Technological University of thePhilippines

Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila, 1000, Philippines

College of Science
Chemistry for Engineers, Lecture

CHEMICAL SAFETY

Submitted by:
Bersabe, Paul Jediael M.
Candoy, Naomi
Dahoroy, Mar Jhon S.
Limos, Ed Harvey L.
Racaza, Ericka D.
Verzosa, Patrick Joshua

BSCE – 1D

Submitted to:
Prof. Elvira V. Silfavan

Date of Submission:
August 15, 2018
 Principles of Risk Assessment

and Risk Management

Of Chemicals

Written by:

Dahoroy Mar Jhon S.

Racaza, Ericka D.
Introduction

Linus Pauling once said, “Every aspect of the world today, is affected by Chemistry.” Chemistry

truly plays an important role in one’s life. It directs the flow of human civilization as it focuses on the

improvement of all things. It is important not only because everything on Earth, living or non-living thing, is

made of chemicals, but also because it has a major part in everyone’s daily life.

One of the main purposes of chemistry is to formulate ideas and create new things to have a

better living. Because of it, people are able to invent solutions - particularly medicines, that would help

treat diseases and illnesses. Some of the sickness that are impossible to cure before has become

possible with the help of this scientific discipline. Even a human’s body, is made of chemicals; and

chemistry helps the people understand the biochemical changes that are happening inside the body. The

food that people eat also proves that chemistry is very essential in one’s existence. Besides, the things

that every person needs in his/her daily life are made with the aid of chemistry - toothpaste, shampoo,

soap, etc. These are just some of the evidences of chemistry’s unarguable part in everyone’s way of

living.

Chemistry is indeed helpful and beneficial. But those benefits can somehow turn into harm if

people fail to do their part and expected liabilities. One’s negligence and misknowledge might cause

many people’s lives to be at risk, or worse - death. As a responsible individual, one must know the
necessary precautions to maintain his/her safety, and to avoid risks that may also affect other people. But

the question is, do people really know what the word “chemical safety” means?

Objectives of the Topic

This topic specifically aims to spread awareness, to warn people,

and to give information about the harmful things that every single

chemical may bring. Its mere intention is to lessen the amount of

accidents, mishaps, and hazards that one can experience if risk

management and risk assessment are not practiced.

Significance of the Topic

This topic particularly intends to benefit all the people in the world as they are the ones who

encounter chemistry everyday. In addition, they always use products that are considered as chemicals. It

will help them to have a safety measure in using the said manufactured items.

This subject matter also assists students in their laboratory experiments as they are also exposed

to chemicals. Every single thing they do has a corresponding consequence that could either be good or

bad. And by reading this, unwanted circumstances would be prevented.

Content

As expressed by Mertens (2018), thousands of chemicals are available in global market as of the

moment. Many chemicals have been commercialized all over the world as they are very helpful in making

people's lives easy. In contrast, chemicals could certainly bring a lot of harm to people. The determination

of the effects of these chemicals, may it be acute or long-term, can be traced and be controlled from its

set production. "Although the focus and practical approach might differ, the basic principles are similar for

complex inorganic materials: assessment of potential hazards and determination of critical threshold

concentrations, assessment of the exposure to the chemical, and identification of (potential) risks by

comparing exposure to the chemical to the critical threshold concentration.", said by the writer. The author
of the book also formed a conclusion that if the risk is identified, safety measures and risk assessment

should be implemented as soon as possible.

As eloquently uttered by Myers, et al. (1991), risk

management of chemicals include the following key

elements: hazard identification, consequence analysis,

control or treatment responses, procedures, training,

emergency planning, accident investigation, and audits. In

hazard identification, a person must know the hazards that

could happen if he/she uses a material that is made of

chemicals with regards to certain relevant factors, such as

development stage, complexity, project location, and the

expertise of the evaluators. Consequence analysis must be calculated, and both health and economic

effects should be considered. In control or treatment responses, the things that are mostly needed to aid

the certain hazard are being evaluated and ranked. After the evaluation, procedures are now

implemented but it must be consistent with other elements of safety program. Training comes after the

evaluation wherein the personnel and the people are being educated for them to be familiar with

operations and safety practices. Aside from the listed evaluation of procedures, one must also have an

emergency plan wherein the unexpected happenings will be properly measured and solved. If unfortunate

things happen, accident investigation should be done in order to know where and how the hazard spread.

