolation, 493, 644 S-wave reflectivity, 1816
Stacking chart, 93 S-wave velocity: 2010
Stacking operator, 636 and confining pressure, 272
Stacking velocity: in dry and saturated rocks, 272
and dip-moveout correction, 657 Swell noise, 838
for a 3-D dipping reflector, 1045 Synthetic seismogram: 249
versus normal-moveout velocity, 288 and convolutional model, 168
Stacking velocity inversion: 1354, 1392 in relation to amplitude inversion, 1874
xxxiv Seismic Data Analysis

Synthetic sonic logs, 1864 Time-variant scaling, 81

τ -p domain: 923 Time-variant spectral whitening, 231
multiple attenuation, 932 Toeplitz matrix: 180, 253
τ -p filter, 931 form in Radon transform, 985
Temporal frequency, 48 form in complex Wiener filter, 998
Tessellation in earth modeling, 1363, 1631 Tomography:
Thin-lens term, 490, 640 generalized linear inversion (GLI) applied to, 1474
Three-dimensional DMO correction: 1009, 1046, 1050, 1720 limitations in resolving velocity-depth ambiguity by, 1479
spatial aliasing in, 1049 model updating by, 1469
Three-dimensional migration: 470, 1005, 1051 reflection traveltime, 1469, 1545
velocity analysis, 1131 turning-ray, 1512
Three-dimensional poststack migration, 1073 Trace balancing, 89
by phase-shift method, 1203 Trace editing, 92
by Stolt method, 1204 Trace equalization, 89
explicit schemes applied to, 1082, 1200 Trace interpolation:
implicit schemes applied to, 1074, 1198 and DMO correction, 718
Kirchhoff summation applied to, 1073 and spatial aliasing, 57
Li’s correction applied to, 1203 by spatial prediction filters, 1065, 1204
phase-shift-plus-correction applied to, 1088 Transverse component in 4-C seismic, 1926
separation and splitting in, 1199 Transverse isotropy (TI), 1961
time versus depth, 1304 Traveltime decomposition:
two-pass versus one-pass, 1074 for residual statics corrections, 336, 443
Three-dimensional poststack depth migration, 1304, 1665 Traveltime calculation in 3-D prestack depth migration: 1324
implicit versus explicit, 1314 eikonal equation applied to, 1325
summation strategies in, 1331 Fermat’s principle applied to, 1331
traveltime calculations in, 1324 wavefront construction applied to, 1331
versus time migration, 1304 Traveltime equation:
Three-dimensional prestack time migration: 1099, 1137 associated with double-square-root equation, 638
common-offset, 1112, 1720 derivation by stationary phase approximations, 638
crossline method for, 1129 for 3-D nonzero-offset recording geometry, 1208
Three-dimensional prestack depth migration: 1321 for zero-offset recording geometry, 638
common-offset method of, 1335, 1757 Triangulation in earth modeling, 1362, 1636
Kirchhoff summation applied to, 1324 t-squared gain, 85
migration aperture in, 1333 t2 -x2 velocity analysis, 289
operator antialiasing in, 1333 Tuning thickness, 1806
traveltime calculation in, 1324 Turning rays, 689
Three-dimensional refraction statics corrections, 1036 Turning-ray tomography, 1512
Three-dimensional residual statics corrections, 1050 Turning-wave reflections: 665
Three-dimensional visualization, 1156 processing for, 685
Threshold for velocity-depth ambiguity, 1553 Turning-wave migration: 685
Time-lapse (4-D) seismic, 1912 Two-pass 3-D migration, 1074
Time migration: 464, 1223 Unconstrained inversion, 1526
of zero-offset data, 1245 Undercorrection in normal-moveout, 280
versus depth migration, 1244 Undersampling, 34
Time series, 29 Upcoming waves: 467, 628
Time slices: and downward continuation, 486, 630
before and after 3-D migration, 1056 and free-surface multiple attenuation, 990
Time structure maps, 1416 Velocity analysis: 288
Time-to-depth conversion, 1416 and DMO correction, 662
by map migration, 1425 and statics, 304
by vertical stretch, 1356 anisotropic, 1965
Time-variant deconvolution, 227 constant-velocity stack, 290
Time-variant dip filtering, 931 of P S data, 1946
Time-variant DMO correction, 684 of 3-D seismic data, 1050
Time-variant filtering, 48 t2 -x2 , 289
 Index xxxv

using velocity spectrum, 295 and migration velocity analysis, 833

Velocity field, 14 in the τ -p domain, 980
Velocity-density relation, 1797 Wavefield modeling, 629
Velocity-depth ambiguity: 14, 1357 Wavefront divergence: 167
threshold for, 1553 and geometric spreading correction, 81
Velocity-depth model, 14 Wavelength, 1801
Velocity errors: Wavelet:
and DMO correction, 681 and nonstationarity, 167
and 15-degree finite-difference migration, 525 as a time-dependent signal, 34
and frequency-space migration, 544, 552 minimum-phase, 176
and frequency-wavenumber migration, 567 realizable and causal, 176
and Kirchhoff migration, 509 shape and phase spectrum, 36
and phase-shift migration, 567 Wavelet processing, 183
sensitivity of image accuracy to, 1280 Wavelet shaping factor, 485
Velocity-independent prestack time migration, 803 Wavefront, 2012
Velocity spectrum: 292 Wavefront construction, 1331
and f -k filtering, 911 Wavefront velocity, 1963
and multiples, 887 Wavenumber:
effect of mute on, 308 cycles per unit distance, 48
effect of offset range on, 305 White noise:
effect of partial stacking on, 305 in deconvolution, 181
effect of random noise on, 306 Wiener filters: 179
effect of statics on, 304 complex, 995
measure of coherency used in, 295 equation for, 180
factors affecting, 302 design and application of, 180
Velocity-stack gather, 938 theory of, 255
Velocity-stack operator, 948 Wiener-Levinson algorithm, 180
Velocity-stack transformation, 942 Wrapround in f -k migration, 575
Vertical resolution, 1801 Young’s modulus, 1795, 2005
Vertically transverse isotropy (VTI), 1965 Zero-offset:
Vertical seismic profiling (VSP), 1907 depth migration, 1223, 1245
Vertical stretch, 1356 section associated with a point diffractor, 1223
Vibroseis correlation, 41, 219 time migration, 1223, 1245
Vibroseis deconvolution, 219 traveltime modeling, 1779
Vibroseis sweep signal, 41, 219 traveltime section, 468, 1359
Volume-based interpretation, 1690 in relation to DMO correction, 655
VP /VS ratio, 1799, 2011 wavefield modeling, 1781
VSP (vertical seismic profiling): 1907 wavefield section, 1239, 1789
acquisition geometry, 1907 Zero-offset traveltime equation: 638
processing, 1907 as special case of nonzero-offset traveltime equation, 726
VSP-CDP transform, 1908 Zero phase: 34
Water-bottom multiple attenuation, 992 frequency filter, 44
Wave-equation datuming: 1228 Zoeppritz equations, 1811, 2014
applied to wavefield modeling, 1782 z-transform: 155
three-dimensional poststack, 1321 of a wavelet, 172
Wavefield extrapolation: 628