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1. Decision makers in queuing situations attempt to balance
a. operating characteristics against the arrival rate.
b. service levels against service cost.
c. the number of units in the system against the time in the system.
d. the service rate against the arrival rate.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Introduction
2. Performance measures dealing with the number of units in line and the time spent waiting are called
a. queuing facts.
b. performance queues.
c. system measures.
d. operating characteristics.
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Introduction
3. If arrivals occur according to the Poisson distribution every 20 minutes, then which is NOT true?
a. λ = 20 arrivals per hour
b. λ = 3 arrivals per hour
c. λ = 1/20 arrivals per minute
d. λ = 72 arrivals per day
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Distribution of arrivals
4. The manner in which units receive their service, such as FCFS, is the
a. queue discipline.
b. channel.
c. steady state.
d. operating characteristic.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Queue discipline
5. In a waiting line situation, arrivals occur, on average, every 10 minutes, and 10 units can be received
every hour. What are λ and ?
a. λ = 10, = 10
b. λ = 6, = 6
c. λ = 6, = 10
d. λ = 10, = 6
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Structure of a waiting line system
9. The total cost for a waiting line does NOT specifically depend on
a. the cost of waiting.
b. the cost of service.
c. the number of units in the system.
d. the cost of a lost customer.
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Economic analysis
11. Which of the following can NOT be found by the queuing formulas presented in the textbook?
a. the probability that no units are in the system.
b. the average number of units in the system.
c. the maximum time a unit spends in the system.
d. the average time a unit spends in the system.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Operating characteristics
13. What queue discipline is assumed by the waiting line models presented in the textbook?
a. first4come first4served.
b. last4in first4out.
c. shortest processing time first.
d. No discipline is assumed.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Queue discipline
14. For many waiting line situations, the arrivals occur randomly and independently of other arrivals and it
has been found that a good description of the arrival pattern is provided by
a. a normal probability distribution.
b. an exponential probability distribution.
c. a uniform probability distribution.
d. a Poisson probability distribution.
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Distribution of arrivals
1. For an M/M/1 queuing system, if the service rate, @, is doubled, the average wait in the system, , is
cut in half.
2. A waiting line situation where every customer waits in the same line before being served by the same
server is called a single server waiting line.
3. Use of the Poisson probability distribution assumes that arrivals are not random.
4. Queue discipline refers to the assumption that a customer has the patience to remain in a slow moving
queue.
6. Before waiting lines can be analyzed economically, the arrivals' cost of waiting must be estimated.
7. In a multiple channel system it is more efficient to have a separate waiting line for each channel.
8. Little's flow equations indicate that the relationship of L to Lq is the same as that of W to Wq.
10. When blocked customers are cleared, an important decision is how many channels to provide.
ANS: T PTS: 1
TOP: Multiple4channel model with Poisson arrivals, arbitrary service times, and no waiting line
11. If service time follows an exponential probability distribution, approximately 63% of the service times
are less than the mean service time.
12. Queue discipline refers to the manner in which waiting units are arranged for service.
13. Waiting line models describe the transient4period operating characteristics of a waiting line.
14. For a single4channel waiting line, the utilization factor is the probability that an arriving unit must wait
for service.
15. When a waiting system is in steady4state operation, the number of units in the system is not changing.
16. Adding more channels always improves the operating characteristics of the waiting line and reduces
the waiting cost.
17. In developing the total cost for a waiting line, waiting cost takes into consideration both the time spent
waiting in line and the time spent being served.
18. In waiting line systems where the length of the waiting line is limited, the mean number of units
entering the system might be less than the arrival rate.
ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: Some general relationships for waiting line models
1. Discuss the importance of the utilization factor in a queuing system and the assumptions made about
its value.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
3. Diagram the servers and arrivals in the single and multiple channel models. Designate the line and the
system.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
4. Explain what is meant by the following statement, "operating characteristics are non4optimizing."
ANS:
Answer not provided.
5. Give examples of systems you have seen in which a) blocked arrivals are cleared, and b) there is a
finite calling population.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
"
1. During summer weekdays, boats arrive at the inlet drawbridge according to the Poisson distribution at
a rate of 3 per hour. In a 24hour period,
ANS:
a. P(0) = .0025
b. P(2) = .0446
c. P(8) = .1033
2. The time to process a registration at the Sea View Resort follows the exponential distribution and has a
mean of 6 minutes.
a. What is the probability of a registration time shorter than 3 minutes?
b. What is the probability of a registration time shorter than 6 minutes?
c. What is the probability of a registration time between 3 and 6 minutes?
ANS:
3. The Grand Movie Theater has one box office clerk. On average, each customer that comes to see a
movie can be sold its ticket at the rate of 6 per minute. For the theater's normal offerings of older
movies, customers arrive at the rate of 3 per minute. Assume arrivals follow the Poisson distribution
and service times follow the exponential distribution.
The Grand has booked the Stars Wars Trilogy and expects more customers. From conversations with
other theater owners, it estimates that the arrival rate will increase to 10 per minute. Output is supplied
for a two4cashier and a three4cashier system.