According to Fisk (2013), in order to treat the

hazards that might be faced by the people exposed to

irresponsible use of chemicals, one must know first the

meaning of the word risk assessment. When one

knows the true meaning of this word, he/she can now

manage the things that can happen when handling chemicals. If a person knows the risk assessment of a

certain thing, he/she can apply the things needed inpreventing and reducing the risks that can occur. As

stated by Fisk, "risk assessment is taken to mean a complete assessment of all sources and exposures to

a substance".
 If people want to avoid unwanted and hazardous aftereffects, risk assessment of chemicals is

pivotal. This assessment has four (4) general steps. The first step is to determine the hazardous

properties of the certain chemical. Next, is to identify the future consequences before using the said

chemical. The third one is to estimate or to measure the possible frequency, magnitude, and duration of

the exposure to a chemical; as well as the number and characteristics of the people who are expected to

be exposed. Lastly, is to identify and characterize the possible risks and uncertainties that could harm the

involved persons and could make the action ineffective (Fajfar and Čebašek, 2018).

According to the American Chemical Society (2017), chemical regulations, including the Risk

Assessment and Risk Management of Chemicals, exist in order to protect everyone from any casualties

caused by the exposure to chemicals as well as by the chemicals themselves. Risk Assessment of

Chemicals is said to be the process consists of three (3) analytical steps: hazard identification, dose-

response assessment, and exposure assessment. Along with these three (3) analytical steps, is the fourth

step: risk characterization. “In this step, the results of the first three steps are integrated to yield

information on the probability that the adverse effects described in hazard identification will occur under

the conditions described in exposure assessment.” Additionally, the uncertain outcomes are integrated in

risk characterization.

On the other hand, Risk Management of Chemicals is a process consists of five (5) steps. First, is

to identify the risk. One must uncover and recognize risks that might affect the action or the result of the

action itself. After the identification, analyzing the risk comes next wherein one must know the

consequences of every hazard that he/she might face when given precautions are not followed. The third

step is to evaluate or rank the risk. It is said that the consequences may either be mild or severe

depending on the level of negligence of the user. The next thing do is to treat the risk (also known as the

“Risk Response Planning”). After ranking the risks from lowest to highest, make a plan that would treat or

modify these risks; and that would minimize the negative risks’ possibilities to happen. Lastly, is to

monitor and review the risk. After applying the formulated plan, one must monitor and check if the said

plan is effective. If not, then it must be improved until it becomes effective (Kloosterman, 2018).
 In accordance with the American Chemical Society (2017), the principles of risk assessment and

risk management of chemicals are the following:

1. Biological responses occur following exposure to virtually all substances, both natural and

synthetic. Identification of risks to human health and the environment from exposure to

potentially harmful substances informs regulatory decisions.  Information about risk and

hazard should be widely, transparently, and publically available.

2. Evaluations of chemical safety should be based on robust science and risk based criteria

protective of human health and the environment.

3. Science informs regulatory decisions. Determining and managing acceptable risk to human

health and the environment is both technical and societal, involving scientists, government,

industry, consumers, and the public.  Resulting actions are based on science, but are

ultimately value based judgments.

4. Government and industry play critical roles in risk assessment and regulation.

Toxicological data and safety information must be accessible to consumers and regulators

to assure safe use and public trust. Baseline assumptions, reasoning, data requirements,

and data underlying regulatory decisions must be transparently described.

5. Risk management decisions should consider sensitive populations, cost, availability of

substitutes, and other relevant considerations.

