IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION, VOL. IECI- 23, No.

4, November 1976

AN IMPROVED MICROWAVE METHOD OF MOISTURE CONTENT MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL

Andrzej Kraszewski and Staniseaw Kulitlci

AI3SUACT measurement of two electrical quantities which are

related to the moisture content of the material. In
Relations between attenuation and phase shift of the case of moisture content measurement by the micro-
electromagnetic waves passing through a wet substance wave method - the attenuation A and phase shift 4) of
and weights of water and dry substance have been used the slectromagnetic wave - could be measured simulta-
for calculation of the real value of moisture content neously. The measuring set-up is somewhat more exten-
of the substance. The result appears to be independent sive than the' typical one, but it still contains only
of the denity of the substance, its layer thickness one sensor and it is supplied by an oscillator working
and flatness of its surface. Measuring set-up for at one frequency.
continuous measurement requires some extesions when The purpose of this paper is to verify theore-
compared with a single-parameter measuring set-up, tically and experimentally the above hypothesis, to
but it is still supplied by a oscillator working at present its limitations and to compare it with the
one constant frequency and it consists of only one existing method, based on the measurement of only one
sensor. electrical parameter of the material.
Theoretical considerations have been verified
experimentally for sand transported on a conveyor GEERAL CONS IDERATIONS
belt, Discussion of measurement uncertainty and lim-
tations of the method is presented. The well-known definition of the moisture content
determined on a wet-weight basis m be itten
INTRODUCTION t71:
w
Determination of moisture content by measuremet I
of electromagnetic wave parameters is a well recog- w v NC
nised method. The method based on measurement of 7 1 +1i w
O 0
W I a 100 mw (I)
attenuation of the olectromagnetic wave passing
through the wet material appears to be most useful in
laboratory as well as in industrial practice C 1 " E
wereW is the w
w
weight
of water,W
er
o
ii the egtoof
h weigt
Work has also been carried out on the application of dry material, v is the volume of the wet sample. using
measurement of thoe phase shift introduced by the wet the same notation the density of wet material g may be
material for moisture content determination C 2T. written as the ratio of weight of wet material W and
The main disadvantage of these methods, equally it volume v, and it is given by
as of all other Indirect methods of moisture content W W
measurement, results from strong dependence of densi*
ty or thickness of the tested material upon the g t
V vv v C2)
result of its moisture content measurement. This It may be stated that the following relations take
arises from the fact that the measurement of moisture place:
content being a ratio of two physical quantities - v w
weights of water and dry substanses - is based only
on one parameter of the wet material (e.g. upon a ra(I-m'1g
9and
vw, 1-gmom.a gw
~~~v (3)
value of its attenuation) The second quantity, Attenuation and phase shift of the electromgnetic
weight of dry substance, should be kept constant wave passing through the sample of wet material are
during the measurement. related to the thickness of the sample and to the die-
hny attempts have been made to avoid this dis- lectric properties of the material. The permittivity
advantage by carrying out two separate measurements of the wet material is a function of its water content,
siu1ltaneously, e.g., by measuring the moisture con- density and physical properties ( strength of water bin-
tent with microwave meter ad the density of material ding) Thus, the measured values A and 4 may be pre-
with a nuclear radiation meter 1 33 , or by measuring sented in a general form:
the moisture content by two different methods (e.g.,
using microwave radiation and infrared radiation) or A WF (IWoand +aP2(W w'). (4)
W)
by measuring the moisture content at two different Analytical expressions related to eq. (4) for a parti-
frequencies - e.g., in RP and microwave bands C 4,51. cular material may be very complicated depending upon
A metrological weakness of such a solution comes from the complexity of the formulas describing the dielec-
the fact that readings of both instruments are more tric properties of the wet material. However, these
or less dependent upon water content but not upon the
forMnas always contain a numerical filling factor
weight of dry material. Its instrumental disadvantage
