Sanitary Engineering adv dor Distribution Networks - Equivalent Pipe Method - Method of Circle - Method of Section - Solved Examples - General Notes- Water Distribution Networks olLpall aig Gls Collection works 1, Treatment works Distribution Works Flow Line of Water Alans (yo da ld Gp ill dale ol ye Cina nol y ol yall Aas 5 gp} re F_yadll gh a gb 9 Al Ady) Qa LIS ED AY SL I) Att) dae (yo ol gall Cnet SI Ay ati gol ey Lae LW) GL ad, ds MW tall 8 Atal Ng Ay Lind ei SI UIhe bz Cras pl gs AS, Sd Li) cstv US 4 La AS gd lle hits ss sad) Qe! (HL.P A) dee Lad tlh) olL_zall aaj 53 - Purpose of Water Distribution Networks to distribute the potable water through out the city for ordinary consumption, as well as, delivering it at high rates for fire fighting. jy eglhe Jakes JS; Aga (te oy tl dat all ol gall a 5 gl Caan 28 ye cs) Laat ka]- Planning of Water Distribution Networks Fay yh Ge SI a1 Atal gy) gh dla Ga ols jal pe ASL thass Leghshss ahd) 4 abil C Je (yp Sty L_ hss 4_y yb Sy aa] Abia) 58 ae YY! Gilat asl 5 GS all sae Cas Gl CGay og pis US Cig y Gl peas Lgl bhai Ais sh JS, Dead End Tree System Planning oe all oye all 4g MW xall s 5 ill ils (8 padi ay al a Ne ey aall _ghess | Xabati This system is suitable to old towns and small cities which have been irregularly developed having no definite pattern of roads and streets. 2]— - Advantages of Tree System Planning. 1 - Relative cheapness (as it is a simple network ) Fiala 2 billy Gal mall ys 2 al gall aac 4 1a) | Js A__Uals AS.) A_al 4S) 4, te Bago gall 2- Easy determination of discharge at any point. 4S. le 4H coh ate Ga ell) Ge A gg 3- Easy determination of pressure at any point. 4S le MLE il vic ee al) Glue A gg 4- Less number of control valves. 3 asp) le Gal ad! ave - Disadvantages of Tree System Planning. 41 - Presents of dead ends ( poor water quality ). FAs) GL gah GN oLidll bay brie yo Lote Nae 4s GL aged afl alls iS 5 ath, yy 1S Lg 5 ely 2 - Discontinuity of service during repair . AY QSL dab ye SLi) 2b Gays Ley gals Joos 5} Sy a Jes Sol ll “il Le ashy Juss ype day2{Grid Iron System Planning . .S-—4) shail a a gia AES all og lly Qa CSM es gag i tga aang at) gle BS ye SIS ll ye gga Vda Gy dy et bh Qo) yh Ga ye al ja La le 4 abil! 3e yt ppl po gy ied y A igaell A soll els all GA Si val JS jtia te a—_ 3 sill US clad cya BSI yo Cidade col GM olga! Jpnery bs Nhe ya ay = Lid (Sag ad ig 8h ll dee Gye pd Cae LS pall Zitla clad) dees Bygeulall ge ceed dak tally Gye all- Advantages of Grid Iron System Planning. 1 - Continuity of water during repair oe Si) Logg Gras (gh) X_aaiall Liga) Cnet Led y gle Ca Gas 13) OY ASp lh Lats Lisa Spey Aycan) GM ily pat laws Gy oliyall live ye fi Sh dia 2- Absence of dead ends. din SLi tae) - Disadvantages of Tree System Planning. 1 - Large number of valves J gall ore 3335 (yo La GL i 6 8 SI ALS y Gusl_oual are 3h 2 - More expensive more than other systems . SUSI Guindy yp al gall ane GY eLUds Laalle 4_Lalss 3 Lal bo 5 te] SAY Labs Ye - Basic requirments for good water distribution networks. 1- Well laid pipes of durable material . ast Lis ol ge yp al gall be & oh Wb gall ys Sh of aes ZOLAN 5 DSI) Ge DSU pL y ci sal dss 2- Sufficient capecty to meet maximum demand at any time. Sl algey) Lats 4s, Lg 2 Lael Lies ati oh Ga ey gl (pb Xa gllaal ald f[3 More than one feeder to insure continuity of flow. Jone gt aan sh trias jline Ge JES! Qt aLidll oh oh 4 abate Ga aid 5A) glace Gye Lal Cnet Ge 4- Absence of dead ends AS ay Lasie: GY AS) 8 te CLS gy ple Beall cod 4S. op hs Ges ll ally al ally LS 5 ait y 5- Adequate control of flow by valves and meters. Bogals Did) Gales pladi oh 4S.) Jala oli gh § Sait) Gy et wl 6- Complete protection against contamination a5 (gh aoe lous 48.8) Alea Ge Up —ae sil Lils 2 5 sill AS ts J tt a OS ol as -7 Sd @eall gf Atal le lel y ae yl) Lill Balls Gea AM ae Qj gl AS at Jleed Ye e Jas! and YI Gas g lis jgSll dlc! ds so 8!Design of Water Distribution Networks. Ayla) Ll te Jy eal sll SL el ge pte eet pt apy de pl ad Ul 2 SE Cea a gl SE aL as Lgl Go gna! Lgl Lies Qa Gh gah a Lely Sal jn a From Design ,We get (Q,@ ,V ,S) Saez & £2B@o Be SEs of Seas oe ea 2s Chart 2 ve atala Hts S5V 5Q 5Q prs Graig Uric J Pressure Pipe H. Hydraulic gradiant = P(B)m Total Head = H(A) m Pressure P(A) m V Pressure = Total Head = H(B) m Length = L (m) Datum Elevation = Zero mIf H(A) > H(B) ee Sy BA Ge clin dati A wx 3 Cb ps ol_ alld B YA Gp dsclia’ yg o) Ge ad IL | daz! gs 4 Si A vic ol gall ol _is W bee all GY