People undeniably encounter chemistry everyday. It benefits everyone; but if not used wisely,

the “benefits” might turn into “hazards”. That is the reason why it is really important to know the

principles of risk assessment and risk management of chemicals. By knowing these, one could prevent

undesired incidents; and one could possibly make the surroundings at peace.
Bibliography

American Chemical Society (2017).Chemical Risk Assessment and Regulatory Decision Making.

Retrieved from https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/policy/publicpolicies/sustainability/chemicals

management.html

Fajfar, S., &Čebašek, P. (2018).Chemicals Risk Assessment. Retrieved from http://www.uk.gov.si/en/

areas_of_work/chemicals_risk_assessment/

Fisk, P. (2013. Chemical RIsk Assessment: A Manual for REACH, pp. 185-206. John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Kloosterman, V. (2018). What are the 5 Risk Management Steps in a Sound Risk Management Process?.

Retrieved from http://continuingprofessionaldevelopment.org/risk-management-steps-in-risk-

management-process/

Mertens, J. (2018). Risk Management of Complex Inorganic Materials: A Practical Guide, pp. 55-68.

Elsevier Academic Press.

Myers, R., et al. (1991). Risk Assessment and Risk Management for the Chemical Process Industry,

pp. 1-14. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Environmental Assessment of
Chemicals

Written by :

Bersabe, Paul Jediael M.

Limos, Ed Harvey L.
Introduction

Pollution from different earthly materials is now spreading fast and some of it are caused by man.

Chemicals used in factories and in people’s day-day life are spreading across the earth and causes it to

become polluted. We need to take care of our environment for we are its stewards. Thus, we can

examine or assess our environment or our world and find out things that we can do to make it a better

place like it used to before. This topic will be essential in discussing the assessment of the environment

on chemicals

Objectives of the Topic

The goal of the environmental assessment of chemicals is to assist different manufacturers or different

industries that produce chemicals about what are the factors to be considered from production, transport,

storage, anddisposal to avoid or lessen the negative effects of the chemicals to the environment. It also

aims to present guidelines that will help reduce risk and exposure to hazardous chemical that is very

dangerous to our health and to the environment as well.

Significance of the Topic

Examining the chemicals around us that are naturally present in the environment or man-made chemicals

is very essential to us in order to give us knowledge and understanding what are the benefits or

disadvantages of the chemical to the environment, including human, plants, aquatic and tanimals, and

other living organisms. Environmentalrisk assessment will help us on how to manage, prevent, minimise

the potential harm of a specific chemical to our environment. It will be beneficial to the government

agencies, organizations, institutions and other groups that is responsible for theconservation,

development, and taking care of the environment. Furthermore, it is also benificial to everyone of us as it

will enhance our knowledge about the safety precautions of the chemicals that are being used in

household chores, agriculture, business, fishery, transportion, etc.

 I. Chemicals Risk Assessment

Assessment of chemicals risk is crucial if we want to prevent undesired and harmful effects on

human and animal health and the environment when manufacturing or using chemicals. Chemicals risk

assessment means determining and, if appropriate, quantifying any risk stemming from exposure to a

certain substance and preparation, including identifying a relationship between a dose and its effect as

well as target populations. Generally speaking, this is a procedure aiming at :

 Determining hazardous properties of chemicals, 

 Impact assessment, 

 Exposure assessment, 

 Risk identification.

II. Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals

A. An environmental risk assessment characterises the risk posed to the environment by the

proposed or existing use of a chemical. Environmental risk assessments help risk managers decide how

and when a chemical needs to be managed to prevent, reduce or minimise potential harm to the

environment.

B. Environmental risk assessment determines the nature and likelihood of harmful effects

occurring to organisms such as humans, animals, plants, or microbes, due to their exposure to stressors.

A stressor can be a chemical (such as road salt runoff to a lake), exotic species (such as a foreign plant),

or a change in physical conditions (such as dredging a channel). Here, we focus on risk assessment of

chemicals. The chemicals can be something that is found in nature, such as copper, or something created

by humans, such as pharmaceuticals. Depending on whether humans or other organisms or ecosystems

are exposed, a risk assessment is called either a “human health” or an “ecological” risk assessment.

