1. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF GLASS USING TRAVELLING MICROSCOPE AIM: To find the refractive index of glass slab by real depth, apparent depth method using travelling microscope, APPARATUS REQUIRED: Travelling microscope, glass slabs of three different thicknesses, FORMULA: ll Me Real depth Apparent dept ff We Rec Be Ry Ro Ra. Rj Position of the microscope when the paper is on top of glass slab, in em R.—Position of the microscope wien the glass slab is placed on top of paper, in cm Rj ~Position of the microscope when paper is only kept, in cm PROCEDURE: ‘Make a mark on a paper and place it on the base of microscope Make the microscope vertical, focus it on the mark and take the reading as R Place glass slab over the mark Raise the microscope upwards and focus it on the image of the mark. Note the reading as R;. Place paper on top of the glass slab. Raise the microscope and focus it on the image of the mark. Note reading as Ry Repeat stops 4 ~ 6 for another thickness of the glass slab MAREE OBSERVATIONS: Least count of the travelling microscope 1 Main scale reading (MSR) = 0,05 em No: of venier scale divisions (VSD) = 50 mS 805 ie Least count = 5 =42- ~ 252 om = 0.001 em Glass Main scale | Vemier Scale | Vernier seale | Totalreading (cm) | Reffactive index Slab reading, | coincidence | reading, VSR | =MSR+VSR H MSR (cm) =VSCxLC (cm)RESULT: he refractive index of the glass slab is SOURCES OF ERROR: 1. The microscope scale may not be calibrated properly 2, ‘The rack and pinion arrangement may have been disturbed while focusing the microscope over the mark, PRECAUTUONS: 1. The microscope tube should be exactly vertical 2, Move the microscope in one direction to avoid backlash error. 2, FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX LENS AIM: To determine the focal length of the given convex lens by i) Distance — object method. i) u—vmethod ii) u—vegraph iv) 4-4.¢rmph APPARATUS REQUIRED: Convex lens, lens holder, illuminated wire gauze, metre scale, screen, FORMULA: Lens formula, For real images, v is positive and u is negative Hence, +h RAY DIAGRAM: SAMPLE GRAPHS: INTERCEPT = OA FOB=L poeenreeant'y INTERCEPT = OA SOB H Peon Pek a7 oA Vow —> +2 For real images, vis negative and xis negative Hence, : fot RAY DIAGRAM: SAMPLE GRAPHS; qc - — es cvs ob: 28 7 e af \wreree et » Oh 7 2 OAs OE ¥ Pe, om OBSERVATIONS: Focal length by distant object method = ‘SINo: position wom ajPROCEDURE: 1. A clear well defined image of a distant object is obtained on the screen using the concave mirror. Distance between mirror and the screen gives approximate focal length of the convex lens. 2. The concave mirror is placed between the illuminated wire gauze and the screen. The distance ‘between mirror and the gauze is object distance and the mirror and the serecn is image distance. 3. Choosing object distance as 2f, 2f +2, 24, 26; a clear image is obiained on the screen. The values ofu and v ate recorded, Focal length is obtained using the formula, f= == Taking u on the x axis and v on the y axis and choosing the same scale, a graph is drawn. The angle bisector for the angle between u and v axis is drawn and focal length is determined, ‘A graph is drawn with 1/u on the x axis and Iv on the y axis choosing the same scale and no kkink. The intercept on x and y axis gives the reciprocal of focal length. nays RESULT: Focal length by distant object method = Focal length by u—v method Focal length from the u ~ v graph Focal length from 1/a— 1/v graph SOURCES OF ERROR 1. The image distance may not have been taken as distance between the object and the screen. 2. Same scale may not have been taken for drawing graphs. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Object and image distance should be measured accurately with zero of scale placed at the location of the wire gauze. 2. Determination of rough focal length by the distant object method should be done with precision, 4, REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE MATERIAL OF THE PRISM AIM: To determine the reftactive index of the material ofa prism by drawing i ~d curve APPARATUS REQUIRED: Drawing board, equilateral prism, board pins FORMULA: Refractive Index of the material of the prism, jt= = Where, A is the angle of the prism in degree ‘ andi is the angle of minimum deviation in degree RAY DIAGRAM: x SAMPLE GREPH \ LOW angle & t Toeidente | 2-5 angle of x erseegenie S> ao. ale ‘o deviabien Sroio |e ildeg) >\ OBSERVATIONS: Tin de; 30. 