a Module Seven ADVERBS Adverbs function primarily as modifiers of verbs. In Chinese, the vast majority of adverbs are NONMOVABLE ADVERBS. Theyoimmediately follow the subject or topic and occur just before the verboin ay | sentence. Some adverbs, however, may occur either before or after uthesoubject or the topic of a sentence, These adverbs are called MOVABLE ADVERBS, There are many types of movable and nonmovable adverbs in Chinese, This module examines some, but not all, of these types? UNIT I: MOVABLE TIME ADVERBS This unit will introduce Movable Time Expressions, Movable time adverbs may occur either after the subject, as in (1); after the topic, as in (2); or in the initial position of the sentence, as in (3). wm wé yiqién bu rénshi zi. ROMAUIRE. “In the past, I vas not able to read.’ @ Nai Jian ont, women yihou zai tén. ARPES, BAN DUE PR ‘We'll discuss that issue later.” @ Jiangldi wo xidng Jidoshi BRRMBH "In the future, I vould like to teach. Listed below are some useful time adverbs, gintai a ‘recently’ a1Jiang 1d WR "Cin the) future’ xidnzdi HZ ‘now’ aber: ee congqién Mail "previousty’ yigién Dit ‘previously, before” gudgd RY ‘in the past’ yindu DUG ‘Teter’ auijin Wie ‘recently, lately; in the near future’ gang/gangcdi H/ Hila‘ Just now, a moment ago” UNIT I: NONMOVABLE TIME ADVERBS . Unlike the adverbs introduced in Unit I, nonmovable time adverbs cannot appear in the initial position of the sentence; they can occur only after the subject or topic and before the verb. a Zh@ige didnying, wS yiJing kan gud le. “PEM, REBRUT. "I have already seen this movie.” @) wd w&shang ji qi. REERE. "T11 be there right away.” Listed below are some of the commonly used nonmovable time adverbs. yijing Be ‘already’ céngJing ‘YB ~— (has~done) once before’ like wal ‘immediately’ méshang Gr ‘right away’ yonayusin ‘forever’ aSnjin aE! “hurriedly” 2dogit “Yong ago’ 2adisadn ‘repeatedly’ wanguang tte ‘frequently’ zhéng(2aid TEC 7£) ‘in the midet of* UNIT III: MOVABLE ATTITUDE ADVERBS Attitude adverbs denote the speaker's attitude towards the situation described by the sentence, Being movable, they can occur either I-28Cite iG a8u Suna San arty) \ ie a, y ae Co wee+ Bee Que before the verb, as in (1), or in the initial position of the sentance, ao in (23% let a Zhang Jidoshdu hdoxiang bi yaoxing de ae KAT RAB NOT. ‘Professor Zhang seems unhappy.’ ca Héoxiang Zhang jidoshdu bi gaoxing de yangzi. FER MB A XE "Tt geome that Profescor Zhang is not happy.’ / LY Below are examples of some movable attitude adverbs. \ji ‘VU ndoxiing = ER "pawn, appeue’, Po? = xidnrdn BR obviously’ | : xtngkul oe ‘ fortunately” dagai AM ‘perhaps, maybe, probably’ aéneén BR tundamanteiiy’ Jirén wR “unexpectedly, to one’s surprise’ guéran RR ‘sure enough, as expected, actually’ chaGyiddisr BC) AUL ‘almost’ UNIT IV: NONMOVABLE ADVERBS OF MANNER Adverbs of manner modify the verb phrase, describing the manner im oy rv example, the adverb manednde #84%kh ‘slowly’ in the example below clarifies how the subject acts. Tamen zdi géngyudn 17 maénmande sanbi. qT 26 2s BL “They are strolling slowly in the park.” cdeodth, as in xingfé@ndey%erih ‘excitedly.’ Many adverbs of manner are formed through duplication of the adjectives. For example, the adjective Jing # can be transformed into an adverb, as in JingJing de MMdhatauretiyg’ through duplication and the addition of the marker -de it. When the duplication pattern is one syllable, the 1-3second adjective is always read in the first tone, ac in hdohdode FATIH. When the adjective ie disyllabic, duplication occurs by repeating each syllable independently, as in gdogdoxingxinade iS MMW ‘happily,’ from gdoxing FRX ‘happy. Below are listed some manner adverbs. » dlyide Be ‘intentionally, purposely’ w2ixide Few “meticulously” xidoxinde aya th ‘carefully’ kudikuadide ep ‘quickly’ nanndnde Reh “slowly” ,Jiangiande ania” ‘gradually’ shishafafade aFaF MRH =‘ comfortably’ gdogdoxingxingde FERMI HD ‘happily’ sbuzhibijucde FAVA =“ unknowingly’ .chéngxinchénayide ieavieaest — “honestty and faithfully” « hudnghudng- PET ih ‘flustered’ yzhangzhangde néonaode Pa “nicely” 2Sozdode Rh ‘as early as possible, well in advance’ vsuisuibianbiande hpi ieAeah ‘casually, informally’ qingqingchtichide iAH eh “clearly” kaksqiatae SEAM — ‘politely, courteousty’ UNIT Vi NONMOVABLE ADVERBS ZAI and YOU The adverbs zai Ff and you MX share similar meanings but differ | distinctly in usage, Both zi }§ and ydu M mean ‘again, more,’ or ‘also.’ However, 2dinHjorefersvonly to anfuturevaction, whereas ydueRorefers to either past or present events. Below (3) is grammatically incorrect because the future time expression mingtian WJ and you MW appear in the same sentence. wm Ta ydu isi le. ‘ HERR - "He is here again.’cay TA zudtian ydu 141 le. MER RAT « ‘He came again yesterday.” (3) NOT: * 76 mingtian ydu 161 le. * MH RLRT mpare (4) with (5) below, The first is unacceptable whereas the second is correct. ; (4) NOT? * T& 2uétian 2di di. * HEAR | ws Ta mingtian zai Idi. th AAR | ‘He will cowe again tomorrow,” Leeann AE ICE and CPD Whereac=ydu=X=cannot=benused, as in (6a) and (7a): (6) Zai he didrs J FEN) AL! | “Drink @ 1ittie more!’ | (6a) NOT: * You hé didrt! UMBRO! on 2ai xidngxiang! HAA *(You) think it over (7a) NOT: * You xidngxiong! * SURELY 2a¢-FFcannat occur before auxiliary verbs such as xing AM ‘intend a ‘ é i! ire sentence (8) with sentence (fa) belous the first is correct whereas the second is note ca 1d you xidng/yao chi Zhdnguo fan, Th AY Hever LT ‘He wanted to eat Chinese food again,’ (Ga) NOT: x Ta zai xiSng/ydo chi Zhongguo fan, x RM Beale. gage eeenegative imperative bid Hl] or bi yoouK HE, ‘don’t,’ as in (8) and (10) below: «a NY piésbd yao 2di xidng géW wo Jie aidn. PRBI/ AEP AN WE BA BE - ‘Don’t you ever attempt to borrow money from me again.” 40) Ni’ bié/bis_ydo yu xidng génoW 12 gidn. * PRI ABER AME HB ‘Don’t you ever attempt to borrow money from me again.” Z&i FF can also mean the ‘next in a sequence’ when it occurs with tuo conjoined sentences; in sentence (11) the huidd [2% “answer,” sequentially follows the occurrence of ni xidngxiang YRaNAR ‘you think.” huiad. a1 NY xidhgxiang 241 Pe ALA EEL ‘Think before Cyou) answer it.” The adverb xian % ‘first’ very often appears in a sentence to indicate the sequence of the two actions: 2) Wdmen xian hé sid 281 chifan, Bui) FEN WT eT ‘We will firet drink some wine and then eat,’ UNIT VIz NONMOVABLE ADVERBS JIU AND CAT The adverbs Jia BL and cdi 4 have many usages. They share an autonomous relationship with respect to time and expectation. Without and caiyd always indicates @ past event, as in (1) and (2): aw Ta gid 1éi. shat. “We'll be here right away.’ @ Ta cdi 181, th AK. ‘He Just got here.”amen Tevresrrerorntberrersrrneerrorvritwermrecetae whilevcdi 7 implies that he thinks it will happen Tate. Thus, Jil HY wight translate as ‘soon’ in contrast to cdi 4, which could be translated as ‘thenvand only then’, Sentences (la) and (ib) illustrate this point: (a) WS minatian sid ai. RBARE. "I'11 be there tomorrow.’ (2a) ‘Ta mingnian cdi qi. ‘th BE A ‘He won't be there until next year, ‘The markers ne WZ and de RY can only occur with caiq. The combination of Jills..le Hk ... J indicates either an action is going to take place immediately or soon With respect to the time of utterance (as in (3)), or that the action has taken place sooner’ than expected Cas in (4)), a Hudené sid ydo tai te. KEMBRT.~ ‘ “The train will be here soon.’ «4 Ta 2udtian Jid 14i le. THUR BRIT “He was already here yesterday.’ Sentence (3) is a future event because the adverb Jid Bt is followed by the auxillary verb ydo $f ‘will,’ which signifies the future. ‘ Zudtian [EK ‘yesterday’ in (4), however, is a past time expression. ‘The adverb cdim A without the marker ne WZ can indicate either a future event ar a past event, depending on the context. w Féiji shi didn zhéng cai Idi. ORL wa TR We can interpret sentence (5) either as ‘The plane won't be here until ten,’ or ‘The plane didn’t get here until ten.’ The combination. indicates a past event, as in (8),(6) WE mingnién cdi ai Zhénaguo ne. BWA A FE we EW ‘I will not be going to China until next year.’ (7) -Kibttan gi didn zhang edt nai ne. HAtAHA ME. ‘During the summer, it doesn’t get dark until seven o'clock,” (®) Ta ban ye edt nuriéi de. HE BA Te ‘He didn’t come back until midnight.” when Jid HX occurs before the second verb and le Tis used with ~the-firstoverbein-the-first sentences» it indicates that the action of the second verb will occur immediately or as soon as the action of the first verb is completed: @ Wo’ kan le didnying sid nut gid, RAT EWRER. ‘ “I'11 go home as soon as I see the movie.’ When Jid Bk appears before the second verb and 1e Y is used with the first verb and at the end of the sentence, Jid Bt means™ thal } concluded? 10) Wa Kan 10 dianying Jid nu S i RAT EWRMERT “I went home as soon as I saw the movie, le. Jui 2 ike deh yas in a0 (1) WE xia Te féiJsT Lkasmdondng yid géi ni ad didnnud re. RPT RM a/b ae RAT IAT. “I called you a9 soon as I got off the plane.’ When jid §& co-occurs with yi —, we way interpret it as either ‘as soon as’ or ‘whenever,’ depending on the context, Consider? (12) WE yi kanJian ta Jil gdoxing. ROA WRB. We can translate sentence (12) as ‘I am happy as soon as I see 1-8‘him,’ or ‘I’m happy whenever I see him.’ WimthdngDsaf.a.tantannes-oft af inatcates that he pi a a phe Trey Verte comPletedway cai is more idiomatically rendered as ‘not until’ or ‘unless.’ For example: 2 WF 2ud usin gdngks coi ohuisido ne. Rte DMA We HE ‘I won't go to sleep until I finish my homework, aa) Ni géi wd qidn wh cdi 2du ne. WEBB BA EME. “1 won’t go unless you give me the money.’ When céi A precedes the second verb and the marker de HY ends the wes-conpletedy For example: (15) Ta daxue vive yihdu céi chd gud de. Ab AP Heh Ds ‘He didn’t go abroad until he graduated from college.’ In contrast to the usages of cdi FH and Jil Hk discussed so far, some of these usages do not relate to time. For example, Céimay and Jitlitecan contradict a statement or an opinion, as in (16) and 17) 16) Shei shud zhar meiydu rén hui shud Zhongguo huds vi did hui. TER LEAT ASRS Rate. ‘Who says no one can speak Chinese here, I do.” 47) Shéi_ shud wo hut shud Zhéngguo huas ws cdi bi hut new LURSRHH IE: REAR. "Who says I can speak Chinese; I (really) can’t.’ Twe"Bdverd cdi A con precede a stotive verbs as in (18b) and (18b), SenTVe git BE cannoty as in C18) and (19c): gad Ni didi 2nén céngning. PR os 3s Wa "Your little brother is really smart.’ 1-9cab) Ta edi bi céngming ne. tha ARE. ‘He is not so smart (1c) NOT: * Ta Jid bo cdngwing. = AERA. gad Zhénguén zhén bi rénayi. WRAKSH. “Chinese is really difficult.’ gp) Zhongwen cdi rdngyi ne. WRAPS. ‘Chinese is actually very easy.’ x Zhangudn jiu réngy!. * RAH. When the stress marker shige tbey' acconpanies: Ji) Bt it means d precisely! or-exactly,’ as in sentence (20) and (21). (20) Ta Jil shi Zhang Jidoshdu. ‘te Bh JE HK Bh BE ‘We is Professor Zhang.” (21) wd jit shi ddsudn name ban. RUE HM DMD. "That's exactly what I intend to do.’ (age) NO UNIT VII: NONMOVABLE ADVERB HAT The adverb héi @ has three basic meanings: ‘still,’ ‘in addition,’ and ‘even.’ The sentence pattern determined its precise meaning. When hai 3 occurs in a simple sentence, meaning ‘still,’ it is oxpreesing the continuation of an action or situation. Thevmarker! (2) TH hai 2ai Fagus nian oni ne. 2 hE Ae LE, ‘He is still studying in France,’ (2) Ta hai nt 184 ne, hE LIE. ‘He is still not here Cyet).’ léi @® can also bo followed by shi J as in examples (3) and (4). The use of shi J is optional.@ Nf ndi_ Contd 180 yangzi RRC) BMF. "You still 100k the same Cas before).’ cay WO héi Cohid bi xihuan ta RBC B) KERIB. "I still don’t like him.” Ndi 3B can mean ‘also,’ ‘in addition,’ or ‘additionally’ if it~ occurs in the second clause of a chi le...yi wai BRY.-. DLdt ‘besides’ sentence pattern, For example we Chi te réu yiwdi, wo héi xinuan chi yd. TWD, RAKIM.” "Besides meat, I also like to eat fish,” Either part (but not both) of the chi le...yi wai BY... Wb expression may be omitted, as in examples (6) and (7) cco) Rou yi wat, wo ndi xihuan oni yi. WU, BiB Met. "Besides meat, I also like to eat fish,’ aD Chi te rdu, wi ndi xthuan chi yo. RTA, MBB KE. “Besides meat, I also like to eat fish.” “A compared to B’ sentence pattern. Hai i is synonymous with géng Wi in this pattern: (Ga) Ta bi’ we nat ging. am TEL RIE. ‘He is even poorer than I am,’ t (ab) Ta bi ws géng gidng. iE RES. ‘He is even poorer than I am,’ e th best but still okay,’) as in example (9) (9) thei ge bantd Hi KE yi BABA ‘This method is not the best, but it’s okay.’