Here, the term “environmental risk assessment” is used to include both.

 Human health risk assessment of chemicals is used to evaluate the health effects chemicals

may have on individuals and populations. For example, it predicts the probability of an increase in cancer

incidence in a population from exposure to a chemical known or suspected to cause cancer. It is also

used to evaluate the likelihood and severity of other non-cancer adverse effects after exposure to

chemicals.

Ecological risk assessment of chemicals evaluates the likelihood and magnitude of adverse

effects from exposure to a chemical for organisms, such as animals, plants, or microbes, in the

environment, which could be water, soil, or air. Effects can be assessed at different levels of biological

organization, which is to say in single cells, individuals, populations, ecosystems, or landscapes.

III. Illustration of Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals

 IV. Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals – General Approach

A chemical’s capacity to cause adverse effects depends on both chemical exposure and hazard

potential.

 Chemical exposure refers to how much and how often the receptor, such as a plant, an

animal, or a human, comes into contact with the chemical.

 Chemical hazard potential is the inherent (intrinsic) capacity of a chemical to cause harm. A

chemical’s hazard potential could be based on its environmental fate properties as well as its

toxicity.

 Chemical environment fate properties, important to chemical hazard and exposure

potential, include issues such as how long it takes for the chemical to break down in the

environment (its persistence) and whether it is broken down or builds up when consumed (its

potential for accumulating in the organisms or to bioaccumulate) or how likely it is to dissolve

in water (its solubility), which can affect toxicity and exposure. A chemical’s environment fate

properties are described by various measures, such as rates of solubility in fat and water,

volatility, degradation, and bioaccumulation.

 Chemical toxicity is best described as the relationship between the amount (dose) of a

chemical and the harm that amount causes (described by a dose–response relationship).

Hazard assessment and exposure assessment can provide important insights and can have

independent utility, but both must be considered together when estimating risk. For example,

scientists use laboratory tests to determine how much of a chemical a fish can be exposed to

before the chemical causes harmful effects, such as a decline in the number of its offspring,

as a measure of the chemical’s toxicity to fish. On the other hand, the actual amount of a

chemical in the water where a fish lives, is a measure of that fish’s exposure. Risk refers to

the probability of harm occurring and the amount of harm. It could be described as the

“probable proportional reduction of the number of offspring” in this example.

  Hazard is the potential of a stressor to cause harm whereas risk is a function of the

likelihood of exposure occurring and the harm caused by that exposure if it occurs.

V. Environmental Risk Assessment – Key Players

 Risk assessor is an individual or a team with the training and expertise to conduct a risk

assessment.

 Risk manager is an individual, a team, or an organization with responsibility for or authority to

take action in response to an identified risk.

 Stakeholder is any individual, team, or organization interested in, responsible for, or affected by

the outcome of a risk assessment.

 Environmental scientists are scientists that generate data used in a risk assessment –

specialists in variety of fields, including geology, hydrogeology, chemistry, toxicology, and

engineering.

VI. Environmental Risk Assessment – Components

1. Problem Formulation

Identifies the scope and objectives of a risk assessment. Lays out the plan and technical

approach for conducting the risk assessment. Answers the questions of Who? What? Where?

Why? What for? and How?

2. Exposure Assessment

Evaluates the potential exposure scenarios, and the intensity of exposure (how much and how

frequently). When evaluating chemicals, exposure pathways (such as drinking) and routes of

exposure (such as oral, dermal, or inhalation) are determined.

3. Hazard Assessment

Examines if and how a stressor could cause adverse effects and under what circumstances, and

it identifies the type and strength of those effects.

4. Risk Characterization
 Combines exposure and hazard information. Results can be presented as a binary yes-or-no

response or a probability. They can also be presented as one value (deterministic) or a range of

values (probabilistic)

5. Uncertainty Assessment

Describes sources of uncertainty (such as extrapolating from a laboratory rat to a human and lack

of data used in making exposure assumptions).