lds Bo ll B vic oligall ol aciSe (tl Face agH.L.P dak pall Lad Gi Qos ye gil 3 P(A) bead) Bibs vic ais, A 4 ball ae Elevation I ct Total Head at (A) = H(A) = Z(A) + P(A) Total Head at (B) = H(B) = Z(B) + P(B) Head Losses _h, = H(A) - H(B) h, (m) H.L.Pt yo git_ill Ls al) L (m) g Ue 5 V L (mm) 41 S56 sHead (m) I ex! Hydraulic Slope = IfZ(A) = Z(B) tail spp h, = P(A) - P(B) Ade GUbadts S28 Cys ol nell bee. § Ss Gill a _aall §i_ 2: Head Loss I - Sy Abi Cet gh ) 4st) das C8 HLL.P I ue gt FiLiocs DUS olgall rie 8 jie AS 2 Sy ins Sly ya gl all — Hydraulic SI _h, (m) Bgl Gyo fis 1AS ydraulic ope = Tim) AUS 5 5 yy all gd it Daal aed Sy sell Dell TS clin bine (te yl stab La faye Je5 Ge AS all le Ais gf ate old bee LY eos psall ue Min. Head = 25m=8X3 +5 +9 Sos JS 15 eg 3 Leet op dS 5 dh Ly andi Littl yp ul 2 DLA Losses 2-1 i 5) Lay, Operating Head Js belies fa 5 1) 4d ay 4a) 9p Si olin) brie ~ $n at it 4) a) of ye LY VIL, 4S.) Cte ALLE NS cic Gy thal be oll Gis Gs ye Ke We yy yay USI (yo 3 yg —asllls ol_yall cL Sin} Aoi yy Si 25) sill oda J Clea» SL gly ep SY Le Al) Qld Methods of Head Losses Calculations in the Pressure Pipe 1 [Darey Law] L = pipe length (m) g = 9.81 mis V = actual velocity (m/s) f = friction factor © = Pipe diameter (m) BI— [. HAZEN-WILLIAM Formula Q(m?/s) =0.279xCxB x8 ID (m) Where , C = Hazen-William Coefficient that ranges from 100to 150 Bypaslall Gy kd Ye ys as Uales (100, 110, 120 , 130 , 140 , 150) ot of ey SSN a 8 ple ig ts ge pis att) Ch fhe C= 150 pty faa ites ll oi Li es Ihe C = 100 elidey laa acl 5 yp ule PHU, tbs © duds.’. Q (mys) = Wee x V (m/s) @ QGV,S sdatee4 oe @s@ oats 5 oO sitidll yy paid) 24 yee aut 5A MW oe Gy yp eis Ld je 14 ® s@ osst—aaiChart dee 5 Lala Syst oo da Uy | (m/m) |C = 100 : 150 Q (Vs)Lex uals Chart LgiC Js- dtl! Grice 45 Log. Chart we sje Chart A! ia NLS Log Scale I dagis laa wale GI) Lal 9 St as Sag ills S (m/m) wv Q (V/s) Ss @ ethaites V sQ Un. rxre- bas: gab nai leY Lisl) (tess BY) yyaclle Q Ib Jari etbiei Gia dled Jani eG bill aia dhl) oda yey Yo de pull S ay 4 padl Lites 4 pts bs Lis} ps ts Chart Ne bas. 50 Ue VV de dl 5} V_ between V1 &V2 tiple Lis! ll de all Ggling Lis! det Ub ba Qe (ks Ube aL hs 5 Li) ss ; 4a) pei 8 ll Cl $s ll @_ ILS, Liebe (4 (at 5 as © between @2 & O3| Methods of Distribution Networks Analysis and Design 1- Equivalent Pipe Method = 4 lS. 5, sell 4_G dial) ba yaae pal ye AS aye nel gad iy 2 - Method of Section GLethill Wa jb 4p api pI) AS.__all 4 padi ag qt Os. ysl gall tay Asia a sis} 4a yb sei J WaterCAD _1 3 - Method of Circle Asal sat 44 yb Goal Ga Si pete Ae all 2S, axe el padi stg 4 -Hardy Cross Method (Software) gS Galati yb WaterCAD Ni gas y: godt uy ASp tl} Jt 1a pb La1- Equivalent Pipe Method 4—\Sull ¢ 5, Ld) 4_a) AMSA Saal y 5 pale cl) peal gall Go de ane Je Lg pb Lh a 5534 de bak coll 2 gill Gu Lg Cony (Lo yh) de pan od Lg yell Qu oF Gis py A ilsll 3, LI QO V,S tea} ee h, (m)=SX L(m) Gb oe bial h, h, h, h, h @ @ @ @ @ Qo» »-—_4 2 _,_—+_,_—+ 1 Pipe 1 Pipe 2 Pipe 3 Pipe 4 Pipe 5 Ce Ae gael! ods J ga pb Baal y 5 jgube coll jy al gal pel al, La Q S cauivatent D eguivatent » Equivalent Ys) spas BY AL wISs baal 5 By pele Cl) yr gall Ge de gene da at SIs te al I gil) ple Lacan as ALicails al gall he pepe - Pipes in Series } gall ul gall Vo ess SS 4 QA gy S sill Ge pl pall UL oy F__4alS al 3 yg lal Ca pecs Cl Le ae ge SQ A QW Lia Head Loss —) 3 GLA) Ga as omh, h, hy h, h, a ,, 4 2, Q; QD, Qs Pipe 1 Pipe 2 Pipe3 Pipe4 Pipe 5 Pipes in Series He hy + he + his opi HeadLoss } yShy » tga 84 46 Q i of BDU) GAY By pute BlFalse Stal g By getabe coll pt gill le jl ge AS game Jy gat Ch ghd | 1 - Assume Q = 100 I/s eeY GR REY pl gall US tt gy SpE GL Q varia y ot ss te jp sl ys 2-From(@ , Q ) for each pipe From _» Get s 3-Geth=LXS foreach pipe 4- Calculate h,.., =h, +h tht... = Nequivatent 5 - Assume Deq D, 9 B, ow ene ks lye di ols Chart SI -tdsot bboy 5 From 6 - From ( 2. Q) San get S Neg 7-Get Lg= L+k> Lass — dat i, cl _dilCheck - Le agla bais dale al gel GS Ghai TD Ge be] a Bi lay ee all SS Beart 5 Ley Legh 4 iilSs Bal s Q,S,n cLiaeall Atel La-Pipesin Parallel 65) 5—i) Ae ps gall OF By pel SS 9 dL Q ys St le dl gall Us el gall (te & 55 ta LY GAY pt te yp al gall Ula 4b ys $3 Head Loss I Ui 22, Q, Ue Ae ganall ods Ja gat a Eig ee ail Q hi eee Equivalent Equivalent Bop ldl Gay at gall USL dh 4 ui Head Loss J yf b 0 _| 4__4il all Q, ,Q, CH s—ls He Ge 5 53 Q Ao bawFils Baal y Bagels ot gill ple sl gs Fe gape Jaga i ghd — 1 - Assume h = 10 m (constant ) 2-GetS =qt for each pipe 3-From @ ,S on get Q foreach pipe 4-Get Q, = Q+Qt.... 5-Assume ' 7 D3 Doe 29! Wie e—s ji el be Chart SI a dssall pho y es From 6 - From @,, Q., that Get S, 7-Get 1, =h510m Seq Sy pale alla Loats yg jslle 1 yal yall US Gaba Ly Ge Le dia Jay tC eS tt gg Lg Ath Saal y Q,S,h ced) dL Lat Ada dBaadla va & Pipes in Series, Pipes in Parallel 4 Usd) cis 13) - ee4 Equivalent ) ~+35 Pipes in Parallel) s.