Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Articol Licenta PDF
Articol Licenta PDF
16, 1968)
INTRODUCTION
* Max Factor & Co., 1655 N. McCadden Place, Hollywood, Calif. 90028.
68.3
684 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS
EXPERIMENTAL
I •THERMOMETER TWEEN
80-ARLACEL
80
(5%TOTAL)
LEVEL
-
RBINE o o
• IMPELLER
I I I I
0 20 40 60 80 moo
% TWEEN 80 IN AQUEOUS PHASE
w/o
,/
o/w
TWEEN 80 - ARLACEL 80
( õ% TOTAL)
30 % OIL
HLB 12 -
LB 14.
( 5% TOTAL)
TWEEN 80- ARLACEL80
HLB 6
0 I I I I I
0 20 40 60 80 I00 7'0% OIL
tively slow,conceivably,
the locationof initial surfactantin the aqueous
phasecan affect many of the abovementionedfactors. In this work, no
attempt was made to isolateeachfactor and determinethe mannerby
which the emulsionviscosityis influenced. However, as it will be
shownlater,the initial surfactantlocationcanhavea significant
effecton
the particlesizedistributionof the emulsionformedand, consequently,
on the emulsionviscosity.
o/w
•--W/O •[• O/W = w/o ;•=
( 5 % TOTAL) •
• TWEEN
80- ARLACEL
80 / SOLULAN 98 - AMERCHOL L-IOI
HLB
I0 / ( 5% TOTAL) ß
HLB I0 60% OIL
• 70ø/001L
--
./ 20 40 60
% TWEEN 80 IN AQUEOUS PHASE
80 •00
0 20 40 60 BO I00
% SOLULAN 98 IN AQUEOUS PHASE
Figure 5. Effect of initial hydrophilic sur- Figure 6. Effect of initial hydrophilie sur-
factant location on viscosity and type of factant location on viscosity and type of
emulsions emulsions
where:
CiRate
C2 2
1- (c,,'•
Rate \•/ ø'7•ø (1)
where:
Figure 7. Microphotograph
ofa 30%mineraloilsystem
stabilized
with5% Tween80-Arlacel
80 at HLB 6. All surfactants initially in the oil phase
dm= • Zn
(2)
wheren is the number of dropletsand d is the droplet diameter.
The resultsfor the systemscontaining30% mineraloil stabilizedwith
Tween 80-Arlacel 80 mixture at HLB 10 are given in Table I.
EFFECT OF SURFACTANT LOCATION ON EMULSIONS 098
Table I
1 100 2.8 X 10 -3
1 40 2.8 X 10-3
1 0 4.8 X 10 -3
8 100 2.8 X 10 -3
3 20 2.5 X 10 -3
3 0 3.2 X 10-3
(5 % TOTAL}
40- TWEEN 80-ARLACEL 80
-
HLB
I0 •
/
• •¸
• 20-
co
0 20 40 60 80 I00
% TWEEN 80 IN AQUEOUS PHASE
In(C•Rate
'•)=2.20(HLB-7)
• Rate (3)
Combiningequations1 and 3, an equation relating the HLB number
to the partition coefficientof the surfactant can be obtained:
(HLB-7)
=0.36
In(c•) (4)
If therateoœsurfactant
migration
isrelatively
slow,andif equation
4
is applicable, the surfactant mixture in an emulsified system can have
different HLB valuesdependingon the distribution of the constituent in
the oil and water phases. Assuming that an emulsion having a maxi4
mum stability is obtained when the HLB value of the surfactant system
equals that of the oil phase,it is clear that the initial surfactant location
may be a significantfactor affecting the emulsionstability.
The HLB systemdevelopedby Griffin has been a very useful tool for
emulsionchemistsin spite of its limitations (16-18). The presentwork
suggeststhat for the systemswhere the rate of surfactant migration is
slow, it may be necessaryto take this factor into account when determin-
ing the HLB value by an empirical method. For example, a common
practice of preparing an emulsionis to mix all emulsifiersinto the oil
phase before emulsification (19). Conceivably, for a certain system,
determinationof the required HLB value of the oil by suchmethod may
give a different value from that obtained by mixing all emulsifiersinto
the aqueousphaseprior to emulsification.
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
(ReceivedDecember8, 1967)
REFERENCES
(1) Beeher, P., Emulsions: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Reinhold Publishing Corp., New
York, 1965, pp. 267-325.
(2) Sumner, C. G., Clayton's Theory of Emulsion and Their Technical Treatment, 5th ed.,
Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1954, pp. 480-528.
(3) Stanko, G. L., Fiedler, W. C., and Sperandio, G. J., The effect of physical factors on the
formation of cosmeticemulsions,J. Soc. CosmeticChemists,5, 29-50 (1954).
EFFECT OF SURFACTANT LOCATION ON EMULSIONS 697
(4) Benson, F. R., Griffin, W. C., and Truax, H. M., Statistical approach to common
variables in emulsion preparation, Ibid., 13, 437-48 (1962).
(5) Osipow, L. E., Sinface Chemistry, Theory and Industrial Applications, Reinhold Pub-
lishing Corp., New York, 1962, pp. 305-9.
(6) Sherman, P., The Influence of Emulsifier Concentrationon the RheologicalPropertiesof
Emulsions, in Sherman, P., Rheologyof Emulsions, The MacMillan Co., New York,
1963, pp. 73-90.
(7) Becher, P., Emulsions: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Reinhold Publishing Corp., New
York, 1965, pp. 59-85.
(8) Sherman, P., Factors influencing emulsion viscosity and stability, Research(London), 8,
396-401 (1955).
(9) Becher, P., The effect of the nature of the emulsifying agent on emulsion inversion, _f.
Soc. CosmeticChemists,9, 141-8 (1958).
(10) Davies, J. T., and Rideal, E. K., Interfacia! Phenomena,Academic Press, New York,
1963, pp. 366-83.
(11) Bancroft, W. D., The theory of emulsification, J. Phys. Chem., 17, 501-19 (1913).
(12) Addison, C. C., The measurement of surface and interfacial tension at fresh surface by
the vibrating jet method, Phil. Mag., 36, 73-100 (1945).
(13) Rideal, E. K., and Southerland, K. L., The variation of the surface tension of solution
with time, Trans. Faraday Sot., 48, 1109-23 (1952).
(14) Schwartz, A.M., and Perry, J. W., Surface Active Agents: Their Chemistryand Tech-
nology,Vol. 1, Interscience, New York, 1943, pp. 286-8.
(15) Davies, J. T., A quantitative kinetic theory of emulsion type, I. Physical chemistry of
the emulsifying agent. Proc. Intern. Congr. Surface Activity, 2nd, London, 1957, 1,
426-38.
(16) Griffin, W. C., Classification of surface-active agents by "HLB," _f. Soc. Cosmetic
Chemists,1, 311-26 (1949).
(17) Griffin, W. C., Calculation of HLB values of nonionic surfactants, Ibid., 5, 249-56
(1954).
(18) Griffin, W. C., Ranauto, H. J., and Adams, A.D., Further studies on emulsion systems,
Am. Perfumer Cos•etics, 81, 31-42, (Sept., 1966).
(19) Guide to the Useof Atlas Surfactantsand Sorbito!in Cosmeticand Pharmaceutica!Products,
Atlas Chemical Industries, Wilmington, Del., 1965, p. 40.