consists in application of two different meters, that determining the volume ratio occupied by particular V
very often are complicated ad expensive. components of the mixture. The filling factor V1 may
be expressed as
Il this situation we have come back to the thesi
[ 61 , that the disadvantages mentioned above could v1 w1(g2/g)
be eliminated or seriously limited by simultaneous
V1 v W
2+
where W W2 denote weights of the components, g1 and
(g 1)
lbnuscript received August 5, 1975. The authors 92 their specific gravities (densities)
are with WILIER Instruments and Measurements, Insti- Regardless of the complexity of the analytical
tute of Pbysics, Polish Academ of Sciences, Zielna expressions related to eg.(4) it is always possible
39, 00-108 Warzsawa, Poland-. to Solre them by separation of variables and to deter-
mine the weights of water and dry material from the
- 364
Authorized licensed use limited to: Prince of Songkla University. Downloaded on September 9,-2009 at 06:04 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION

measured values of A and 4) . It may be expressed in Pig.l, where in condensed form the relations between
general form as attenuation and phase shift and moisture content and
w w density of the material are shown. The thickness of
the sand layer is equal to 10 cm. The calculsted val-
wZ f (A,) and .°a fi2 At)) (6) ues of W and W related to a volume of 1 cm are
w 0
Thfus, using eq.(1) the general expression for the given on the axes.*The numerical values of the coef-
moisture content of material may be written in the
form containing only the experimentally determined
parameters, which describe the interaction of the 0,15
electromagnetic wave with the wet material. This
expression has a simple form: ww[gI
I1 ( A,4)
wf1(A, ) + f2 (A4) (7)
In the simplest case, when it may be assumed
that the wet material is a homoseenous substance and
that the attenuation A and phase shift 4) are 1jal-
arlY related to the weight of water and weight of
dry substance the case most often met in practice ,
eq*(4) may be written in the form

A n t (
w
ar + vo a q2 '
(8)
w3 pv ^4)
where t denotes the thickness of the material layer,
numerical coefficients an are specific for a parti-
cular material and its physical properties, A is the
attenuation of the wet layer in dB and 4) is the 1,5 1,6
phase shift in degrees. The numerical coefficients
1,4 1,7 1,8 1,9 2t,W.lgI
an are given for a volume of 1 cm, because the
Pig,1. Experimentally determined relations between
values of W /v and W /v are also referred to this the attenuation and phase shift introduced
volume. by the uniform 10-cm layer of sand and moist-
The following relations may be obtained easily ure content and density of the sand. Corres-
by solving eq.(8) ponding values of water density and dry mate-
W Aa - 4>a rial density are also given.
ws 12
ficients a calculated for building sand at temperature
v t a1a -a2a3
of 200C and at frequency of 9.4 GHz are as follows
W 1 31 a1 = 299.27 , a2 a - 1.42 , a3 = 8177.43 , a4 = 421.35.
v t aa4-a2a3 After substituting them into eq. 10 the simple expres-
sion is obtained
By substitution of eq.(9) into eq.(1)be the simple
4.21 A + 0.0144
expression for moisture content written
may
mw = (11)
Aa - 4) a2 f t.1% 3.014 - 77.56 A
0)
w a2) A(a
( 3
.
a4) . where A is the attenuation of an arbitrary sand layer
expressed in dB, and 4> is the phase shift introduced
It may be seen from the general form of eq. (10) by the layer, in degrees.
that the moisture content determined according to The effect of material temperature is observed
this expression does not depend upon either thick- as a change in a slope of a characteristic - moisture
ness of the material layer or upon density of the content vs. attenuation or phase shift, which corres-
material. ponds to change of value of the numerical coefficients
a determined above. However, for particular material
n
DETERMINATION OF NUMLERICAL COEFFICIENTS this effect may be easily compensated in industrial
measuring set-ups and corrected in laboratory practice.
Instead of solving the complicated analytical
relations like eq.(4) , an empirical method may be
used, based on measurements of the phase shift and MEASURING SET-UP
attenuation introduced by the material of different
density and moisture content, for constant thickness Electrical parameters of the wet material have
of its layer. As a result of measurement each pair to be known with high accuracy and in a wide dynamic
of values mw and g is related to the pair of A and range. Fbr this reason homodyne detection has been
used for carrying out these precise measurements [1 ,6].
