TAMIL NADU NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

(A University established under the Tamil Nadu Act No. 9 of

2012)
Dindigul Main Road, Navalur Kuttapattu
Tiruchirappalli 620 027
Tamil Nadu, India

BA LLB (H)
Semester X
COURSE SYLLABUS

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

Course Objectives

The course examines the rules, concepts, principles, institutional architecture, and
enforcement of what we know as international criminal law or international criminal
justice, or, sometimes, the law of war crimes. It situates international criminal law in
the broader context of state sovereignty, international peace and security, post-conflict
reconciliation and the rule of law. The course also examines the role of international
criminal law within public international law generally, and its relationship with other
areas of law, such as state responsibility, human rights, international humanitarian
law, international refugee law and national criminal laws. It will examine the
distinction between state and individual responsibility, consider the development of
international criminal law and its institutions and outline the main principles and rules
of international criminal law, both substantive and procedural.

The prime focus of this course is the area of international criminal law concerned with
traditional ‘war crimes’ and, in particular, four of the core crimes set out in the Rome
Statute (war crimes, torture as a crime against humanity, genocide and aggression).
Specifically, the course will examine the substantive legal framework to ensure
accountability for acts of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and other
serious violations of international law. Students opting for this course should have a
preliminary knowledge of Public International Law, and must be able to read,
understand and critically assess intrinsically complex and lengthy source materialsin
International Law that would be discussed at length during the class hours.

Learning Outcomes

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Teaching Methods

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Introduction to International Criminal Law MODULE

1

Sources of International Criminal Law – General Principles of International Criminal

Law (Presumption of Innocence, Rights of the accused, Individual Criminal
Responsibility, Responsibility of Commanders and other Superiors) – Influence of
Common Law and Civil Law Traditions on International Criminal Law – Objectives
of International Criminal Law - International Criminal Law and Other Areas of Law –
Substantive Law of International Crimes - The ICC v National Sovereignty

Mandatory Readings:

1. Cassese, International Criminal Law, 3rded, Chapter 1: Fundamentals of

International Criminal Law, pp.1-21.
2. Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part I,
Chapter 1: Sources of International Criminal Law, pp.5-52 including case excerpts
from: Tadic ICTY Appeals Chamber Jurisdiction Decision; Kupreskic ICTY Trial
Chamber Judgement; Aleksovski ICTY Appeals Chamber Judgement; IMT
Nuremburg Goring et al Judgement; Delalic ICTY Trial Chamber Judgement;
ErdemovicICTY Appeals Judgement; Furundzija ICTY Trial Chamber
Judgement; KupreskicICTY Trial Chamber Judgement; STL Hariri, Order of the
President; Rwamakuba ICTR Trial Chamber decision.
3. Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part II
Chapter 2, Crimes pp.113-115.
4. Cassese, International Criminal Law 3rd ed., Chapter 5: Crimes against Humanity,
pp.84–90 and Chapter 14: International Criminal Courts, pp.253-270.

Additional Readings:

1. Zahar and G. Sluiter, International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2008,
Chapter 3: Custom and Other Sources of Substantive International Law pp.79-
105.
2. D. Akande, ‘Sources of International Criminal Law’, in Cassese (ed), Oxford
Companionto International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp.41-
53.
3. G. Werle, ‘General Principles of International Criminal Law’, in Oxford
Companion, pp.54-62.

4. Megret, F., ‘Justice in Times of Violence’ (2003) 14 European Journal of

International Law 327 

5. T McCormack and G Simpson (eds), The Law of War Crimes: National and
International Approaches, Kluwer Law International, 1997, T McCormack,
Chapter 2: From Sun Tzu to the Sixth Committee: The Evolution of an
International Criminal Law Regime, pp.31-55

6. McCormack and Simpson, Gerry, The Law of War Crimes; National and
International Approaches, R Clark, Chapter 7: Nuremberg and Tokyo in
Contemporary Perspectivepp.171-187.