35, 40. 45. 50. 35 PROCEDURE: 4, Fix the sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of board pins. Draw the outline of the prism and mark it XYZ. Draw the normal on the face XY. ‘Measure an angle of 30° from the normal and mark the incident ray PQ. Place the 2 pins on the incident ray about 5 em apart. Place the prism back in its position. Looking through the face marked XZ. place 2 more pins such that all the 4 pins lie on a straight line. Join the pin positions to XZ. and this gives the emergent ray RS, Join QR. This gives the refracted ray. Produce the incident ray forward and emergent ray backward. The angle between them is the angle of deviation 8, Measure 6. : 10. Repeat the above for angles of incidence 35°, 40°, 45°, 50° and 55°: RESULT: Angle of minimum deviation = Refractive index of the material of the prism SOURCES OF ERROR: 1. Angles may be measured wrong. > 2. Angle of incidence may be less than 30° PRECAUTIONS: 1. The angle of incidence should lie between 30° and 60°, 2. The distance between the pins should be more than 5 cm, 5, OHM’S LAW VERIFICATION i AIM: To study the current ~ voltage relationship for a conductor and verify Ohm's law. Hence determine the resistance / cm of the given wire. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Resistance coil, ammeter, voltmeter, DC power supply, zheostat, one way Key and connecting wires. PRINCIPLE: At constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. 6|PageFORMULA: Val V=R Where V is voltage in volts Lis current in amperes Ris the resistance of the coil in 2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BE- Batkery tan ke key ee i. e Rb~ pheastat s A - Aroroekes 7 x = Ne - Noltroebes [ x~ Resiebonee coil — AMARA x SAMPLE GRAPI q Ae a we é JL > a Weets —> OBSERVATION: Least count of Ammeter Least count of Voltmeter: Stno_ PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown. 2. Note down the least count of voltmeter and ammeter. 3. The current in the circuit is varied using the rheostat and corresponding readings of voltmeter and ammeter are taken. Take 7 readings Replace the first resistor R, by another resistor Rp and take 7 readings. Find V/I which gives the vaiue of resistance of the 2 resistors. Given the length of the wires, the resistance / om of the wire is determined. 4, 5, Tjeage© Plot a graph between V and I taking V on the x axis and Ton the y axis. The reciprocal ofthe slope | of the straight line graph gives resistance of the 2 resistors, Hence resistance/cm is determined. Resistance’ em from the grap! Resistance/om of the second wire = Resistanee/em from the graph SOURCES OF ERROR: { | The connecting wires may offer some resistance 2. The temperature of the resistance coil might vary do to continuous usage and this might affect the resistance PRECAUTIONS: ft 1. The connections should be tight. 2. Zero error of voltmneter and ammeter to be noted. METRE BRIDGE ~ SPECIFIC RESISTANCE AIM: To determine the resistance of a given 1 m long coil using metre bridge and hence find the specific resistanee of the coil. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Metrcbridge, DC power supply, rheostat, standard resistance box, jockey, resistance coil, galvanometer, connecting wires and screw gauge. | PRINCIPLE AND FORMULA: bak 4 Fe | it | © X=P2 | . “the. 7 the * Specific resistance, p = 24 = #52" al Where, P is resistaice included in resistance box in ohms Xs the resistance of the unknown resistance in ohms i } and ly are the balancing lengths in metre is the specific resistance of the material of the wire in Qm Dis the diameter of the given wire in m CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: AB robxe | Budge in PD know j a oY weaistane | | : +] X= Volos: | Tecistene | | G+ Gralveurrocky pee High “eat lane 3 tok ae on j “| BES Baty | BEFORE INTERCHANGING ASTER INTERCHANGING Rb> Rhectl: ae wl SlapoaOBSERVATIONS: Before Interchanging P at 50 cm mark = [Sino Pa Tem hem |x=pe T 2 h 3 + L_3 - After interchanging Pat 50 cm mark = ‘Sino PO Tem bem ]x=P 2 1 = 2 3 4 3, : Average value of X = Q Least count of the screw gauge = 0.01 mm = 0.01 cm Zero error = diy Zero correction = diy ‘ Sino: | PSRmm | HSCdv | HSR= | Total readin | HSCxLC | PSR+HSRmm SEE mm. PROCEDURE: 1. Set up the cireuit as shown. 