=i Js! as eels Equivalent J! ++-15 Pipesin Series ! »=i 3 Pipes in Parallel I J Gp Q Aaejgly- Gye jy th pe yt yd QL GQ aus id Pipes in Series L a _Booster Pumps 9 431—=)! Gt) Booster Head a> DQ 0 til pi thee a D ea =m a P(A) = 40m Booster Pump P(C) = 20m Sis p Hodges BOW Am pled ~§ Q Seo ylaie_ Foes 10 psy C Abi vic bk coll ep es ag Fie 30 Visto ce Ceol oe YC Tbe otic Li coll oi Lal SI YC Abb ge Gs Sb al Bj SI) dale fy ad GIL ih \A~10 ve De Booster Pump 442) 4_udb ein, id Lh gS ola gdp Sal 4 ba pe gall A 4 Booster Head. Joi Booster Pump Sag lle pe ne Alb (yp St bal (le Booster Pump 482! Gl udb eis pis 4S. il 4ibaidl ol yall baie @ 8) oe ys ey ll Sad 5 oll distExample 1 : Find the Equivalent Pipe AD @= 200 mm @= 250 mm @,= 200 mm AL=500m pg 1,=1000m ¢ 1, 600m p Solution For equivalent pipe NSM le al II gl te jp sl pall Sata 2 Y UuY! Pipes AB ,BC ,CD are in series Assume Q...= 100 /s | |Q = Constant CrerPpe a8 } Q,,= 100 Vs , @ = 200 mm—Chatt_, 5 = 0.078 mim h | Se 7 *, 0.078 mim = us a 500m h,,, = 0.078 X 500 = 38mTo a } OCC ES, h, "" Syo= Las — 10m_— Teco 1000 m = 0-01 ma/em » asp Scop = 0.01m/m , Fo,= 200 mm —Chatt , g = 33 ils . |Q.,= 33 V/s "ABDPaeanaaeee (For Pipe ACD } A h, "it Syo)= tee = 10M _ = 9.008 mim S,9 = 0.008 mim , B,..= 250 mm —Chatt_, Q = 541s “. (Q,, = 54 V/s "ACD Equivalent pipe AD O=?mm Sa err eeeer er vnr een ee eater enna POET ETO OTIEEETTIISERE A L,=?m D " h =Constant = 10m v'Q =Q_ +Q AD ‘ABD ACD 1. Q,, = 33 +54= 87s Assume|®,,= 200 mm .Q,,= 87 /s,,= 200mm —Chatt , s -9.06mim . = Nao 2 8° 2.0.06 m/m =20m Eq B)_ 10m 166.67 m 0.06 m/m wf L,, = 166.67 m |B, = 200 mm Example 3: B @,,. = 300 mm ABE Lge 4000 m Cc ©... = 200 mm ‘ACE Lyge= 1000 m D Soe = 250mm Lo.= 2000 m Given : H, = 40m ; H. = 20m Required : The flow in each branch of the loop. 4[ Solution LA cle ol Isl te jal pall dh os YM Pipes ABE , ACE, ADE are in parallel Ayoe= Dace Ayoe = Hy - He = 40 - 20 = 20m ADIOS, (For Pipe ABE RR h "1 = tae = _20m_- ee Te 000m OOS em Syc= 0.05 mim , Gee# 300 mm—Chatt_, g = 240 Us » pe 2. 1Q,. = 240 Vs ABE AIO (For Pipe ACE } weuwewee tego lhe | 20m __ . Scce* To = 7000 m = 002 mim Syoe = 0.02 mim , B= 200 mm—Chatt_, Q =48 is ‘ACE "ACE PoANAT, (For Pipe ADE } nea h, ss = lee = _20m_- me Te OOO Mm Oot mm Sse = 0.01 m/m , Byo= 250 mm—Chatt_, Q = 60 is w. [Q,.=60I/s =". The flow in Branch ABE Q.,. = 240 Vs "The flow in Branch ACE Q,,. = 48 lis =". The flow in Branch ADE Q.,, = 60sExample 4: Find the Equivalent Pipe of the network B c Ele Ele So o ]ol6 Sie # |2 a|e I " ny i os |? os] @, =250mm > 0 Ly, = 1500 m Solution Ns te ab A sll te pl gall hari oY SMI Pipes AB , BC are in series Assume Q,,,= 100 lis Q = Constant a (rerPipe Aa Q,,= 100 Vs , B = 300 mm—Chat_, s = 0.01 mim Lap10.01 mim = Pha 1000m “. hy,, = 0.01 X 1000 = 10 m AIO {. For Pipe BC } SR Q.,= 100 Vs , @ = 350 mm—Chat_, sg = 0.0048 mim a ae ee Soo z h ao! ym = ee 0048 m/m 500m we yy = 0.0048 X 1500 = 7.2m Equivalent pipe ABC =? mm . L=?m i"* Q =Constant = 100 I/s woh =h +h Lac Las Lec wh = 1047.2=17.2m 4 Assume|®,,= 300 mm Q,,= 100 Vs, 2,,= 300mm —Chat_, 5 = 0.01 mim Bee ae 286 0.01 mim =122m_ Le, eee pe eecimieee—C720m “0.01 mim Pipes AD , DC are in series ©,,.= 250mm , L,,,= 1500 + 1000 = 2500 m aS hy a Gn ey ll le Gd @e (yh yy ld Lal co Gl ball 4x a Just oY Ute age + Equivalent A! Lia Lis! Pipes AB , BC are in series 1) 3 slikepes ABC _ ADC are in parallel h = Constant Assume h,= 10m AIO, { For Pipe ABC ee h "2g = base = 10m__ 80 Eo 1790 mi 0.006 m/m So. 0.006 mim , = 300mm —Chatt , g =75 1s w. [Q,,= 75 ls For Pipe ADC | wg. = Thee = 10 m_ = 0.004 mim "eee "Loe 2500 m Syoc= 0.004 mim , G,.= 250 mm —Chatt_, Q = 38 l/s ‘ADC J. [Q,,= 38 Vs "ADCEquivalent pipe AC Q=? mm ees? = c A L=?m " h = Constant = 10 m “Q.=Q AC ABC ADC 1. Q,, = 75 +38= 113 ls Assume|@,,= 250 mm .Q,.