International Criminal Adjudicatory Bodies in the Post-World War II Era MODULE

2

The International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, 1945 - The International Military

Tribunal for the Far East, 1946 - International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia (1993-2017) - International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994-2015) –
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – Hybrid and Internationalized
Criminal Tribunals and Courts (SCSL, STL, ECCC) – Scope of Hybrid and
Internationalized Criminal Tribunals and Courts in Future

Mandatory Readings:

1. The Secretary General’s Report 1993 establishing the ICTY

http://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_re808_1993_en.pdf
2. The UN International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
http://www.icty.org
3. The UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) (now the Mechanism
for International Criminal Tribunals) http://unictr.unmict.org/
4. The Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone http://www.rscsl.org/
5. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)
http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/
6. Special Tribunal for Lebanon http://www.stl-tsl.org/
7. The ICC http://www.icc-cpi.int/

Additional Readings:

1. Taylor, Telford The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials, Little, Brown and
Company, 1992.

2. G Bass, Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Trials,
Princeton University Press, 2000, Chapter 5 Nuremberg pp.147-206.
3. N Boister and R Cryer, The Tokyo International Military Tribunal: A Reappraisal,
Oxford University Press, 2008.

4. L Silber and A Little, The Death of Yugoslavia, BBC Documentary and book,
1996.

5. Yale University has documented aspects of the Cambodian genocide, and has a
webpage of resources in relation to it and the criminal proceedings.
http://www.yale.edu/cgp/news.html

6. See also the webpage of the Documentation Centre for Cambodia (DC-Cam):
http://www.dccam.org/

The International Criminal Court1 MODULE 3

Developments Leading to the Establishment of the ICC Prior to the Rome Conference
- The Rome Conference - Negotiations at the Rome Conference - Debates on Inherent
or Preauthorized Jurisdiction - No Reservations, No Statute of Limitations in the Final
Statute - Overview and Significance of the International Criminal Court - The ICC v
National Sovereignty: Analyzing ICC’s Performance as a Legal and Political
Institution - Global Civil Society and the ICC

Mandatory Readings:

1. Cryer, Friman, Robinson, Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International Criminal

Law and Procedure, Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed. 2014, pp.146-179.
2. Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part V
Jurisdictional and Procedural Issues, Chapter 1: Primacy versus Complementarity
pp.530-534, including extract from the Kony ICC Pre-Trial Chamber decision on
admissibility.
3. Situation in Libya, UN SC Referral to the ICC 26 February 2011
4. Situation in Libya, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber, Decision to issue Three Arrest
Warrants 27 June 2011
5. Katanga, ICC Appeals Chamber, Judgment on Appeal by Katanga against Trial
Chamber Decision on Admissibility, 25 September 2009.
6. Muthaura and Kenyatta, ICC Appeals Chamber, Judgement on Appeal by Kenya
against Pre-Trial Chamber's Decision on Admissibility, 30 August 2011.
7. Situation in Georgia, Decision on Prosecutor’s request for authorisation of an
investigation under Article 15, 27 January 2016.

1
Students must visit and browse the ICC’s website, which has links to key documents such as the
Rome Statute, Rules of Procedure and Evidence and the Elements of Crimes, as well as transcripts of
proceedings, the decisions and judgements of the Trial Chambers and Appeals Chambers, and a live
internet video link to trials and appeals.
Additional Readings:

1. Cassese, Antonio, ‘On the Current Trends towards Criminal Prosecution and
Punishment of Breaches of International Humanitarian Law’ (1998) 9 European
Journal of International Law 2-17.
2. The UN has a page devoted to the Rome Statute (the UN convened the conference
that generated the Statute) and related proceedings.
http://www.un.org/law/icc/index.html
3. The Coalition for the International Criminal Court has a website with useful
background information on the court, such as the current status of ratifications of
the Rome Statute and the proceedings of the Assembly of State Parties to the
Statute. http://www.iccnow.org/.

