Module Six )\ ZWE, ZAI AND NE ‘ Let's turn now to the markers zhe #, 2di 2 and ne We. Each warker serves multiple functions. First, we will discuss how they function as a group, and then we'll look at how they function individually. UNIT I: ZHE, ZAI AND NE AS DURATIVE MARKERS r example: The markers zai #£, zhe #¥, and ne WE can alefunction-essdurative G) Ta zai nar 2ua zhe. 4 IB JL AB a ‘He is sitting there,’ 2) Ta 2di chi fan. Hh ZEW TR ‘We is eating.’ (3) Ta kan ohii ne. fhe "We is reading a book.’ 6-1‘Theypare not, hovevers completelysinterchangeable. Pay careful attention to the class of verbs and the sentence patterns in the following discussions: 1 ndica The ongoing situation may be a dynamic process, austatie™pooition, rb to which zhe # is attached determines the type of ongoing situation, 2 When zhe @% is associated with a motion verb in the simple zhe @ pattern, it indicates a dynamic ongoing situation. For examp1 ap Wdimidn gua zhe da féng, bié chiqid Ie. WwABAR, WAT. “The wind is blowing very strongly autside; don’t go out.” The following are some motion verbs? gua zou ido “blaw’ ‘walk’ * jump’ “run? “fly’ “owin’ “float” ‘crawl; climb’ BMS SESE The attachment of zhe 4 to a motion verb carries no syntactical | significance, ancorrec wh vv (1a) Waimian gua da tang, bié chagd 1c, UY RUAAR, WET. “The wind is very strong outsid t don’t go out.” 6-2zhe the sentence without zhe #. The marker zai #£ can occur immediately before the motion verb; it also indicates an ongoing activity: (ib) Waimidn 2di gua da féng, bié chigi 1e. AMAMAM, WHAT. ‘The wind is blowing very strongly outsides don’t go out,’ The marker For examplet | (1c) Waimian gua zhe dé féng ne, bié chiqu ie. Shim AE APE» BI eT. ‘It is (still) blowing very strongly outsid: don’t go out,’ i aa Wdimian zdi gua da féng ne, bié chiqd ie. | PHZERA BIE, BAT. | ‘It is (still) blowing very strongly outside; q don’t go out.” 281 #£, zhe 4, and ne WE may be used together in the some — sentence, for emphasion” ed Wadi midn ‘zai gud zhe da féng ne, bié chiqi ie. Dh fe EK AE, Ba aT | ‘The wind is blowing very strongly outside; don’t cm 3. When zhe # co-occure with @ verb of posture, ouch as 2ud a ‘to sit,’ the sentence focuses on the static posture of an animate subject, For example, sentence (2) depicts the father in a state of sitting and the mother in a state of standing, t.e, in sitting and standing positions: 6-3«@ Baba zud zhe, mama zhan zhe. SERS, WM. ‘Dad is sitting and Mom is standing.” tate, Owitting zhe @% from (2) results Afine grammatically incorrect sentence + (2a) NOT: * Baba zud, mama zhan. * s CEB, Mey. é oe r (2b) NOT: * Baba zai zud, mama 231 zhan. ‘ . x Ses, Diary. (2c) NOT: * Baba zud ne, mama zhan ne, » SEH, Maw. To make sentences (2b) and (2c) grammatically correct, the marker zhe % must be added to the verb: (2a) Baba zai 2ud zhe, mama zai zhan zhe. ‘Dad is sitting and Mom is standing (2e) ‘Baba zud zhe ne, mama zhan zhe ne. ‘Dad is sitting and Mow is stending ‘The following are some posturesverbst zhan Mi “etand’ zud a voit? ting wi "tie" aur a “kneel’ ain a “oquat’ English posture verbs such as “sit” and “lie” can be used to denote the physical disposition of an animate as well as an inaninate 6-4subject, Chinese posture verbs, on the a tondeseribe the disposition of an animate subject. Thus English sentences (3) and (4) can be translated into