= 113 Vs , 9,,= 250mm —Chatt sg = 0.12 mim ae Dhic SSE 20.12mim =10m Eq . L,= 20m ___= 33.33m 0.12 mim J) L,, = 83.33 m *|S. =250 mm wa] Ac 2h, = 10m ay bo}Example 5 : 2, =400mm B A 1, =1000m e € € Eye 2 gg : hr es e D Ly, = 800 m E Given: H=40m =, He = 20m Required : Flow in the network e 2, = 350mm L,, = 1000 m[Solution Pipes BC, CE are in Series —____» Get Eq. Pipe BCE Pipes BD, DE are in Series —_—__» Get Eq. Pipe BDE .". Pipes BD , DE are in Series t For Pipe BD Assume Q,,= 100 I/s AAA Q.,= 100 Vs , @ = 300 mm—Chatt_, s = 0.01 mim h “Ss ae 8D *. 0.01 m/m = tse oe 600m vs h,, =0.01 X600=6m Awe For Pipe DE 2? SLT Q,,= 100 Vs , @ = 200 mm—Chat_, gs = 0.08 mim “Ss Phe pe Loe*0.08 mim =e : 800m Dye = 0.08 X 800 = 64m Equivalent pipe BDE O.=? mm o—_______e—__________e, B l= 2m D E "" Q = Constant = 100 I/s “yh =h +h Leve tep — Loe wh, = 6+ 64=70m ve Assume|®,,= 200 mm -Q,= 100 Vs , @,,= 200mm —Chart_,. s =0.08 mim face ee i. = -_70m -". 0.08 0.08 mim i Ea . = 70m - oe Ly= OM __ = 875m ‘we 0.08 m/m [16]Pipes BC , CE are in series G..= 250mm , L,,= 600 + 800 = 1400 m 32S is bl nd a gals Gl llc Gas ae Gp ll Lalla oN Sp ball pn i Led 2 HY Utes gel 4s Equivalent i Liss Lis} Pipes BD , DE are in series 1) 4 Laue A B BCE BD E F Pipes BCE , BDE are in parallel h = Constant Assume h,= 10m ANI, 7 (For Pipe BCE } SR h etal eee Lece eer ed OUI ibe of” Soce Tae 7400 m 0.007 m/m S,ce = 0.007 mim , Q..= 250mm —Chatt, g = 501sONIN i (For Pipe BDE } ead h, * Syoo= BE = A = 0.011 mim Syoe = 0.011 mim , 2,.= 200 mm—Chatt , g = 50K Equivalent pipe BE *" h =Constant = 10m sw Q_ =Q +Q BE BDE BCE . Q,, = 50 +50 = 100 Is Assume/@,,= 200 mm 6Q,,= 100 U's, .,= 200 mm —Chatt_, 5 = 0.08 mim h gus is 0.08 mim = 10m Legf.L,= 20M = 425m 0.08 m/m Pipes AB ,BC ,CD are in series = 400 mm Q.= 200 mm = 350 mm Papen aren nen ant na aNE SND E IEEE EEE EEE CEE t CRTC Er TET ENCE ee ane een Al 000mg L=i25m ¢ L,=1000m Assume Q.,= 100 l/s | |Q = Constant (For Pipe AB 3 ee al Q,,= 100 Vs , @ = 400 mm—Chatt_, s = 0.0027 mim h -". 0.0027 = te mim = F000m HL, = 0.027 X 1000 = 27m LasoO ( For Pipe BE } NA Q,,= 100 Vs , @ = 200 mm—Chatt_, ss = 0.08 mim h wg = tee Te =". 0.08 m/m = Thee ; 125m Dy. = 0.08 X 125 =10m AOI. ( For Pipe EF) Q.= 100 Vs , @ = 350 mm—Chatt_, § = 0.0049 mim os = ee . Sx TE "1 0.0049 mim = Mee , 1000m “s A, = 0.0049 X 1000 = 4.90 m LerEquivalent pipe AF G.= ? mm = F A L=?m *" Q = Constant = 100 I’s : =h th + Oe emcee "h, = 27+10+4.9=41.9m AF Assume|@,,= 200 mm OQ, 100 Us , @,,= 200 mm —Chatt, s =0.08 mim "AF b= A19m = 593.75 m 0.08 mim Pipe AF H, = 40m ; H. = 20m wh, = 40-20 = 20m ar [odh VSe 7 — 20m _ w= 55575 ~ 0.038 "+S, = 0.038 mim , @,,= 200 mm —Chatt_, Q = 701s | Q, =70Us Example 6 : Elevated Tank ©, =350mm B 2,, = 250mm AL, =2500mCase (I) Given : Q= 120 l/s ; H, = 25m Required : The Height of Elevated tank Case (2) Given : Q= 165 l/s : H, = 35m Required : Calculate the diameter of the added pipe BD Solution Case (I C For Pipe AB ) A Q..= 120 Vs , B= 350 mm—Chatl_, § = 0.008 mim h, Sos oS Pha “0.008 m/m = 2500m shy, = 0.008 X 2500 = 20m LasNII (. For Pipe BD } ne rc Q,,= 120 Vs ,@ = 250 mm—Chatt_, gs = 0.03 mim h seg = boo mle “. 0.03 m/m = Doo ue 1500m sh, = 0.03 X 1500 = 45 m HAH Eh A, WOH. = Hoth tb “. Hy =25+20+45=90m The Elevated Tank height = 90 m2 = 350mm ag = 2500 m Q= 165 I/s H, =35m H, =90m A € For Pipe AB } eee eee) Q,,= 165 Vs , @ = 350 mm—Lhatt_, ss = 0.0095 mim hy SETS h, * 0.009) = bas 0.0095 m/m 500m "» hy... = 0.0095 X 2500 = 23.75 m iE 25)Ao (. For Pipe BD } ne "rho= He - Hp "Hy = Hy -h.,,, = 90m - 23.75 = 66.25 m Lep 1 wah, = 66.25 - 35 = 31.25 m 8D .. =__ leo Y S= > Leo o =31.25 m— So. seem 0.0208 m/m 8, = 0.0208 mim , @,,= 250 mm_Chatt_, g = 92s PO (For New Pipe BCD \ NO ee 7 Q_=Q_ -Q woo he ~ ey w. Q,,.= 165-92 = 73 Ils “1 Q.,= 1658, $= 0.0208 mim—Chatt_, g = 300 mm ©, ‘BCD = 300 mma A @, =300mm B L, =1200m £ E 3 3 W s D L, = 1200m C i, =1000m E Given: H, = 50m ' H. = 30m , Q=200Is Required : The Diameter of BC Pipe Solution : Pipes AD, DC are in series Assume Q,,= 100 I/s C For bee 1D } Q.,= 100 Vs , @ = 350 mm—Chartt_, 5 = 0.005 mim - = AL . Soo La ". 0.005 m/m = Tuo . 800mi s hL,, = 0.005 X 800 = 39m NN ( For Pipe DC } SE Q,,= 100 Vs , @ = 300 mm—Chatt_, g =0.01 mim h pepe lce OSes “0.01 mim =i v0. 200m ws hy, = 0.01 X 1200 = 12m Equivalent pipe ADC D 4=?mm Laem °- " Q =Constant = 100 I/s — =h + PLT ALT OL woh =4412= 46m 06 Assume!