6. Conclusions

Integrates the results of the risk characterization and uncertainty assessment, often based on the

various outcomes in a systematic weight-of-evidence approach.

“Weight-of-Evidence in Chemical Risk Assessment” refers to the process of assembling,

weighing, and evaluating evidence, in a risk assessment, to come to a scientifically defensible

conclusion. An example would be using chemical concentrations in sediment, water, and plants at

a contaminated pond to assess risk to a duck through its diet as one line of evidence and using

measured

survival of

ducklings at

the pond as

another line

of evidence.
VII. Examples on How Chemicals Affect our Enviroment

Title: RP bans 30 substances to prevent ozone depletion

The Department of Environment and National Resources (DENR) issued an order banning the

local manufacture and importation of 30 ozone depletion substances. These substances are very harmful

to the environment especially to the ozone layer. The ozone layer is the layer that absorbs the sun’s high

frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging the life on earth. The ten CFC is banned

including CFC -13, CFC 111, CFC 112, CFC 211, CFC 212, CFC 213, CFC 214, CFC 215, CFC 216, and

CFC 217. CFC is used in industry as propellants, aerosol, refrigerants, foams, and products containing

alcohol. It also includes the Halons including Halon 1211, 1301, and 2402 which are organic compounds

containing carbon, fluorine, and bromine. They are also more aggressive than CFC’s. [ CITATION Pri00 \l

13321 ]

Title: Chemical contamination in the high seas threatens ocean mammals

Chemical contamination is linked to disease, reproductive failure and sporadic die-offs among the

world’s whales, dolphins andporpoises according to World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Biologists have been

observing the diseased, die-offs, and reduced reproductive success that results to decrease in population

among mammals. The reason for the viral outbreak of the striped dolphins is the presence of synthetic

chemical while for the beluga whales it is because of toxic pollutant that is abundant to their habitat. The

WWF conducted a scientific study about the impacts of the chemical on whales and other marine

mammals.
 These are the substances/chemicals that is very hazardous and dangerous for the marine life.

First is mercury which contaminates both fresh water and marine mammal tissue. Organotin (organic tin)

compounds are threat to cetacean’s food base and directly to their health and reproductive success.

Plastic and plastic components (bottles and packaging) will have an effect to reproductive aspect of the

marine animals. Pesticides potentially destroy the food supply of the cetaceans by killing algae.

[ CITATION Pri99 \l 13321 ]

Title: Bio- ethanol: Fuel for the environment

Global Warming is one of the leading environmental concerns that is currently given much

attention by environmentalists. Global warming is a change in climate mainly due to large emissions of

carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by human activities. As a response to this concern, the transport industry

has begun looking for an alternative fuel that are both environmental-friendly and sustainable. In the

Philippines, ethanol is proven to be the best source of alternative-fuel because it is biodegradable,

reduces harmful emissions to the environment, and it is much cleaner fuel that the pure gasoline.

[ CITATION Man06 \l 13321 ]

Effects of chemicals/substances to our environment:

1. Contamination- is found at higher than normal levels in nature, or in places they don’t belong.

Similar to pollutants, which have harmful effects to our surroundings, contaminants may seem

harmless at first, but can cause toxic or harmful effects over time.

2. Air Pollution- pollution of the atmosphere increases in almost direct ratio to the population density

and is largely related to the products of combustion from heating plants, incinerators, and

automobiles, plus the gases, fumes, smokes that is emitted to the atmosphere.
 References
i. Online Sources :

 http://www.uk.gov.si/en/areas_of_work/chemicals_risk_assessment/

 https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.setac.org/resource/resmgr/publications_and_resources/setac_tip_er

a.pdf

 http://www.environment.gov.au/protection/chemicals-management/environment-assessments

ii. Journal and Book Sources

 Manila Bulletin (News Clippings)

 Philippine Star (News Clippings)

 CheMYSTry DeMYSTiFieD by Linda D. Williams

SAFETY OF THE USE OF

CHEMICALS IN THE

WORKPLACE
Written by

Candoy, Naomi

Verzosa, Patrick Joshua

Introduction

Safety in handling chemicals should always be a priority when in a laboratory or a workplace.