2. Keep the jockey close to A and then close to B and check for opposite side deflection in galvanometer. 3, The jockey is placed at the mid point of AB and the resistance of P is changed until the aje galvanometer shows null deflection. Here 1; = 1;—» X= P Choose the value of P close too that obtained for null deflection at the 50 em mark. For each value of P find I; and lp, Hence find X. Repeat step 4 after interchanging P and X. Using screw gauge, determine diameter of the wire.RESULT: The resistance of the coil = Q The specific resistance of the given col SOURCES OF ERROR: 1. The end corrections are not considered 2. Metrebridge may not be of uniform cross section, PRECAUTIONS: 1. The connections should be tight. 2. The slider should be moved gently over the bridge. 7. METRE BRIDGE -— COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES [SERIES] AIM: To verify the laws of resistances using the metre bridge APPARATUS REQUIRED: Metrebridge, DC power supply rheostat, standard resistance box, jockey, 2 resistance coils, galvanometer and connecting wires. PRINCIPLE AND FORMULA USED: Where, P is resistance included in resistance box in ohms Xis the resistance of the unknown resistance in ohms , 1) and l are the balancing lengths in cm. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM g ABD Mebre pridge pHs known resiskante Ri, Re Unknown xesiakante &—> Galvasametes Be —> igh xesishanie Be —> Bokkesy Ph -S Rheastal: dio Balancing Q Rw le oath 1o}eOBSERVATIONS: P at $0 em mark = st] PO [ hem no. l P at 50 em mark = om SS] PO [hem] b RaP2 no h P at 50 em mark = om ST] PQ | hem] b no. i [ I 4 PROCEDURE: 1. Set up the circuit as shown for R. 2. Keep the jockey close to A and then to B and check for opposite side deflections 3. ‘The jockey is placed at the midpoint of AB and the resistance is changed until the galvanometer shows no deflection. 4, Choose the value of P close to the value obtained for null deflection 5, Repeat step 4 for Rs and Res 6. Verify Recia™ Ri + Re RESULT: The resistance of Ri = Qand Ry ‘The resistance Reeses™ a Resi = fusing formula jeSOURRCES OF ERROR: 1, End corrections are not considered, 2, Matrebridge may not be of uniform cross section, PRECAUTIONS: L. Connections should be tight. 2. The jockey should be moved over the bridge wire 8, METRE BRIDGE ~ COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES [PARALLEL] AIM: To verify the laws of resistances using the metre bridge. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Metrebridge, DC power supply rheostat, standard resistance ‘box, jockey, 2 resistance coils, galvanometer and connecting wires. PRINCIPLE AND FORMULA USED: Fhe 4 Ie X=P2 AB Mebre. Bride Where, P is resistance included in resistance box in ohms _ Balanting Nengtts OBSERVATIONS: Pat 50 em mark = St] PO | hem no PagPat 50 cm mark om si] PQ [hem] & R=P2 no & Pat 50 cm mark = cm 3) PO [hem |b Rp=P2 no Bal PROCEDURE: 7. Setup the circuit as shown for Rr 8. Keep the jockey close to A and then to B and check for opposite side deflections. 9, The jockey is placed at the midpoint of AB and the resistance is changed until the galvanometer ‘shows no deflection, 10. Choose the value of P close to the value obtained for null deflection. 11. Repeat step 4 for Ro and Rye. ‘ 12. Verify Ryeaua™ RiRo/ Ri + Re RESULT: The resistance of Ry = Qand R= a The resistance Rye 2 Ratt = 2 [using formula] SOURRCES OF ERROR: 3. End corrections are not considered. 