Chinese with corresponding Chinese posture verbs, whereas sentences (5) and (6) cannot. @ They are sitting on the sofa, Témen zai shafa shang zud zhe. TAT HE EBB. cay 4 lot of people are etanding thore. Wén dud rén zai nér zhan zhe. RH AAEM ILI - eS Your book is standing on the bookshelf. NOT: * Ni de shi zéi shiyia shang zhan zhe. * PRIS HER Ee 6) Paper was lying everywhere. NOT: * Zhi dao chi tang zhe. * BIA a The correct translation for (5) and (6) would be (Sa) and (6a)? (Sa) Your book is standing on the bookshelf. Ni de shi 2di shijia shang fang zhe ne. PRBS Hi Ze 5 2 Be aE (6a) Paper was lying everywhere. Dao chi déu shi zhi. ‘BAL ab HAG , 4, Both 28: # and zhe % can be used with verbs of placement, such as fang fk ‘to put, to place.’ Theyediffer in meatingy ~ © io ers ~~ erb a from-an actions For example, sentence (7) with zai #£ describes the subject actively engaged in an activity--hanging the painting. Sentence (8) with zhe #, on the other hand, describes the painting on the wall, as a result of having been hung there. oD Ta 2di gud huar. 4h 2 EE BIL. ‘He is hanging the painting.’Piecenent ves bea, terg NEO = 28, ith Pieces e, DR 501Ny Eston, LOE ahe result asfean 4 ca) Hudr zai qidng shang gud zhe. ii JL ed EE. ‘The painting is hanging on the wall.’ Zhe deser'tas iW shedle Yet MSU HS Von aot, The marker ne Ye may co-occur with either zdi #£ or zho 2 and with placement verbs to stress that the action is in progress or in a continuous state. For exampl cad Ta 2di gud hudr ne. A ZEEE aL (aad Huar zai qidéng shang gua zhe ne. JL 7E WE BE aa We The following are some placement verbs: oun # "save, deposit’ féng ik "put, place’ i gua # “hang” ting “park” bai if “put, lay, arrange’ zhuang ‘instoll, pack’ céng ik “hide” 5./] dex Wand no WE often occur with verbo-of activity and-verbs 4 Sees #0 indicate an ongoing activity. For example: (2) Tamen 2&1 chi tan, A HTT AE Ve ‘They are eating.” ($a) Tamen chi fan ne. AAT WE ‘They are eating.’ (ab) Tamen zdi chi fan ne. A ATT EW LV ‘They are eating.” 10) WS zai xidng yi ge wenti, bié gen WS shudHua, REM— NED WRB "I am thinking of @ question, Don’t talk to me.” 6-6(10a Wd xidng yi ge wenti ne, bid gén ws shudnud. BA- PAM, MMR RRIF. ‘1 an thinking of a question. Don (100) WS KING yf ge went! ne, bis adn WS chudnud. RMT AME, BRBRBL ‘Loamthinkingyof-avquestion. Don’t talk to me.’ When zhe # occurs with verbs of activity or verbs of mental process, it must be accompanied vith zdi # or ne ME or both to indicate an ongoing activity. For example, sentence (11) contains the marker zhe #3 without zi # or ne ME, it is not a complete sentence. aa : a1) Tamen chi zhe fan... AOTC H... ‘They are eating...’ 7 Cita) Témen chi zhe fan ne, a FRAT Me a TE « ‘They are eating. ci1p) Tamen zai chi zhe fan ne. "5 Ae AbD 2 sa BO. - ‘They are eating.’ The following are some activity and mental process verbs? ud “do chi ‘eat’ he Ls] ‘drink’ as 1 mnie? ma 3 *scold’ ching i “sing? me OB ‘write’ xidng 2K “think? kéo1d 5 *ponder” yénjiu UR research’ 6. Zho #5 Zi FE and ne YE do not appear with nonaction verbs. — Because these markers denote duration or process, whereas nonaction verbs involve neither motion nor movement, the two are incompatible, The following are some examples of nonaction verbs:A Equational verbs? shit # “be” i. dénayu ar “equal to’ B Relative stative verbs: da xk "big" céngming BH *emart’ f Mental stative verbs: ding ti ‘understand’ zhiddo aU “know” D Absolute quality state verbs: cud Ca ‘wrong’ kong s ‘empty’ E Classificatory verbs: xing Rt “surname” :: F. Auxiliary verbs? A te ila néng i “can” ntary : termination, This type of verb represents events rather than Processes. The following are some examples? A Verbs of arrival: dao al ‘arrive’ tai x “come’ B Verbs of departure? i # * go’ Vikai Br leave’ 6-8c Verbs of appearance: faxian REL ‘discover’ chiixian wl ‘appear’ D Verbs of disappearanc sf we ‘die’ xidoshi WA ‘disappear’ E Verbs of perception? kangian AW see’ tingJian Will ‘hear’ F Verbs of achievement: shuifi Bi "be convinced’ 6 Action verbs with resultative complement: zhdo dao BaD * found’ zud wan 52 ‘finished doing’ “orsne.é. The following sentences are all incorrect grammatically (1) NOT: * Ta pdo zhe yi ge zhongtou. * Tha — TK (1a) NOT: * Ta zai pao yi ge zhéngtdu. * He — HK. (4b) NOT: * TA p&o yi ge zhdngtdu ne. * fb Bl — 4 Hh SRE ina sentence together with a defini aa Similarly co-occurence of zai #£ or ne ME with a definite time expression renders (1a) and (ib) ungramatical. 2éi # denotes that an action is in progress. Likewise, ne % in association with an action verb stresses that an action is in progress. The nature of both markers io incompatible with that of a definite time expression.UNIT IT: ZHE AS AN ADVERBIAL MARKER When zhe # occurs in @ complex sentence (a sentence consisting of two verbs with zhe % suffixed to the first verb) the verb plus the zhe % expression becomes subordinate to the second verbal It changes to an adverbal phrase and modifies the expression. the first verb expression latter verbal expression? PATTERN 1: Subject Verb-zhe Object Verb CObject) 1 dai zhe ydnjingr kan bao. ta AF EL TR ‘He reads the newspaper with his glasses on.” EXAMPLI We refer to pattern 1 ac the “complex” zhe # construction. Depending on the nature of tha first verbal expression in the eentonce, the complex zhe # pattern can be divided into the following two typest aay Action--Action zhe # Pattern: The first verbal expression with zhe # not only describes how the activity is being carried out by the subject, it also indicates that the subject is performing two activities simultaneously. Mama gén héizi chi zhe wan fan shudhua. 4h 1 WR Be Fe Ue A AA. ‘Mother and son talked while eating dinner.’(2B) Static--Action zhe # Patternt The first verb is not an action verb. Instead, it is a verb that describes a state. The verbal expression with zhe #% portrays the manner in which the main action verb is performed by the subject in the sentence. - ae = Pan a) | Ta béi zhe shiibao shang xué qi te. / He vent to school with his cchoolbag.’ ats ery | et i if MA ‘Wbyethesoubyect. Pattern (1B), the Static zhe #% Pattern, cannot be interchanged with on yibidn...yibian —id ... —id Pattern. Therefore, (2b) is incorrect grammatically. cad Ta kai zhe ché changgé. tL FF a EWE AR ‘We sings while driving.’ (1b) Ta yibian kai ché yibian changgé. hid FP A i ME. ‘He drives and sings at the some time A : / 2 | Sma (2a) Ta chuan zhe gdogénxié tidout. A SP AR RE We 3 ‘She wears high-heeled shoes to dance (2b) NO * Ta yibian chuan gaogén xié yibian tidowi, fh — id FBG BRE — i iUNIT IIT: ZHE IN IMPERATIVE SENTENCES A simple imperative is @ request or command that will initiate an action? a Qing zudt wat lease sit dount’ ry) @ Pao! *Runt’ a ng o impera Semcon TGIF Tareas @ Qing zud zhet BG! "Please remain seated!’ «@ Zhan zhet oat! "Stand still!’ or “keep standing still!” Zhe # can only appear in imperative sentences that contain verbs Sivich ean function evther aa action er a0.atative verbs ovch as zhan Sj ‘stand up/ standing’ and zud 4B ‘sit down/sitting.’ Nevertheless, in an imperative sentence zhe #f always conveys a static otate. 2he-af cannot occur in” imperative sentences. that, 7 If one wishes to issue a command to continue an action, the pattern Jié zhe Bea or jixd MEHR ‘to continue’ plus a verb must be used: we Jié zhe/sixi pdot Heats MER BWY “Continue to runt’ ce) Jié zhe/sixi chit Beas Bbehve ‘Continue to eat!’ 6-12UNIT IV: THE FUNCTIONS OF ZAI Zdi #€ performs multiple functions, The context in which it occurs determines the meaning of zdi #. Let’s look at the following sentence patterns: PATTERN: Subject 281 ff Place word “at/on/in’ EXAMPLES: Mm Té 2di Zhongguo. ‘to Ze 1 Eel. ‘He ig in China.” 4 “teegtong « wémen de féngzi zai chéng waitou. BAT NY BF EMRE. ‘Our house is located outeide of the city.’ Cy LOS = Os! The subject in this pattern is always a specific object. Dianhud zéi zhudzi shang. WihERT E. ‘The telephone is on the table.” 2, As a coverb “engaging invanvactivity. (See Module Three, Unit II, for a detailed discussion.) PATTERN: Subject zai 7 Place Word Verb “at/on/in’ 6-13EXAMPLES? a Wd migin zdi yinnang 2ué shi. BER EMT te. “My mother works at the bank. «ay Baba zai chiffeng 11 zudfan, SELAG EMR. ‘My father is cooking in the kitchen.’ As a post-verb, it specifies the location of the subjectyor the direct object as a result of the displacement, (See Module Eleven, Unit Il, for a more complete discussion.) PATTERN? Subject Verb-zai # Place Word Complement Tat/on/in’ EXAMPLES: ws) Gingua tido zai hw If te, HERE ET. ‘The frog jumped into the lake.” 6) Té b& ché ting 2di chéténg 11 1. TE AEE RAT. ‘He parked his car in the garage.’ Ao a durative marker, itvindicates an Ongoing activity, (soe more examples of this pattern in Unit I of this module.) PATTERN: Subject zai #£ Verb — Object vat/on EXAMPLES: om Kérén zai chi fan, BANE. GAD ‘The quests are eating.’ gop (8) Wang Jidoshdu zat yénjiu ohigts tion. \% ae) ERBAPRE RGR. “Professor Wang is researching world history.”#£ is optional, as in the following patterns: a Co-occurring with a locative phrase, zai 7 indicates ‘the location of the existence of the subject. (PATTERN? (zhi 2) Place Word ydu 4 Noun Phrase ehiatton/in ese EXAMPLES: cg) (2ai) Méiguo déngbi you hén dud yéuming de xuéxido, CE) RARRARS AHS. ‘There are many famous schools in the Eastern — United States.” 10) (2éi) Zhongguo ydu hén dud vénméng. CH) HEARS Oe ‘There are many illiterate people in China, cB) With a time expression, zai #£ signifies the occurrence of an action at a particular point in time. PATTERN! (28i) Time Expression (yi) néi/qién/nou CED CD) AY By ‘within, before, after’ EXAMPLES? C41) C2ai)_-zhéi_ yi 1idng nidn GHD nei, Zhéngguo bi hui you ehénme da gdibian. C #2) X-WEC WA, HHRSAHLARE. ‘Chine will not change much in the next few years.’ (12) (Zaid odin tian CyTD qidn, ta Jil b& zndi Jian shi zué wén te. C #2) SACU) WH, hee Pes Te ‘He finished this Job three days ago.’ 6 When zai # refers to the circumstances under which the action takes place, zdi #£ is essential Ceven when it occurs in the initial portion of the sentence).PATTERN At 2di #E Circumstance xia F under/, with’ EXAMPLES: as i zhei zhong qingxing xia, wd bi néng jiéshau. PMID, RAH RS. "I cannot accept it under this condition.” : aay 24i Mdo Zddéna de tingddo xia, rénnin de shénghué zénne yang? EEARWUST, ARWABELH? "What is the people's 1ife like under Hao’s : leadership?’ PATTERN zai #£ expression zhang tH : ‘in/, within/, during/, between’ EXAMPLES? (15) 2ai_ td de xinwi zhdng, wd shi yf ge dé hudi rén. FEM DE, RR—-PDAMA, “I am a very bad person in his eyes.’ a6) 2ai zhéi cf de fdngwén zhdng, wd biyido 11a0 sie ZhGngaua de qingxing te. FEIN A, REBT Ae BY HT “During thie vieit, I had a better understanding of China.” : PATTERN C: 2di #£.., fangmian Fit : in... aspect, respect EXAMPLES: a Zdi zhéngzhi fdngmian, wémen de kanfd bi téng. FRR, RAN AE ATA. ‘We have different political viewpoints.’ 18) Zhong M¥i 1idngguo de guanxi, edi ge fangmian dou yéu le xidnzhi de fazhin, PRAMNWAA, ESHA RAMEE. ‘The relations between China and the U.S, have improved remarkably in every aspect. 6-167. 2a # can be preceded by zhéng iE, as in zhéngzdi GEZE. The basic function of zhdngzdt HE#E is to specify an action in Progress. It can be rendered as ‘just in ving,’ ‘in the process of,’ or ‘in the widst of.’ zhéngzdi JE ZE can appear in simple sentences like sentences (18) and (20), or in complex sentences such ae centences (21) and (22): (19) Wémen zhangzai ksoshi ne. RATE EB ARE. ‘We are taking a test.” (20) Wémen zhér zhéngzai xidJian yi tido gdngid. BAT ILE EERE — HAS ‘We are in the midst of constructing @ new highway here.’ (21) Td Idi de shihou, wdmen zhéngzai chitan, AWE ASI AE, BR ATIE ZENE TR ‘When he came, we were just in the midst of eating.’ (22) Wdmen zhéngzdi kaihui de shihou, #4 jinléi ie. BUTIEZE AR QMO. TET ‘While we were having a meeting, he walked in,’ UNIT Vi THE FUNCTIONS OF NE Ne We is a sentence’s final particle, always appearing at the ond co of a sentenc Ne Wé is a conversational particle; it is used in conversation, not in formal speeches or in expository writing. The speech context, the sentence pattern, and the verb with which it occurs determine the specific function of ne We. 1, Ne WE in Question Sentences: Unlike ma YS, ne YE normally cannot change a declarative sentence into a question. Thus, example (1) is correct; (1a) is mot, a Jintian hut xia yl ma? FREES? “Will it rain today?’(a) NOT: * Jintian hui xia yi ne? * SRA MME? However, in certain contexts i O someone to be there or is trying to locate something), ne Ye can function as a true question particle, as in (2) and (3): (2) Mama_ne? we J > mie? vik "Where is Hom?’ (3), We de ydnjingr ne? Buy MBE JL ME 2 ‘Where are my eyeglasses?’ b (2) Ne can be used to form a trunceted question, as in (4) and (5). In this case, ne Wi replaces the predicate or the object of the first sentence, and forms an interrogative sentence, cay Women dau shi Zhongguo rei nine? BABE BLA. WE? "We are all Chinese. How about you?’ So Zuisin wo hén méng. Nii ne? BE BARC. IRE? "I’ve been very busy recently, What about you?” — een 6) Rou zdi nér ne? POZE DB JL We? ‘Where is the meat?” (Intended meaning: There is no meat in this dish.) Sentence (7), without ne Wa, is a true question, whereas (6) is not genuinely seeking an answer to the question, wm Rou 2di nd? A ZEMB JL? the meat?’ “Where (/\ NeW. canseuther forn”é Softer question or express mild 6-18cccsee nea ce) Ni zénme bu wén wi ne? PRE 2, AE BME 2 ‘why did you not ask me?’ CIuplication: You should have asked me.) a) Ni weishenme qing ta chifdn ne? PR 3 Hi 2, Fis i Wes ee? “Why did you invite him/her to dinner?’ Cimplication: You shouldn't have invited him/her.) ao Ni shi qi ne, ndish? bi qu no? PRRAVE, BR REVED “Are you going or not?’ CI.e., Make up your mind.) Without ne WZ, sentences (8-10) become simple questions, without implications, as in (8a-10a): (Ba) Ni 2énme bi wen wo? PRE La BUR? ‘why did you not ask me?’ (ga)_—Ni' weishénme ging ta chien? PRIS He 238 HME HR? “Why did you invite him/her to dinner? (10a) Ni’ shi qi, héishi bu giz RRR, RRA? ‘Are you going or not?’ line.” For example (11) Nf xihuan bd xihuan ta ne? PR BEAK AR SE HI WE? ‘Do you like him?’ (Tell me the truth.) (12)—Ni yao bu ydo qu kan dianying ne? PRA Be 7 HB WE 2 ‘Do you want to see a wovie after a112” Again, without ne We, as in (11a) and (12a), they are simple questions. Cita) NY xihuan bi xthuan +47 WE RAM R th? “Do you 1ike him?”C2a)_—Ni’ ydo bu yao qu kan didnying? RERBE 2 ‘Do you want to see a movie?” Ne WE in Declarative Sentences: When ne We occurs exclusively with an action verb, it indicates an action is in progress, as in (1a) and (1b)? cad Xido Wang zud shénme ne? NE HE 2 YE? ‘What is Xiao Wang doing Cnow)?’ (ib) (TA) nianshii ne. C Mh? aime. ‘He is studying (now).’ PATTERN At EXAMPLES: (2a) —-dDidnhua zénme dé’ bu tong ne? TATE 297 AE? ‘Why can’t the call go through?’ 2b) Ydu én zai yéng Czhe) ne. AATEC a) WE. ‘Someone is using it [the phonel,” PATTERN B: zhdng(zaid TEC #£)... ne WE “in the midst of” EXAMPLES: (3a) Xido Wéng 161 de shihou, nimen 2ud shénme ne? AVE RNR, PRAT AT 208? ‘What vere you doing when Xiao Wang came?” (3b) Wemen zhéng chifan ne. BATE NE RE. ‘We were in the midst of eating.’(aad Baba! Baba! BS! BE: “Dad! Dad!’ (4b) Ni’ baba zhéngzdi kdn qitisdi ne, bié chdo ta. RESELBREG, Bib. “Your father is vatching the ball game; don’t bother him.’ ton examples. PATTERN Az ‘héi B /aing Be..ne We “still/ even more’ EXAMPLES: Gad Jintian gdu léng de. SRB RW. “Today is really cold.’ (sb) Mingtian bi jintidn hdi/géng 1éng ne. WALSRA/ BHM. ‘Toworrow willbe even colder. than. today, “7 PATTERN Bi cdi FH... ne WE 2 Ac EXAMPLES: ‘ Ce (6a) Ni’ yiding hud shud Zhongguo hud. MR fe SH BE "You must know how to speak Chinese.’ (6b) WS cdi ba hut ne. RITKSM. “I cannot speak Chinese (This contradicts speaker's expectation.) (7a) TA 2&nme hdi bid Idi ne? ME 2. BARRE? ‘Why is he still not here?’ (7b) ‘Ta mingtian cdi 141 ne. HRA HE ‘He will not be here until tomorrow.” (This is later than the speaker's expectation.)=e PATTERN C: hai zai WBE... ne Ye “etill...-ing EXAMPLES: (ga) Ni didi zud shi 1e ba? PR as WRT WE? "Your little brother is working now?’ (I presume.) eb) Taendt 2dr ohana xue ne. RE LPN. PATTERN D: hai bu BA ... ne WE “still not’ EXAMPLES? (ga) Ta hui 28u1d le ba? Hh Se aE BT? ‘He can walk now?’ (Speaker is presuming.) i (gb) di bu hui’ ne. BAR. ' ‘He still cannot walk.’ (He is only six months old.> PATTERN Et hdi méi BBE... ne WE “Cotilld not yet” EXAMPLES! (10a) Kudi_2du ba, gan bi shang hudchd le. POEM, HREKET~ ‘furry up, ve are going to miss the train,’ (lob) Hudché hadi wei Idi ne. CHéng shénme?) KBE BRE HEAT 2,29 ‘The train is not here yet. (Uhat ie the rush?)’ 6-22