Number of Channels 2 3
Arrival Rate 10 10
Service Rate 6 6
Probability of No Units in System .0909 .1727
Average Waiting Time .3788 .0375
Average Time in System .5455 .2041
Average Number Waiting 3.7879 .3747
Average Number in System 5.4545 2.0414
Probability of Waiting .7576 .2998
Probability of 11 in System .0245 less than .0088
f. The Grand has space for ten customers to wait indoors to buy tickets. Which system will
be better?
g. Do you think it is more sensible for them to continue the one4cashier system?
ANS:
a. Lq = .5
b. Wq = .1667
c. L=1
d. W = .3333
e. Pw = .5
f. The three4cashier system is probably too good and not cost effective.
g. The one cashier system won't work because now the arrival rate is faster than the service
rate.
4. The Arctic Flyers minor league hockey team has one box office clerk. On average, each customer that
comes to see a game can be sold a ticket at the rate of 8 per minute. For normal games, customers
arrive at the rate of 5 per minute. Assume arrivals follow the Poisson distribution and service times
follow the exponential distribution.
The Flyers are playing in the league playoffs and anticipate more fans, estimating that the arrival rate
will increase to 12 per minute. Output is supplied for a two4cashier and a three4cashier system.
Number of Channels 2 3
Arrival Rate 12 12
Service Rate 8 8
Probability of No Units in System .1429 .2105
Average Waiting Time .1607 .0197
Average Time in System .2857 .1447
Average Number Waiting 1.9286 .2368
Average Number in System 3.4286 1.7368
Probability of Waiting .6429 .2368
Probability of 7 in System .0381 .0074
f. The rink has space for six customers to wait indoors to buy tickets. Which system will be
better?
g. Do you think it is more sensible for them to continue the one cashier system?
ANS:
a. Lq = 1.04
b. Wq = .2083
c. L = 1.665
d. W = .3333
e. Pw = .625
f. The three4cashier system is probably too good and not cost effective.
g. The one cashier system won't work because now the arrival rate is faster than the service
rate.
5. In a waiting line situation, arrivals occur at a rate of 2 per minute, and the service times average 18
seconds. Assume the Poisson and exponential distributions.
a. What is λ?
b. What is ?
c. Find probability of no units in the system.
d. Find average number of units in the system.
e. Find average time in the waiting line.
f. Find average time in the system.
g. Find probability that there is one person waiting.
h. Find probability an arrival will have to wait.
ANS:
a. λ = 3/min.
b. = 4/min.
c. P0 = .25
d. L=3
e. Wq = .75 min.
f. W = 1.00 min.
g. P(2) = .140625
h. Pw = .75
6. In a waiting line situation, arrivals occur around the clock at a rate of six per day, and the service
occurs at one every three hours. Assume the Poisson and exponential distributions.
a. What is λ?
b. What is ?
c. Find probability of no units in the system.
d. Find average number of units in the system.
e. Find average time in the waiting line.
f. Find average time in the system.
g. Find probability that there is one person waiting.
h. Find probability an arrival will have to wait.
ANS:
a. λ=6
b. =8
c. P0 = .25
d. L=3
e. Wq = .375
f. W = .5
g. P(2) = .1406
h. Pw = .75
7. The Sea View Resort uses a multiple4channel queue registration system. If the average service time is
8 minutes, there are three registration clerks, and guests arrive at the rate of one every 5 minutes, find
a. λ and .
b. the probability all three clerks are idle.
c. the probability a guest will have to wait.
d. the average time a customer is in line.
e. the average number of customers in line.
ANS:
8. The post office uses a multiple channel queue, where customers wait in a single line for the first
available window. If the average service time is 1 minute and the arrival rate is 7 customers every five
minutes, find, when two service windows are open,
ANS:
a. P0 = .1765
b. Pw = .5765
c. Wq = .1922 (of a five4minute period)
d. W = .3922 (of a five4minute period)
9. Two new checkout scanning systems are under consideration by a retail store. Arrivals to the checkout
stand follow the Poisson distribution with λ = 2 per minute. The cost for waiting is $18 per hour. The
first system has an exponential service rate of 5 per minute and costs $10 per hour to operate. The
second system has an exponential service rate of 8 per minute and costs $20 per hour to operate.
Which system should be chosen?
ANS:
First system costs .37 per minute, second system costs .43 per minute. Choose first system.
10. Circle Electric Supply is considering opening a second service counter to better serve the electrical
contractor customers. The arrival rate is 10 per hour. The service rate is 14 per hour. If the cost of
waiting is $30 and the cost of each service counter is $22 per hour, then should the second counter be
opened?
ANS:
With one window the cost per hour is 97. With two windows the cost per hour is 68.56. Choose two
windows.
ANS:
a. P0 = .67
b. Lq = .7153
c. L = 1.3819
12. For an M/G/1 system with λ = 20 and = 35, with σ = .005, find
ANS:
a. P0 = .4286
b. Lq = .3926
c. L = .964
13. Arrivals at a box office in the hour before the show follow the Poisson distribution with λ = 7 per
minute. Service times are constant at 7.5 seconds. Find the average length of the waiting line.
ANS:
Lq = 3.0625
14. The 8 students in a seminar class must come to the professor's office to turn in a paper and give a 54
minute oral summary. Assume there is a service rate of 10 per hour and adequate time is available for
all. The arrival rate for each unit is 5 per hour. What is the probability there is no one in the office or
waiting when you come?
ANS:
λ = 5, = 10, N = 8
P0 = .0009
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