. According to eq.(8) the numerical coefficients The principle of "modulated subcarrier" technique is
a for particular material may be calculated using illustrated in Fig.2. Power from an RF source is divi-
n
a least squares approximation. These calculations ded between two paths which may be designated the
have been done by the use of a simple computer prog- "suboarrier" and "reference" or "carrier". The signal
ram, in the subcarrier channel is modulated and then
Experimental results for sand are presented in combined with the unmodulated (c.w.) carrier signal

- 365 -
Authorized licensed use limited to: Prince of Songkla University. Downloaded on September 9, 2009 at 06:04 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION

PHS STER the sensor with a wet material it may be written i

ASISOLAT a form
NM RE
R
Q ARRiE CHANNEL-_
SUERIR CHANNEL e1s'O(cu1Cos(at + 4>) ji + mcoos ct (12)
+M
C
teuet AFh out
ISOLATOR __ >S SENSO WTH
where
whereo(L - tie
0 O.05½X ,m ts
the depth of modulation
com UNKNOWN MATERiAL and t denotes time. Tis signal is split by a power
AF modation divider between the phase and amplitude measurement
systems and applied to mixers. The local oscillator
Fig 2. fdoduated subearrier teohnique principle . signa is obtained from the reference channel, which
includes the refernce phase shifter used to introduce
at the detector. The amplitude of the deteetor out- a variable phase shift . For the phase measurement
put is a function of the phase shift existing at system this signal may be written as
the detector between unmodulated and modulated car-
riers.*nhase quadrature between the cerrier and e u2 Cos (t +4>) [1 + moos c t } (i3)
modulated suboarrier produces a null in the detector
while a maxixim results at 0 or 180 Low-level mixing is employed in the mixers which are
Schematic diagram of the measuring set-up for assumed to operate in their square-law region, The
single parameter measurement is shown in Pig.3. An output signal from the phase measurement system may
additional A? oscillator supplying the ferrite phase be written
shifter was used for automatic tuning the bridge
circuit for maximum of the output signal. The DC e e1 2
e2 2 + 2e2e + (14)
output voltage is proportional to the phase shift
A narrow-btnd fflter passes only the components of
e which are at the modulating frequency &.2* If
ep> el, the output signal from the phase measurement
system is found to be
e+ (tc -+)
=
k
u t2Cos
coS CD2t. (15)
The DC voltage proportional to the eq4 15) is applied
to a winding of the electronically controlled ferrite
phase shifter. Thus automatic balance of the phase
measurement part of the system is obtained when
e = 0, that means when

+= +±
Zt 2 2+n*r. (is)
AF SOURCE MIXER The mixer in the amplitude measurement system
in flg.4 receive a modulated signal described in
Pig.3. Schematic diagram of single parameter eqJ12) and unmodulated carrier signal equal to
measuring set-up. Output signal is pro-
portional to the attenuation of the wet e - U2cos (&t + 4' + 2Cos CO 2t (17)
material.
A narrow-band filter in this channel passes only the
substituted to the modulated channel for keeping components which are at the modulating frequency CCZ,
the phase shift difference between two channels and the output signal from the amplitude measurement
constantly equal to zero, when the phase shift, system is equal to
introduced by a wet material is changing.
In the system used in this work, phase shift eA -m [U12tx + wu2si($x I+]Vos co1t. (is'
in the suboarrier channel is measured in terms of
a corresponding phase shift of the carrier channel When e4
+- 0 e1 reaches the maximum and
to produce a null in the detector output, a tech-
nique first employed by Schafer [8,91 and next
developed by Kalixiski LiO. Demodulation of the e =
m.2U2 ([19)
measured signal for purpose of amplitude attenu- and it is directly proportional to the powef trans-
ation measurement is accomplished by in-phase
mixing of the modulated and reference signals. Such mission coefficient of the wet material at
synchronous mixing accommdates a wide dynamic range Errors in phase shift measurement
3 when a mechanical reference phase shiftertypically
0 are
(>50 dB') of input (i.e., unknown) , signal levels. driven
Schematic diagram of the automatic system for conti- by a two-phase servomotor is used and about 300 when
nuous measurement of the attenuation A and phase electronically controlled ferrite phase shifter
x (effect of magnetic hystheresis) is applied in the
shift *X introduced by a wet material is shown system. -rror in attenuation measurement arises from
in -ig,4. level variations in the carrier channel end typically
A microwave signal of frequency& and amplitude is about 0.1 dB for 20 dB and about 0.3 dB for 40 dB.