Even the simplest mistake can cause a huge accident. All workers should be knowledgeable about how

they will work in a laboratory. Planning ahead is a must-habit for their safety and effectiveness in working.

Knowing how to do when surprising events like accidents happen is also a priority because the life of a

person working depends here. Chemicals are delicate and dangerous, one should treat them like a

newborn child when handling them. One wrong decision and carelessness can affect the person or other

person involved.

Objectives of the topic

The objective of this report is to inform everyone on what should be done when working with

chemicals in a laboratory. This report aims to lessen the accidents that can happen in a workplace

associated with chemicals by listing the important information’s workers in a laboratory should know.

Significance
 The study will be beneficial to the people. Scientists, researchers, and students can benefit the

most from the study. The study shows the proper use of chemicals—inside the laboratory—that can

prevent injuries from inappropriate handling of chemicals. The study can help the people not to be in

danger in making use of different chemicals.

Content

        According to Sleeter (2013)  the safe handling of the chemicals in the workplace should be

practiced by every employee. Using chemicals are accompanied by many hazards and can bring an

unfortunate situation to the employee if he fails to understand then; it can cause injuries, costly-cleanup

and property loss. Knowing the proper handling and use of chemicals helps on an effective working and

saving lives.

These are the guidelines that needed to be followed in safe handling the chemicals at workplace:

First is identifying the chemicals you use, to know the safety you need to follow in handling the specific

chemicals. Second is taking inventory of every chemical that was used in the workplace, list all the

quantities of the chemicals on hand, specify where the chemicals are stored, and what they are stored in.

Third is having the request of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) form the suppliers of chemicals that

you have identified on the inventory list. Keeping a log of MSDS on hand will help in the training of

employees and can be a quick reference in case of an emergency. Fourth is labeling all the containers

with the following information:

(1) Name of the chemical; (2) Concentration of the chemical; (3) information about the hazards

associated with the chemicals and emergency information; (4) the name of the manufacturer; and (5) the

date of manufacture because chemicals can degrade over time. Fifth is identifying the safe uses of the

chemicals in your workplace as follow: (1) follow the safe handling instruction and identify the personal

protective equipment to be used in handling the chemicals; (2) Be aware in the instructions regarding with

the mixing of chemicals; (3) Always wash yourself thoroughly after handling the chemicals. If an event like

chemical spills on you, wash it off at once; (4) Smoking, eating, drinking is not allowed, you could

accidentally swallowed chemicals and smoking could ignite flammable chemicals.

 Chemicals must be stored in a safe place based on their

similarity. Chemicals should not be mixed with food items to avoid

accidents. Most chemicals have categories and each of them belong to

one. Make sure that only chemicals from the same category are stored

together. Here are the categories in which chemicals belong: First is

Flammable Chemicals; in most workplace, flammable chemicals are

stored in a separated cupboard or a cabinet that is specially designed

for them because flammable chemicals such as methanol, ethanol and

kerosene might ignite and explode if exposed in heat and other

substance that might cause them to. Second is Oxidizing Substance should be stored only with other

oxidizing chemicals because they quickly and easily react with other chemicals. Third and last are

Corrosive chemicals, such as acids corrode substances and also react violently and explosively if it

comes contact with other chemicals.