@,,= 300 mm Qh, 100 Us, @.,= 300 mm —Chatt , s = 0.01 mim hy, 8g fit 60.01 mim =16m_ Eq. wb = 26M = 1600 m 0.01 m/m *." Pipes ABC , ADC are in parallel — So, the head between A and C is Constant no \ ForPipe CE Q.,= 100 Vs , 8 = 400 mm—Chatt_,. ss = 0.0027 mim “$= Phos wT h "0.0027 mim =— = | 7000msh... = 0.0027 X 1000 = 2.7m “He = He - Pe fy Ho = Heth, w He = 30 +2.7=32.7m “ hoe H, - H, = 50 - 32.7 = 17.3m = 0.0108 m/m #.S,,= 0.0108 mim , ,,= 300 mm Chat, g = 100s Qugo™ Qyg ~ Ago = 200 - 100 = 100 Vs ‘ABC Pipes AB, BC are in series AIO. (For Pipe AB} = 100s, @ = 300mm Chat, s = 0.01 mim h, Lap Lys Q ‘ABC Se+. 0.01 m/m = hs “ 1200m we HL, = 0.01 X 1200 = 12m NII For Pipe BC } Re ee _ ho Dad Nie = 17.3 - 12 =5.30 h, ei = Mec w Sy = . = 530m = 2-8, = S800 = 0.0066 mim 8, = 0.0066 mim , Q,,= 100 mm Chart, g = 320mm Taken |@ = 350mm[2- Method Of Circle We jal sla ab - Used for design or check the minor distribution network liga) IS dL y yal sds Ge G—_-Enill Ag pall 8 la 2G ya aaa nd || 4S: aN deat of AIS) Ge Gail Ga, 52-2 4 Jill Cl iis wie Glial bell Gis ea al ay sat Ae ll él Fire Hydrant Gl S yp USS 5 ol_yally 5) tes Crp ll pa dd i eA ea Sat] Gy all eLal Gay es Gy al siis Lgle bax_acal) J Ys 8 tls Sy ll gs a SS Ac pall Dall Ge iM Lal slo Har Note Winer Wether” ke eal As glbeall ol_ pall AS AS Sagits Gall Digi wy 4 laa! oul clas iS GY Lids QsLilh Ligiad Os Gall 4y__—ill laa BS Sal gLite SS s=s===== Minor Network 4 —2all 4S: a) ————————- Main Network 4,145) 4s. 3)[ Fire flow Gab ve Gall Gat Ge py If Population < 500,000 capita Fela 2H oglab) ay saly Gap pel Grass 419000 dS ci vepd Acid) C$ eS fgQ Gp ost Pop. 10000 If Population > 500,000 capita a all GB Gy 2 ad Gre; 2>410000 Usui vay sound) 8 aSs 20 Get Rel 2 a ates! 2 fires X 60 m*/hr ANd) Qa di Jay GSls 44a) Flow of fire hydrant 60 m?/hr 12042-2160 Duration of fire 2 hr Each 10000 capita 1 fire hydrant Q (fire ) = X 2hrs X 60 m%/hr Q (fire ) = aan X 2hrs X 120 m%hr Egyptian Code 3)—tls Lal Jytall Gb ve sl Population ( capita ) Fire flow (l/s ) to 10,000 20 to 25,000 25 to 50,000 30 to 100,000 40 [more than 200,000 50 ] Bo)Steps of design the minor distribution network using method of circle : gall 5 jlo 4a gla Lal Ja cs sLaN! Lede saae diye 4S 8 ph do) Leal Cd pee La jail eas, lp iceners Ae sill AS sd ge Gp Lal g a Gey led jo iy GN LB bataly Gl all ose Lael od ae 2 zuile Gay p DLN Gp GE et Gee AB ll 2 hye 3) Ay YAS at ge eal) deal) 8 aes 3 (ghsto a 4 dual (La Ae all 4S. al A ig Sips SLA saat, Lind 3 bel) Lb sasill ole (ad (aw ys 5 As all Kea yall sol 5S ps CA yp Si ol baad! dou le ALE IAS Js Vis da jad pile AS) ores Gite 34a Ge AS pins ease OSA Ca Ae alls la 5S pe La ss A (SLAY | Aad: Gea + Gall Gigs Se gp Joo Seg) pe td Lil gh Les Gye Gaye 150 m Sy—all ¢Labl ash ya Usb & OsS: 5 al bb Gi AO LS Sy QIK Yay p—dall 4 59 de gone La le 2-6 Aa jails sou! yb ytle JS Cag ts Lt ye Gye pin Bay ANS (op tte el B Gaal cle Lie Bb pulls lS @ Scale — a!) a1 O-O n=2 n=3 eoPe Ay at Wo bat) ani slat) Qu Y Gl Gay 4p sat oy est ash 5 a) SY Gf Ga DG be old) AS ye Ll Las pele 3 ha Ge IY Oye GlSe jp ied ol all) 4b Gos) 4 n=2 bop bal Quad Gh cay Y et a ay Ole LY 4p Gaps) eLAbY skye tga Uk pi Lil ages ALE aie gh yp al 3 la Cee 1) Qe n=3Layali da ad, 5 Ho go yp Sb ULE Lay pl ge ace LI @ LS Ss sla a da al J ilps oe Ge Q,, Ga Gi eisai cle Gp all Gat ass SI Critical Ving Spo gt ne LLY Bos jaa IS pal ye ane OSLA (8 ype Ase al yal gall @o Le pall Hla abl SL a 4S, al) le (3; a) OL di oh LAY Fe all yp gall Cle Gall G Sede Aa hill 4s tad os& 2. YS bal) J ga py Aili Lb so) LE 13 a, opp eall LEY cy jl Se 150mm 3! 4 3100mm 22—)¢ 3 eb Circle st 4s 42 00mm ial) Lal a 8 Se 286 450mm 2S phil ead a9 A Uotall Gk ue a da sall Ia no. of @ 100mm [_no. of @ 150mm 100mm 552 3 GAS 150mm by pele Go) ras ke J srall Ge bit ls 4 ap dL) J L 3@=100mm @=150mm >< ad dL, itis) UI oY n= 4 ob dod Ua Lia | N Geesad Cyd argo ee se LLY sy SLAY) J gal [nJ= 2 X 150 +2 X 100 =2X(3X100)+2X 100 =[8 X 100 By pulse ose La) a LS Ns ha L483 ga aa ls as @=150mm @=100mm Kajal s atl oe ( Ana pial Gp pa OSL) 8 2 Ss ares oh eb G wie bb S od pla 1 Apa By pale ge Al By guile Wa naiiia ric La 5S yo 3 pla @2 4a 3g eats wie Lb 8 ys 3 tla 3 Aral psy pule Qs Spe Lie eS yo poe 4 52) gall Go ssi se} __b4]-Steps of design the minor distribution network using method of circle : 1 - Assume all the minor pipes have the same diameter (100mm , 150mm and 200mm ).it's preferred to assume them at first minimum 100mm. 2 -Assume different position of circles ,and get the number of cutting pipes by these circles. 