War Crimes MODULE

4

The Notion – The Criminalization of the Serious Violation of a Rule of IHL –

Elements of War Crimes – The Objective and Subjective Elements – The Nexus with
the Armed Conflict – Article 8 of the ICC Statute and Customary International Law

Mandatory Readings:

1. Cassese, International Criminal Law 3rd ed., Chapter 4: War Crimes, pp.63-83
2. Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part II,
Chapter 1:War Crimes pp.117-153 including excerpts from Haradinaj ICTY Trial
Chamber Judgement; Kunarac ICTY Trial Chamber Judgement; Brdjanin ICTY
Appeals Chamber Judgement; Rochling Superior Military Government Court of
French Occupation zone in Germany; Enigster Tel-Aviv District Court; Shimoda
Tokyo District Court; Calley US Court of Military Appeals; Galic ICTY Trial
Judgement.
3. ICTY Statute Articles 2 and 3
4. Geneva Convention IV Article 147
5. Additional Protocol I Articles 11 and 85
6. Geneva Convention IV (Common) Article 3
7. ICC Statute Article 8
8. ICC Elements of Crimes: war crimes
9. Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ICC Trial Chamber, Trial Judgement 14
March 2012, paras.600-631.

Additional Readings:

1. K Dormann, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the

InternationalCriminal Court, Cambridge University Press, 2003
2. W Fenrick, ‘Grave Breaches’ in Oxford Companion, p.336.
3. J-M Henckaerts and L Doswald-Beck, Customary International Humanitarian
Law, Cambridge University Press, 2005, Vol 1 pp.568-621 (ICRC Study) .
4. J-M Henckaerts, ‘The Grave Breaches Regime as Customary International Law’,
Journalof International Criminal Justice, Vol 7 September 2009, pp.683-701.

Crimes Against Humanity MODULE 5

The Nuremberg Charter and Judgment – Subsequent Developments – The Notion

Today – The Objective and Subjective Elements – Article 7 of the ICC Statute and
Customary International Law

Mandatory Readings:

1. Cassese, International Criminal Law 3rd ed., Ch. 5: Crimes against Humanity,
pp.89-108.
2. Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part II,
Chapter 2: Crimes against humanity pp.154-194 including excerpts from Goring
IMT Nuremberg; Altstotter (Justice Trial) US Military Tribunal in Nuremburg;
TadicICTY Trial Chamber Judgement; Greifelt (RuSHA Trial) US Military
Tribunal in Nuremberg; Papon French Cour de cassation; Limaj Trial Chamber
Judgement; Barbie French Cour de cassation; Martic ICTY Appeals Chamber
Judgement; Kunarac ICTY Appeals Chamber Judgement; Kupreskic ICTY Trial
Chamber Judgement; Nahimana (Media case) ICTR Appeals Chamber
Judgement.
3. ICTY Statute Article 5
4. ICC Statute Article 7
5. ICC Elements of Crimes: crimes against humanity.
6. Prosecutor v Muthaura, Kenyatta and Ali, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber II,
Confirmation of Charges Decision, 23 January 2012, paras.23-37.
7. Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, ICC Trial Chamber III, 21 March 2016,
paras148 – 169 and paras 669- 692 https://www.icc-
cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc2226759.pdf

Additional Readings:

1. Zahar and Sluiter, International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2008,
pp.197-219.
2. Matthew Lippman, Crimes against Humanity, 17 B.C. Third World L.J. 171
(1997).
3. Egon Schwelb, “Crimes Against Humanity”, in British Year Book of International
Law, 1946, vol. 178, no. 23, p. 179.
 Genocide MODULE 6

The Genocide Convention – The Developments in the Case Law on Genocide – The
Objective and Subjective Elements –The Protected Groups – Two Problematical
Aspects of Genocide – Genocide and Crimes against Humanity – Article 6 of the ICC
Statute and Customary International Law

Mandatory Readings:

1. Cassese, International Criminal Law 3rd ed., Chapter 6: Genocide, pp.109-130.

2. Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part II,
Chapter 3: Genocide pp.200-234 including excerpts from Akayesu ICTR Trial
Chamber Judgement; Krstic Trial Chamber Judgement; Jelisic Trial Chamber
Judgement; Jelisic Appeals Chamber Judgement; Darfur Commission of Inquiry
report; Jorgic (Germany); Bosnia & Herzegovina v Serbia & Montenegro, ICJ
Genocide Convention Judgement. .
3. ICTY Statute Article 4
4. ICC Statute Article 6
5. ICC Elements of Crimes: genocide
6. Prosecutor v Al Bashir, ICC Appeals Chamber, Decision granting Prosecutor’s
appeal against the Pre-Trial Chamber’s Arrest Warrant Decision, 3 February 2010
7. Karadzic, ICTY Trial Judgement, 16 March 2016 (summary only), pages 10-14
(reSrebrenica JCE)