4, Metrebridge may not be of uniform cross section. PRECAUTIONS: 3. Connections should be tight 4. The jockey should be moved over the bridge wire 1342 29. POTENTIOMETER - COMPARISON OF EMF AIM: To compare EMF" of two primary colls using potentiometer APPARATUS REQUIRED: Potentiometer, two primary cells, DC power supply, rheostat, jockey, galvanometer, high resistance, DPDI switch, PRINCIPLE: ‘When a constant current flows through a wire of uniform eross sectional area, the potential difference across any two ends of the wire is dreetly proportional to its length. ie, V a T FORMULA: Alb & ‘Where, Es is the EMF of the first primary cell in volte Enis the EMF of thee second primary cell in volts his the balancing length corresponding to the first primary cell in em 1h is the balancing length corresponding to second primary cell in cm CIRCUIT DIAGRAM | | AB > Potentlonertee, ae au. perros Rh—> enesstet x 8 LCD LECLANCHE CELA a DC PANIEL CELL cr G2 qpiwenomet ce Secret [ra] VOD Mar Resiste wee uit SD sockey ‘ OBSERVATIONS: [Sto Tem baa PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Check that all the positive terminals are connected to the same end, say A and EMF of the driver cell is 6V. 3. Check the opposite side deflection with some resistance in the rheostat, for the two positions of DPDT switch. 4. Include the cell E; alone in the circuit and find the balancing length I, 5. Include the cell Ein the circuit and find the balancing length b,6, Find = 2 7, Change the resistance in the rheostat and repeat as above, 4 times. RESULT: ‘The ratio of EMF’s of the two cells = SOURCES OF ERROR: 1, Potentiometer may not have uniform cross sectional arca 2. Heating of the potentiometer wire may cause some error. PRECAUTIONS: 1, The connection should be tight. 2. EMF of the driver cell should be greater than the EMF of either cell 10. RESISTANCE OF GALVANOMETER AIM: To determine the resistance of the given galvanometer and hence find its figure of merit APPARATUS REQUIRED: Galvanometer, DC power supply, variable high resistance, box, variable low resistance box, key FORMULA: Resistance of galvanometer, G= 2 0 ‘Where, R is variable high resistance in S is the variable low resistance in Q Figure of merit (K) is defined as the amount of current required to produce one division deflection in scale of the galvanometer. 5 Ko Gig A/aliv 4 Where, E is the EMF of the supply CIRCUIT DIAGRAM BE > BaTTERY RP DVERIPBLE HIGH RESISTAIE) 6D Gawenometee | SDVARIABLE LOW! RESISTANCE ko eesOBSERVATIONS: volts RO so Rt Godv PROCEDURE: 1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. The EMF of the source is noted. 3. Plug out key K. This means that S is not included. 4. Adjust the value of R such that there are almost full scale deflections or even number of divisions in the galvanometer. The value of 6 and R used in the circuit are noted. Plugin key K. Without changing the value of R, adjust the resistance S so that the deflection in the galvanometer becomes half of step 4. Note the value ofS. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for more readings, Find the resistance of the galvanometer using the formula, , G Find (R + G)0 for each 6 using the average value of G. Find the figure of merit, K= G5 A /div a RESULT: Resistance of the galvanometer, G= a Figure of merit of the galvanometer, K Aldiv : SOURCES OF ERROR: 1, The resistance of the coils in the resistance box may not be exactly same as that marked 2. EMF of the battery may not be constant PRECAUTIONS: 1, The battery used may be of constant EMF. 2. Before switching on the circuit, it should be ensured that value of R is very high so that the current through the galvanometer is not very high. 3. All the connections should be tight. 4164211. FOCAL LENGTH OF CONCAVE LENS AIM: To determine focal length of concave lens using convex lens by combination method. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Convex lens, concave lens, lens holder, illuminated wire gauze, metre scale and screen FORMULA: For convex lens and combination, = +2 For eal images, vis positive and ‘is egaive Hence, + Frat a SS where fis the focal length of the convex lens 375+ = SS, where F is the focal length of the combination For combination, ¢ = “+ 2, where fis the focal length ofthe concave lens RAY DIAGRAM: OBSERVATIONS: Focal length of convex lens by distant object method = Stno vem vem Is 20 25 | 30 | 35 sfesfrole : | i|paeFocal length of the combination by distant object method =_ om [Sino uem vem F=- cn ia 35 40. 5 30 | 36, PROCEDURE: 1. A clear well defined image of a distant object is obtained on the seroon using a convex lens and the distance between the lens and the screen gives approximate focal length. 2. The convex lens is placed between the illuminated wire gauze and screen, Choosing the object distance as 2f, 265 etc, image distance is recorded. 