3 -Determine the critical circle: [the number of pipes that cut by this circle=n ] 4 -Get the flow which carried by each pipe = Qone = ee pipe 5 - Get the average length of each pipe =L,,,(m) L+ Lag) = ZI 6 - Given the head in the main pipes (H:) 7-From Q and @ get S 8-From S and Lavg. get the head losses through the minor pipe from the main pipes up to the critical circle perimeter (h. ) 9 - Get the head at the perimeter of the critical circle (H,)= (H,) - h, 10 - Check -If (Hz )= 14m ( saved pipes ) - If (H, )< 14m (Unsaved pipes), try to increase the pipes diameter (horizontal, if not saved, also vertical) and recheck 25)4a) bil (4 LIS sl gl SUG God Le Gaps Ge eS ya Sle QSL GL HS ye de pd LS 45 pall 3 lat aoa Qe =Qire for each pipe syste IS; JL Gail) sen - We aH gM ppl gall Gyo Age all yl gall Je shall Sg La Qa ass — Lag, 2s Ge 2 Glide As yall sla Laas pho) pt By gl LE, 5 gue DS Lill ‘I Hayes Gy pb ye a PD. 19 OD, o PA 2 oe SA) sas chart ) te = chart I ylais tS eo blis Mhiyg, Gt we - Aa sali sli bias Js Head I 44 coud) Head lb ayuedl Head I Li - do 4 a gall UH 53 fh 7g ee dtiHead A ols - date Ge Ga lay Fae) Kal 5 sl pall SUGS 2 55 he 14 Ge DI JB Head A! +45 date Ge ee lady AY jl gall JUHI Gyn je LS Li} 3_adl Ys aye —aailll HE gk gp Gul — Cue Lge Check dec Gi tbs y yp ul gall Lai) dae oy Sell Ge Y ol Gopal! Gti Head A) gis Lusi y ya) aoe yi Lt 8 y A__altll 6 gall fats Check —) Uls Joa jie Be]Example 1: Investigate the minor pipes of the distribution system shown in Figure. The required fire flow is 300 I/sec. The normal pressure in the feeders is 3.0 Kg/cm? All horizontal pipes @ = 100mm All vertical pipes @ = 150 mm Seeds 8 8 eS 8 8 Ss 8 S S o s. & B00 g B00 oO oO oO 4 Bro S| | Broo D109 o 6x 100 = 600m Md)Solution : 1 Circle no. 6@100 + 6150 Number of Cut PipesCircle no. 2 Number of Cut Pipes = 88100 + 80150Circle no. 3 9, 50 ©, 50 259 , 50 250 259 2, 50 B00 9, 00 Number of Cut Pipes = 82100 + 60150Circle no. 4 ©, 00 B00 Number of Cut Pipes = 69100 +:80150» Ore Q EAloe Ef! 50 12 Prfes ~ Girele @) ¥ Plo BLls50 16 Pifes 2 Avele @ 6 Pleo hee ke 14-Pr Pes 2 Ode G@ Gploe FAlse AU Pi Peo + The CATA Crircle is Grek @ ete! Cs P BPN BH aa gh aya Crek ¢ = Joo + (&%1) Pos = 24 PrP il a is A= 3 Fos We late | + G@,, (Bind = Sob 2 12.5 Ds | | | | | | _| Pide Stain Pibe D) 2 gw My oP 52> i ont jee sD. ww pf ofl bm —S! Vy po Head &)os EER oe ~lEs arerv 9 wg, PAP Gp raat J prda db, stg) ead, ae 8) bond > v a = 3Xloo — Som = Som o~ Xe Msin . loom 2 /, = 3X3co— WB = IBF. 2m o x t ™ | PVA 6 Wap Pay me Boyt uel Ge nbie Ld, ope add Me ib ob =\VSim eo .(4 198.2 + 2x15) + 3(4N 13% 2424150) _ 2b. ows * Tey esd I yg? ore yA on : o oe ty wv i Goo t eos a 2es ag U Low z [ 2 => Kp0. 04S mlm ~ Bz lbsfhis , f= loomm Choel yt Mi hors A D2 \ T= (owe Kg Jt = feos Ke = (oS Kalen eo80%0 Cm* oe 3 Kafems lor uglmie H © Head on Sarors = 3000 Cm = 30m Head on Erele = ee h, =S0- 736m = 22.)o4m & Head on Pore by dren T = 99 lot 14 wf rr Hed 4 Sak. (agi2 - Method Of Section Gls Uaill day jb oo AN laa iM ol gall CAS, sil Si. Lah J Q, ore Gaius Design Flow bly sxal) Legles pl ge rie V5 Qy ty Spt gs) Als ppl gall dv Gel Gi pln Aad 5 yp ears USN, 2 as A_alS ie lis ae BS tga a ing 4 ou Ia by ind AG hall od cote Lay Jha ll y A shal ode ye Lill aye nail pb as) p@ ALS aye nat ol gall IS) 8 pe atl WaterCAD I aay Yl GS 4 jh oda d- Us Ubi 5 tears Cag yee pl ge Le gone Lye d Gs plas this gic - 1 Qh, te Xa pay A Bbaall ogh Coy Waal Gy sell Line p+ 2 Sel gall Ge Le papal! ode dl us ja MN a i) Gee 2 3 Qh og Sayyid 5 yp esp lly an all La ges A shall Gye de gene Gb oe ds Qs Qh Gey Lili 4 4 Design Flow of Main Distribution Networks : Q,=Bigger Of (Q,.4+ Qe) OR (Qna,)Main Pipe Line A B c Tul jt a Section JS wie Le ASN) a) of a byt J Flow 1 clad (te cage Section I ys S oi was- 1 Flow Direction Studied Section J gall Kota et oh ps JS Ay a Section yy sol ae 2 AS. eS ety AS 9 ys Section i iain oi ay 3 an Pipe Line Main Pipe Line xSteps of Design Using Method of Section : KD. Choose the section that will be studied. i Section ) ats (4 phes Sal 1 2 3, ball oda Determine the served population by this section (P). Section sy cl ysl! axe Gls p Pop = population density X served area by this section (O- Determine the design flow (Q,). seal 4 ail) ee 9 Q,=BiggerOf (Q,4+G.) OR (Q,, ) Qayg = W.C. X Pop Qma=(1.5:1.8)Q "Avg Qmnn= (213) Qayg Q,,¢ = May be given or calculated @- Determine pipes which cut by section Section hy Lgabé a5 A pal gall oa, ®- Assume the hydraulic gradient (S) for each pipe in preferred design range ( 9.001 to 0.003 ) Take S = 0.002 29)5 - Get the actual flow ( Q,,, ) that can be carried by these pipes using the following steps : - Each pipe has @ and S§, get the carried flow ( Q,,,,). From . @,S Chart Get Q,,, for each pipe - Qa = Q4Q,4Q4... 