Additional Readings:

1. WA Schabas, Genocide in International Criminal Law: The Crime of Crimes,

Cambridge University Press, 2000.
2. P Gaeta, The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary, Oxford University Press,
2009.

Principles and Procedures of International Prosecutions MODULE

6

General Principles of Liability - Introduction - Perpetration/commission - Joint

criminal enterprise - Aiding and abetting - Ordering, instigating, soliciting, inducing
and inciting - Planning, preparation, attempt and conspiracy - Mental elements-
Command/superior responsibility – Difference between Command/superior
responsibility and Vicarious Liability

Defences/Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility - Introduction - The ICC

Statute and defences - Mental incapacity - Intoxication - Self-defence, defence of
others and of property - Duress and necessity - Mistake of fact and law - Superior
orders - Other ‘defences’
Procedures of International Criminal Investigations and Prosecutions -
International criminal procedures - International criminal proceedings and human
rights - Actors in the proceedings and their roles - Jurisdiction and admissibility
procedures - Commencement and discontinuance of a criminal investigation - The
criminal investigation - Coercive measures - Prosecution and indictment - Pre-trial
proceedings – preparations for trial - Evidentiary rules - Admission of guilt, guilty
pleas, plea-bargaining - Trial and judgment - Appeals proceedings - Revision -
Offences against the administration of justice

Sentencing, Penalties and Reparations to Victims - International punishment of

crimes - Purposes of sentencing - Sentencing practice - Reparations to victims -
Sentencing procedures - Pardon, early release and review of sentence - Enforcement

Mandatory Readings:

1. Cryer, Friman, Robinson & Wilmshurst , An Introduction to International

Criminal Law and Procedure, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2010, Chapter
15: General Principles ofLiability, pp.353-370.
2. Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part III
Forms of Responsibility pp.323-325; Chapter 1: Commission pp.327-332
including excerpt from Gacumbitsi ICTR Appeals Chamber; Chapter 2: Joint
Criminal Enterprise pp.334-351including excerpts from Tadic ICTY Appeals
Judgement; Brdjanin ICTY Appeals Judgement; Martic ICTY Appeals
Judgement; Chapter 3: Co-perpetration, pp.353-361 including excerpts from
Lubanga ICC Pre-Trial Chamber Confirmation of Charges Decision; Katanga
and Ngudjolo ICC Pre-Trial Chamber Confirmation of Charges Decision.
3. Prosecutor v Lubanga, ICC Trial Judgement paras.973-1018 (including Separate
Opinion by Judge Fulford)
4. Prosecutor v Lubanga, ICC Appeal Judgement, paras 445-452, 462-
473https://www.icc- cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc1876833.pdf

On ordering, planning, incitement and aiding & abetting:

• Cryer, Friman, Robinson & Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International

Criminal Law and Procedure,Cambridge University Press, 3rd, 2014 , Chapter 15:
General Principles ofLiability, pp.370-384.
• Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part III
Chapter 4: Planning pp.363-367 including excerpts from Kordic&Cerkez ICTY
Trial Chamber Judgement and Appeal Chamber Judgement; D.Milosevic Appeals
Chamber Judgement; Chapter 5: Ordering pp.369-379 including excerpts from
BlaskicTrial Chamber Judgement and Appeals Chamber Judgements; Chapter 6:
Aiding and Abetting pp.381-399 including excerpts from S and others
(Hechingen and Haigerloch Deportation case) Trial Judgement and Court of
Appeal; von Weizsacker (Ministries case) US Military Tribunal in Nuremberg;
 Furundzija ICTY Trial Chamber Judgement. .
• ICTY Statute, Article 7(1)
• ICC Statute Article 25, Article 30