3. Focal length of convex lens is obtained by f, = 4. The above steps are repeated for a combination of convex and concave lens. 5. The focal length of combination is obtained by F= 2 6. The focal length of the combination is obtained by 2 x zp RESULT: Focal length of convex lens om Focal length of the combination = cm Focal length of concave lens = em | SOURCES OF ERROR: 1, Image distance may be taken as the distance between the source and the screen 4 PRECAUTIONS: 5 1, Convex leas should be of smaller focal length than concave lens so that the combination behaves as convex. 2. Object and image distance should be measured accurately. 12, POTENTIOMETER ~ INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE CELL AIM: To determine the internal resistance of the given primary cell using the potentiometer. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Potentiometer, primary cell, DC power supply, rheostat, galvanometer, resistance box, high resistance, connecting wires, jockey, key. PRINCIPLE AND FORMULA: ‘When a constant current flows through a wire of uniform area of cross section, the potential difference across any 2 ends of the wire is directly proportional to the length Val E=sKh V=Kh Ist Where, E is the EMF of the cell in volts Vis the potential difference in volts ig|eaeJhand |zare the balancing lengths in em E=V+ir ‘Thus r= CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: ABD POTENTIOMETER > gneastot 1 RB Pg | mamma \ SECONDARY CELE ‘| sae BS KNOWN RESISTPNCE i & 2 apevpnomete® aca cia BES MAR RESISTANCE ®t 33 sakes et ®t OBSERVATION: With key open, balancing length ly = RO PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connections as shown in the diagram 2. With key K open, check for opposite side deflection. 3. Obtain the balance point with key K open. If isthe balance point, & = kh 4. Now close the key K and keep the known resistance at 1 (2. If; is the balance length, V=kbh ‘Repeat steps for known resistances 2 to 5 Q. Intemel resistance of the primary cell is, RESUL’ Internal resistance of the given primary cell is SOURCES OF ERROR: 1. The potentiometer may not have uniform area of cross section. 2. Heating of the potentiometer wire may cause some error. PRECAUTIONS: 1. The EMF of the driver cell should be greater than the EMF of the primary cel! 2. The jockey should not be pressed along the potentiometer wire. 19}13. DIODE CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To study the forward and reverse bias characteristics of a diode and hence find the static and dynamic resistance. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Semiconductor diode characteristics- analog meter, connecting wires. FORMULA: Static resistance, R, == a Dynamic resistance, R= 22 oo CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS p> rose toh D corer AMAMETER ee Ky ti » Fea > NV > voutmeted ag ee 4 1 BED BeTTERS PALERO AMMETER Aen par SS * HEE See} ete SAMPLE GRAPH —| 3p fad (wel? H Ve. Wolety Ne Cole 7 OBSERVATION: Te (ao FORWARD BIAS LC of voltmeter: LC of ammeter = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 oeREVERSE BIAS LC of voltmeter = 5 |,© | co] al en} | afro |] PROCEDURE: 1 2. 3 4. 5 6 7. ‘Make the connection as shown in the diagram for forward bias. Note down the least count of the voltmeter and the ammeter. Turn the knob slowly there by increasing the forward voltage. Note the voltmeter and ammeter readings at intervals of about 0,125 V_ ‘The forwards current remains 2er0 upto 0.3 V; this is due to junction potential barrie. Make the connections as shown for the reverse bias ‘Tum the slowly inereasing the reverse voltage, Note down the voltmeter and ammeter reading at intervals of 2V. Plot the forward and reverse bias characteristics and hence find static and dynamic resistance. RESULT: ‘The characteristic curves are drawn. Static resistance for forward bias Dynamic resistance for forward bias = SOURCES OF ERROR: i. 2. The given diode may be faulty. ‘The connections may be loose. PRECAUTIONS: 1 2 3. ze The connections should be tight The voltmeter and ammeter reading must be recorded accurately For zero error, the necessary correction must be applied.14, ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To determine the forward and reverse bias characteristics of