6 - Check : Des ay cell yg ay Maal) Gy cel ys Liat a Gls 2 #10% ayaa 8 La 42 yg SS Gg) Gay Led yl gall % Error= [Qs -Qacl x 400 d - If Error< 10% (OK) - If Error > + 10% make the following check : - Using (Qaa ), (S = 0.002 ) 725 > Get ,, - Using (Q,), (2, ) 2" » Get §,, chart If S.q= (0.001 - 0.003 ) ———» Saved Section. If NOT , cut pipes diameters must be changed . Jy Lille pape eet pi ASA LS 1) gl gall SLL) gg | aa as oy east SI 3st gj ppl ge Mile} 2 ad A_Latld AS Cuts 1) Ld Baga gall pp asl gall ALead gall ye a) Gel stte(Q, gt Q ) =e Carrier Pipe Line! a.——3 ire- Steps of change the section diameters : ft -IFQy >Q,4 (increase the pipes as follow ) : | — Get AQ=Q, - Qace — Assume the number of pipes to be increased is (n ) — Get the flow in each pipe = Qpipg = eon From — Using Qpipe, (S= 0.001 - 0.003) Gpaq ‘Get the Required chart . Diameter & 2 - If Q,4> Qy (NO CHANGES ) Note that : - If the section is given ( given the cut pipes diameters ) and the required is to determine the maximum capacity can be carried by this section (ASSUME S = MAXIMUM = 0.003 ) - Fire flow remains constant according to the total number of population until the high value Central Districted area has been passed, and then it drops according to served population. Central Districted areal dali Meal, dae Ghling eli ney A lad Gad Lg Libis Gi Loiglé Udtb ay 4_shidl os 8 Section cl 4 dudslh Gall Gy a} More safe Weed ik ase Gis le Gall Gp sd Glas pid ba: Section th ist Section 1) ja vic 5 sl} L Ba) —Example 1: Investigate the Network shown in figure at sections A-A and B-B given the following data : Population of the city = 150,000 capita © Fire demand = 300 I/sec e Population up to section A — A = 40% of the total population © Population up to section B — B = 80% of the total population ¢ Annual average rate of water consumption = 120 W/c/d | B 250 19250 | | @200 @200 @200 @200 @200 Central District @250 300Selina :- Rint + Be, + Bigy, = bathe ¢S” a Rive : | Orn, | . | ea 5 Pp: Ca. WC. * Ry = 120 Held *\S 0000 "T40 boe be A= Sec o Cus = 2033 Lys Qo alee 2 oR al 37s b/s “o @ y= ao » Q, Tuaae fae Lei? @ aa Assum 3% (1:3) > (BE a eek| TE wend, hz 2500m SME @ 2 27 fs “7% 0.00% | Bs Boom Chit, @,= 33 Us “ iy soe = eal ost , <= Soomm Sheil, @ . 1, py, OB = B+ G+ IQ, = 274 loo + 2083 = ass fp aes os aye Hy Gleukere The ever oS Qa: 2Sz fs) Ss Un Soke De Fe Second Cheekcheck fe hydrokic sleP Lrring Efuin Pie. St Qe? 253 dys y Dz c.ce2 aa eg Goo am ¢ hy 2 Coomm, ByzS25hlé Cha» 52 0, 0075. DS 0.003 Wns. *Do The Third Check CO, > Gq ete Must intrease The Pies vv ad as Pellew « N@: Qy~ Gg $25— 253 = 272 Ls Assume The Yum ber & (VPes To be iacreased = 3 2 Flow fp ead PiPe = Pa = par Qo.7 £/s Bz %.7, This p,) he p= Yoo thy doreadic SloPe = 0.0023Fev SecVien B-B PPANTiin UP Te Sec B-R = Box f Hh THU fpaletier : cle sec BB IF Af ACs oo re Bd) AP ipso Seo BQ 242 YL go, oC yom Slee Bor row) 0 gS out Bel Me Oy slo 9, Bale PET BBR 2 = 0.2 # [feces 2 Posen Cah Tx B= Boo Ls Bers CRE Ln py, }Secco Gira 1? Bp = Beodls «Ro = Go Ls . C2 Cnc + 0.2 Gp, = o-2e 37S pu2n doo = 135 Ls °G,: ° 72 Guy sete s2lz fot ffsCAT OisTHE 1 ea? Sec kg © A Rp Sle By i 8 SeTin Bk IS So XY SeTun J Re sl pigs lei ow oP Cf cosPle 2s @ ag olala pwnd oles ~ Bhs OT by sec B-R 2X 200 +1K 250 oe : Sa 2 BO, oo a jae Cay) sore fPVE WS 3h eee 8 iP) @ oF Gee 2 6 Oe : Assam 5% 2h OD? Loom, St oreor Get, @ sis (Is 2 Bs Bem, Ttoooz Cet, @ . 27415 + Qs 2x15 +275 S7 b/s oN 2 Q@gzi35 Lis) / BA errer ~*~ @y-s7 ls “hk bree s BS-7 gfyo = S784 > [ef NSePe (35 Do The seésnad Ghee.Check The Warrank’s SloPe Wiad 24. Pie. oo Que e STA 5s o-c0e SMe cfg s 350 om » y= Bsom , Bye [25 Ms Chey Ay eG Zese ~TSo The Micol Cheox ¥ OY > Rap et We Mu trevense The Pee ® Bellows s-. ~R@= Qy-@_= 88-S7> 73 fs Assume The Number P Piles Ts be tatvesed = f 2 @z7el|s , a=4er Chowl, Se o-cott (34) oN Cus | bo F Be increatedt wth St o.eel7veda Gus dee Gb ye Ll li 8 lll Ce gi of ee J-2Y Thickness — Backfill ty J! Go 44 slat) 4_asbl) 95 4 i i Slash of Geo sl ue tae Oo 4 dale Basta] sl Lgl ice lagi) Jy ial) pgs ed Cha Ag Fite G3 Bale Yo QS Gi Gas Jay) je Ii 0.6 +3 yy ld p bi = ial) Gris ELE Uae Liedst sal 35 4} 8) al Lal Sats 3Q ley Le sll ys Ath er Gas 04 95% cot} Dna im cleat BackFill not less 1.2m 30 cm Sand Diameter 30 cm Sand Diameter + 0.6 m 2) Cross Section 2265120 