On superior responsibility:

• Cryer, Friman, Robinson & Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International

Criminal Law and Procedure,Cambridge University Press, 3rded, 2014, Chapter
15: General Principles ofLiability, pp.384-396.
• Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part III
Chapter 8: Superior responsibility pp.421-456 including excerpts from Yamashita
US Military Commission and US Supreme Court; Hadzihasanovic ICTY Appeals
Chamber Judgement; Brima SCSL Appeals Chamber Judgement; Strugar Appeals
Chamber Judgement.
• Additional Protocol I to Geneva Conventions, Articles 86 and 87
• ICTY Statute 7(3)
• ICC Statute Article 28
• Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, ICC Trial Chamber III, 21 March 2016,
paras170-213 and paras 693-741 https://www.icc-
cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc2226759.pdf

On joint criminal enterprise and co-perpetration

1. Zahar and Sluiter, International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2008,
Chapter 7.2: Joint Criminal Enterprise pp.221-257.
2. H Olasolo, The Criminal Responsibility of Senior Political and Military Leaders
as Principals to International Crimes, Oxford University Press, 2009.
3. G Werle, ‘International Criminal Responsibility in Article 25 ICC Statute’, (2007)
5 Journal of International Criminal Justice, pp.953-975.

Additional Readings:

On ordering:

1. A Eser, ‘Individual Criminal Responsibility’, A Cassese et al eds, The Rome

Statute ofthe International Criminal Court: A Commentary, Vol 1, Oxford
University Press, 2002, pp.795-797.
2. Galic ICTY Trial Chamber, Judgement, 5 December 2003, paras.733-749.
3. Galic ICTY Appeals Chamber, Judgement, 30 November 2006, paras.170-179.

On planning:

1. S Mancorda, ‘Planning’, Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice,

pp.456-457.
On aiding and abetting:

1. A Eser, ‘Individual Criminal Responsibility’, in A Cassese (eds), The Rome

Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, Vol 1, Oxford
University Press, 2002, pp.798-801.

On superior responsibility:

1. Cassese, International Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Chapter 11: Liability for Omissions
pp.233-252
2. Zahar and Sluiter, International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2008,
Chapter 7.3: Command Responsibility pp.257-271.
3. WH Parks, ‘Command Responsibility for War Crimes’ (1973), 62 Military Law
Review, pp.1-104.
4. JA Williamson, ‘Some Considerations on Command Responsibility and Criminal
Liability’ (2008) 90 International Review of the Red Cross, pp.303-317.
5. C Meloni, 'Command Responsibility: Mode of Liability for the Crimes of
Subordinates or Separate Offence for the Superior?' Journal of International
Criminal Justice, Vol 5 July 2007, pp.619-637.
6. J Martinez, 'Understanding Mens Rea in Command Responsibility, from
Yamashita to Blaskic and Beyond', Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol
5 July 2007, pp.638-664.
7. V Nerlich, 'Superior Responsibility under Article 28 ICC Statute: for What
Exactly is the Superior Held Responsible?', Journal of International Criminal
Justice, Vol 5 July 2007, pp.665-682.

Prosecution of Sexual and Gender related Violence in International Criminal Justice System
MODULE 8

Introduction - Wartime Sexual Violence at the International Level Since Its

Recognition Until ‘Its Work in Progress’ - Wartime Sexual Violence as a Crime
against Humanity, Genocide and a War Crime - Wartime Rape and Other Forms of
Sexual Violence at the International Criminal Court and the Invisibility of
Opportunistic Sexual Violence during Armed Conflict - Sexual Violence as a
Separate Crime in International Criminal Law - Shaping a New Convention against
Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Violence

Mandatory Readings:

1. Cryer, H Friman, D Robinson & E Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International

Criminal Law and Procedure, Cambridge University Press, 3rded, 2014, Chapter
11: Crimesagainst Humanity (rape and other forms of sexual violence), pp.252-
 256.
2. Cassese, Acquaviva, Fan and Whiting, ICL: Cases and Commentary, Part II,
Chapter 2: Crimes against Humanity, pp.194-199 including excerpt from
Kunarac, Kovac & Vukovic ICTY Trial Judgement.
3. Brima, Kamara and Kanu RSCSL Trial Chamber, Trial Judgement 20 June 2007,
paras.697-714, and Partly Dissenting Opinion of Judge Doherty and Separate
Concurring Opinion of Judge Sebutinde
4. Brima, Kamara and Kanu RSCSL Appeals Chamber, Appeal Judgement 22
February 2008, paras.175-203
5. Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, ICC Trial Chamber III, 21 March 2016,
paras 98- 112 and paras 631- 638

Additional Readings:

1. C Steains, ‘Chapter 12: Gender Issues’ in The International Criminal Court, The
Making of the Rome Statute,R Lee ed., Kluwer Law International, 1999, pp.357-
390.
2. S Brammertz and M Jarvis ‘Lessons Learned in Prosecuting Gender Crimes under
International Law: Experiences from the ICTY’ in Protecting Humanity, Essays
inInternational law and Policy in Honour of N Pillay, Eboe-Osujied, Martinus
Nijhoff, Leiden 2010, pp.96-117.
3. E La Haye, Chapter 5: Elements of War Crimes (rape) in The International
Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Roy
Lee ed, Transnational Publishers 2001, pp.187-190.
4. W Schomburg and I Peterson, ‘Genuine Consent to Sexual Violence under
International Criminal Law’, 101 American Journal of International Law, 2007,
pp.121-140.
5. H Brady, ‘The Power of Precedents: Using the Case Law of the International
Criminal Tribunals and Hybrid Courts in Adjudicating Sexual Violence and
Gender-Based Crimes at the ICC, 2012, 18(2) Australian Journal of Human
Rights.

Hybrid and Internalized Criminal Tribunals and Courts MODULE

9

Hybrid and Internationalized Criminal Adjudicatory Bodies – Proliferation of Hybrid

and Internationalized Court – Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) –Extraordinary
Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) – Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL)
– Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) – International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) –
Possibility of Future Hybrid and Internationalized Criminal Courts

Mandatory Readings:
1. Cassese, International Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Chapter 14: International Criminal
Courts, pp.253-270. .
2. Cryer, Friman, Robinson, Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International Criminal
Law and Procedure, Cambridge University Press, 3rded. 2014, Chapter 9: Other
Courts with International Elements, pp.181-201.

Additional Readings:

1. Cerone, J., ‘The Special Court for Sierra Leone: Establishing a New Approach
to International Criminal Justice’ (2002) 8 ILSA Journal of International &
Comparative Law 379.

2. Cryer, R., ‘A Special Court for Sierra Leone?’ (2001) 50 International &
Comparative Law Quarterly 435 

3. Cerone, J. and Baldwin, C., ‘Explaining and Evaluating the UNMIK Court

System’ in Romano, C., Nollkaemper, A. and Kleffner, J. (eds), Internationalized
Criminal Courts: Sierra Leone, East Timor, Kosovo and Cambodia (OUP,
Oxford, 2004).

4. Charney, James, ‘Universal International Law’ (1993) 87 American Journal of

International Law 529.

5. Cockayn, James, ‘Hybrids or Mongrels? Internationalized War Crimes Trials as

Unsuccessful Degradation Ceremonies’ (2005) 4 Journal of Human Rights 455-
473.

6. Costi, A., ‘Hybrid Tribunals as a Viable Transitional Justice Mechanism to

Combat Impunity in Post-Conflict Situations’ (2006) 22 New Zealand
Universities Law Review 213 

7. Dickinson, L., ‘The Dance of Complementarity: Relationships among Domestic,

International and Transnational Accountability Mechanisms in East Timor and
Indonesia’ in STROMSETH, J. (ed), Accountability for Atrocities: National and
International Responses (Transnational Publishers, 2003) 

8. Knoops, G., ‘International and Internationalized Criminal courts: the new face
of international peace and security’ (2004) 4 International Criminal Law
Review 527  

9. Lundy, P. and McGovern, M., ‘Whose Justice? Rethinking Transitional

Justice from the Bottom Up’ (2008) 35 Journal of Law and Society 265