a zener diode and hence find reverse breakdown voltage APPARATUS REQUIRED: Zener diode characteristics — analog meter, connecting wires CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FORWARD BIAS De x 7 Wy . ~— KD EENER DIOOG VD yout METER mARD PAUL REUTELES | BLD Battery | ee tie SAMPLE GRAPH Tp (rAd Ng D ONEXSE, breated oven volta, Ve Cvelts) eg (usted & OBSERVATION: FORWARD BIAS LC of voltmeter LC of ammeter v mA 2242REVERSE BIAS LC of voltmeter LC of ammeter eee ee mas 1 2 3 a 5 6 7 8 9 10 PROCEDURE: 1, Make the connection as shown in the diagram for forward bias, 2. Note down the least count of the voltmeter and the ammeter. 3. Tum the knob slowly there by increasing the forward voltage. Note the voltmeter and ammeter readings at intervals of about 0.125 V ‘The forwards current remains zero upto 0.3 V; this is due to junction potential barrier. 4, 5. Make the connections as shown for the reverse bias. 6 Tum the slowly increasing the reverse voltage, Note down the voltmeter and ammeter reading at "intervals of 2V. 7. Plot the forward and reverse bias characteristics and hence find the break down voltage. RESUL! ‘The characteristic curves are drawn. ‘The reverse breakdown voltage for the given Zener diode is = SOURCES OF ERROR: 3. The given diode may be faulty. 4, The connections may be loose. PRECAUTIONS: 4, The connections should be tight 5. The voltmeter and ammeter reading must be recorded accurately 6. For zero error, the necessary correction must be applied. 23a|p == volts :15. FREQUENCY OF AC SOURCE USING SONOMETER AIM: To find the frequency of AC mains using sonometer. APPARATUS REQUIRED: A sonometer, brass wire, electromagnet, step down transformers, 2 knife edges, a hanger with slotted ‘weights, paper rider. THEORY: ‘When an alternating cucrent is passed through the electromagnet, it gets temporarily magnetized twice during each cycle of AC. If during the first half of the cycle of AC, north pole is developed at the lower Pole of the electromagnet, then the south pole will be developed during the second half eycle. Irespective of the polarity of the lower face, the brass wire will always be attracted towards it. In each cycle of AC, the wire will be pulled and released twice. If the length and tension of the wire is so adjusted that it is set into resonanee, then the frequency of AC f will be half the frequency of vibration of the wire v. Frequeney of the AC source = v/2 Frequency of vibration of wire, Where, T is the tension in the wire mis the mass per unit length lis the vibrating length OBSERVATIONS: Radius of wire, r= mm = m Density of brass, p= 7850 kgm Mass per unit length, m= par’ = kgim ‘Sno [Load attached to | Tension, T Resonating length @) em | Frequency the wire, M [g] Hx9e ifr |e add aig |, Loading | Unloading [Mean i 30 2 100. 7 [3 150 4 200 - Cs 250 PROCEDURE: 1, Place the sonometer on the table with its ends carrying the pulley on one edge of the table so that the hanger suspends freely without touching the table. 2. Remove any kinks in the wire. 3. Place the knife edges below the wire quite close to each other. Add some slotted weights to the hanger so that the wire becomes taught. 4, Place a paper rider between the knife edges. 5. Clamp the electromagnet just above the wire and near the midpoint of the wire between the two knife edges. 6. Place a weight of 1 kg on the hanger switch on the AC power supply. 17. Increase the distance between the knife edges, till the amplitude of the vibration of thee wire becomes maximum. At this stage the paper rider falls off 8. Note the length of the wire between the knife edges. 9. Increase the weights on the hanger by 0.5 kg and repeat steps 6 to 8 at steps of 0.5 kg 10. Decrease weights by 0.5 kg and again determine the resonating length. 11. From the mean value of resonating length for different tensions, determine the frequency of vibration of the wire and hence frequency of the source. Hz SOURCES OF ERROR: 1, Wire may not be rigid and of uniform cross sectional area, 2. Pulley may not be friction less 3. The main frequency may not be stable. PRECAUTIONS 1, Tip of magnet should be very close to the wire in the middle, 2. Length should be noted when the amplitude of vibration is maximum, 3. The wire should be magnetic material