00 oF 58 yy lal Sey Fat dadeen OSL 8 go) a LL 8 Valves Gala gay Ge eS ayaa ac Lge 55 —4ell yg S.A fay oll oL gall ane yo gall na (gt ba Ooks oe LEY ol as: Main Feeder 8 4a ( Qn af Qere) oe oats ote ric (Sy eLall oJ Cos 4S, al , Dead Ends 29.5 J—ai Y - es afl alls L—a fish yas 4 sacle y yy ISM git Lt aku wil 4S, all J te ees Valves vl UW gl 5) ADS alli — Srgaa ate J GL abl) aie gs Sluice Valves J—iill juloo- 1 a—Saill spl p bi dy kt 3S a) Cte AL LL a) ay Air Valve ol sel) ules - 2] Leg JLeadil Gigas gal_iil Lal Gyo el pil & atl 4_as oll Seal) te 4nisidl) Lia 4 e253; Wash Valve dit usta 3 Maal ay La Jp il 1 - abl lye tes ol by bal GL bus Lol are — 2 - cela jp ps we = 4 pal) hal) GL at Ge Gul ad! ae — GL aS Lie AS,_ille bye gall Holl a bile Fitting is ine Gl aaall_g GL gil 5 Poa gf gh Ded) J a I Co bal gd pt gf de Y aul, elLitl yy dl Dube a YY a yl ct | 5 yy} all 83)Obs SY Li gee pace Ge By pls ae olan dy pls abl Alls i] BLE dea oly LY! te Ti Leg dein 4d dat aell yg Sy clipe 3 ypule Seg bh Gh Sa ped ol td a all Bypass 5] Ground Level ewe were Min. 1m C) Pipe Line C) Concrete box hs BY Lil ge GbL i Gh pas by pals as ole dy gusls bl i UL 4_ ch RE eed Gly DY le Fy 1 Legis 4) Saal ys SG oLipall 8 yp usled Lge Cog ti sd cl @ tad a nell 8 gals Je Led ——e ond Level Pipe Line ne |4S. 8 le Gadindll ell eg sul ise y Ue Gules Liye dee Cra co) dst of oS Lost Sly a Lagat ote Malas quia LES yy Sob i fg ped ay Sl Naa 5 save D8 (Sey GS aa) Gras dal veal) GL is SN) ye yp Si Gi oye al) Dd p> Geo pe ll Leg ea) Cle Leaks Gal all ae La Gf 25S) Jo yp a ll LS ND GL ps Ca ey Ape Ny Ga gh] Dp =4ob rhe iN ev, D=600 mm reso = RC wall Figure (2) sliaalle 44% Ae ps bag gall (puddle piece) Lila) di 2532 ala ol pal) Las a Gyo Aaa 5 yp adall 8 5a gpm gall 5 sill J Lt Gl) val) pe nett HL Glee AB GI pte Gal 5 yg ball lls Jina sLigall Qj 8 ASB 8 Le G8 yy als pe gl Bgl ADU la ils al pt} Alice y 4_tal dls, 4_ay bl |b Gul nal! Ge Jala paid (sy 4a dill din, Lats @ th i al nllAMLaI oda, - da 0 90) 8 yg nlall ola 42 sd 00 & 5 GAG 141 | ce 4) a bls 53 a 4!Thrust block Ib asus deed jh ci A Aai oda vic 3 yp lal) ISS (a [geladi) (Seal ¢ | SOU 4a) GL lal eal 11.25° , 22.5° , 45° , 90° aa GH Jala Gases pd aie Ss pb Cas gal G re 1 (Ae 5 ally ee Bagel) a8 Cina Lay i 0 pb AS GS A 5 lll bd JU 28 Ge g JL Gaye LY = cs Hl Crust Level cle Gg nial) Gi sp dal Gee Jie 15 le AS. jal ge le spl GL atin g 5 pa) GL dias Qe gi Aix il © thal) le Ugg ned ay athe 3 ta ps Ga Lia () ALi Lgd_ aah (48 tla ps fib gpl Lis LS -¢ 300 150 Coe bcs 3 Gp GO iin Gp SL sell — 559 200 LN 100 Ge bel 4 5 Dati: a Aten - ol peal) Cab seal a ee iia CDLvey padi asPipes Materials Cast Iron oa pl yaa G5 pa tye 2100041100 co Lbs - eal Gy call yl ga Ly et LS | Bop aS GL ly 4 at} yo 2S cA bs gall As gle ds Ductile Cast Iron Opal) 5a 31) aaa ay of Gy Eille as je 5 GIGI 5h als Ghilea! deat oe CaN) Cost J Spel cil fyb) VS (8 Alas ol Soy | 4a dL_Sisy! Jace Gy Jalil «32 Gps Jed cL S o yac ATLL! 2 2000 cH} 2100 ceo Lbail - atielc sal sh One “isl (yo Aas @ GLAM (yo 4__agles J__aaiy lay Sl 44 glia 82 jg 4 glala be gk ad Gn ath AW dg bay 4p ll tS a J ty Lac Lars 3 pS dp jb J Reinforced Concrete Pipes = 4s1_-«0ll 4i_4 pal) Bileprsd Gb ue ei VEILS Ol ge Legian s dds Ul eh - 2 600 Ge LEY LW jbi_ Bop AS b gece) 4 priall o pp ell bp Sha Uglasi g) J eds — LisJk Lelje 5 . le obs els - 0}Pre-Stressed alge) Adis Aol call QoL pS) : oe Si Light asd gh Yi dated! Li Al yp a go Gail Lads oiled — (gis Steel Pipes too! aaa Fags J peje) Lilgh La ph: «at 9 Sy BS JS 6a sie» LH Gad GN) sl Ge Cals dita lie GY Geb 5-$ gh Liddell 2 il gall FL a et | Aan File as jes Hj ials Galea! Coat — BLS goad Panty — Vanell 4s glad, 8 gas Alan ee @ LAI 5 J&IAN ye 4_ttila Go SY jj a sy _ 2600 =! 50 ce bs thsi — Fatiguey poe be Ug) Gp ey Gaga I BLS ZAM ge Vg dala) ge djl pL Y= CLs ca Lally 1a Gab — Gp 4 Lp 4_allall 5 all Deas YPoly Ethylene (PE) ET chs Gp dy rad gle LS galas) 4 Sy Bos S$ Ss Geel dal aati YL po _—__nillls Lala ay hes Gas Seat — A a nell (i Led sai Zo Ge Vy dsl Ga jad gL SY aa SW gal GUI a) olay 4a alg GLAS (te A DL js al go Ls asi wd we Cilgaly cle cx sell hy call olga Gp tll ole CHS, OB Cds Used BY Go ill aie _| ES fill Uggs — Ay dt oe fl Clesall rest — os Odst 448 - AK SIs ga iaill Jules | gla lll La ge - \ wi Aue CN cL st] jp al gall ge A dal 5) pall J je - (ds—; asa olga 4a cL at Y Lega AS yg = aia Ja_call Lyte glia — Figs JN dog call Jail) ALS LL gaat a ol lil ff Gotu flo sy a alatall be ys call a i —