While working, the company or the workplace plays a big role in preventing accident in the

workplace. They can provide their workers personal protective equipment, personal hygiene, proper

ventilation and a shield to protect them from the chemicals. These preventive measures are as follows:

1st is Personal Protective Equipment should be provided of the company in every worker to

ensure that there is a gap or wall between the chemicals and the body of the workers. Personal Protective

Equipment are as follows:

(1) Respirator which covers their nose and mouth to prevent the workers

from inhaling the chemicals. (2) Protective goggles to protect their eyes from

exposure of chemical splashes, dust, fumes, and mists; (3) Gloves, Boots and

Apron to protect the skin of the workers in case of chemical splashes, leaking and

spilling;

2nd is Personal Hygiene to keep the body of the workers clean before

and after it enters the workplace because letting the chemicals in the body for a

long period of time can cause the skin to absorbed the chemical. 3rd is Proper ventilation to remove the
airborne chemicals from the air before it is release in to the outside environment. It also helps in trapping

contaminants released into the air from the operation and prevents it from entering the breathing zone of

the workers. 4th is a shield which gives distance to the chemicals from the workers and it gives the

workers minimal contact with the chemicals.

According to the University of the North, California (2018) All chemicals may have toxic effects

when exposed to a certain time, so it is advisable not to expose the body to chemicals. The most common

chemical exposure in a laboratory is skin contact which can be from spills and splashes of chemicals that

can result to skin contamination. A laboratory personnel may also unknowingly contaminate themselves

by touching the equipment. A common symptom of skin contamination is irritation. A chemical can also

enter a body when a contaminated hand will contact with another part of the body.

Vapor, mist, gases or dusts can also poison a person when it is inhaled and the toxic vapors may

pass through the throat and lungs and can enter easily to our circulatory system. Many of the particles

remain steady in the air and can be inhaled by the people.

Ingestion of toxic chemicals in the laboratory can happen when a contaminated hand come

contact with the mouth or food. The laboratory can contaminate utensils and such. This is the reason why

we do not mouth pipette as this can result to ingestion of toxic materials.

When small accidents happen like spilling, or leaking of

chemicals, a rescuer standby should do first aid to the person who made

contact with the chemical. The rescuer should do the following if: (1) the

worker inhaled a gas or fumes, the rescuer should bring a sustainable

breathing apparatus for the injured worker; (2) the worker got skin or

clothes contaminated, it should be wash with water immediately.  

When such events like accidents happen, the workplace should have an emergency plan on

which they could follow to assess the situation. This plan is as follow: The emergency plan; every worker

should know what is their emergency plan to evacuate easily whenever a big accident happen; the

emergency team on which they could give help to those left behind inside the workplace; and the
evacuation, where everyone is finally safe after the accident and first aid should be done to people who

were involved in the accident.

According to Furr, A. K. (1995), the key component of the OSHA standard is the Chemical

Hygiene Plan (CHP) it gives a requirements for laboratory activities. The facilities must meet the given

CHP which satisfies the criteria. The following three is a generalization but is essential: (1) Capable of

protecting employees from health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals in the laboratory. (2)

Capable of keeping exposure levels below the Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs) as listed in the

General Industry Standards, 29 CFR 1910, Subpart z. (3) The CHP shall be readily available to

employees, employee representatives, and on request to OSHA.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee, especially

medical consultations and examinations. The employer shall assure that those records are well kept,

transferred and available in accordance with CFR 1910.20.

Chemical manufacturers, importers and distributors are required to comply with the standard.

As of May 23, 1988, all employers in the non-manufacturing sector must have been in partnership with all

provisions of the standard. The laboratory safety standard mentions that at least MSDSs need to be

available to laboratory employees. It is said that a distributor of a chemical must provide MSDSs to their

customers.
 Reference

Sleeter, P. (2013). Safe Handling of Chemicals in the Workplace. Retrieved  from

http://www.pekininsurance.com/safe-handling-of-chemicals-in-the-workplace/

Chapter 6: Safe Handling of Chemicals. (2018). Retrieved from

https://ehs.unc.edu/manuals/laboratory/chapter-6/

Che Man, A. B.,& Gold, D. (1993). Safety and Health in the Use of Chemicals at Work: A Training

Manual, pp. 37-39. International Labour Organization.

Zayas, C. I.,& Ricardo, R. (1994). Laboratory Manual for General Chemistry, pp.xvi. De La Salle

University Press.

Furr, A. K. (1995). Handbook of laboratory safety (4th ed.).pp. 219, 220 & 221 Boca Raton:

CRC Press.