is amplitude modulated in the subcarrier channel Long term stability of the measuring set-up operating
at the X-band is estimated to be less than 0.1 dB
with a low-frequency to, sine wave and after passing per 24 hours * (ili
- 366 -
Authorized licensed use limited to: Prince of Songkla University. Downloaded on September 9, 2009 at 06:04 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION

ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLED
MICROWAVE PHASE SHIFTER

SHIFT

(ATTENUATION MEASURE)

Fig.4. Schematic diagram of the automatic measuring set-up for

simultaneous measurement of the attenuation and phase
shift introduced by the wet material.

PHASE SHIFTER

TEMPERATURE
PROBE

Fig.5. Block diagram of the two parameters measuring set-up with

a calculating unit and temperature compensating device.

Block diagram of the complete measuring system
is shown in Rig.5. Connection of a thermometer
probe sensing the material temperature to the cal-
culating unit enables the correction of a values,
accordig to ten
according to the material t-emperature. The purpose
of the calculating unit is continuous calculation
of moisture content according to eq.(11) . Thus, the
result of moisture content measurement at th-eoautput
of this unit is independent upon density of the wet
material, upon its layer thickness, uopn flatness
of its surface and also upon its temperature.-

- 367 -
Authorized licensed use limited to: Prince of Songkla University. Downloaded on September 9, 2009 at 06:04 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION

EXPERIM?ITAL RESULTS C-"

Experiments carried out for verification of the c

eq.(11) consist of simltaneous measurements of I
0
40
--,
attenuation and phase shift for sand of different
layer thickness and of various moisture contents. c5
Q)
Results of these experiments have been calculated
according to eq*(11) and compared with moisture con-
tent determined by a standard method. Accuracy of 0
the standard method, weighing
0
and drying of wet -o
samples for 2 hours at 105-C* was experimentally a)
evaluated as being equal to - 0*05 percent of water. 0
E 3

SAND Flat tayer

81t
-

,,i 7 I.
____
-M
ot_-1_
eAZo ~--
- - -
A

os 07 _ 752% a
01

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-+-6
c
0
O'
ZLg.7. Relation between the real moisture content
*0 of an arbitrary layer of the sand and the
5 moisture content calculated from eq.(t1).
$ +
n racy of the attenuation measurement is reduced
a) by surface reflections, and
E4 I - relatively thick and very wet layers, where the
U measurement of phase shift becomes less accurate.
:33 -w4o - -
--
--
3,25% In the intermediate range between these limits, for
-

-2,84% t>` 50 mm, the accuracy of the meisture content mea-

surement of sand is better than - 015 percent of
a / a
water. Ibr an arbitrary layer thickness the diffe-
0
rence between the results of calculations and the
2c ____________ .MC=1,73% results of standard method measurements is less than
0.25 percent of water.
I- O - -

r = 0,9914
MC-the real value of moisture content
'''''1'"...... .W. .. [cm II

0 5 10 15
Fig.6, Relation between the thickness of a flat 0,3
sand layer and its moisture content cal-
culated from eq. 11). Numbers of percent
correspond to real value of moisture
content in sand.
Experimental results for sand in a flat layer 0,2
of given thickness are presented in Fig.6. The same
results for sand in an arbitrary layer thickness,
flatness, density are shown in FLg.7. The corre-
lation coefficients for these sets of data equal to
0.945(0.992 for t> 50 mm) and to 0.995 have been
calculated, respectively. These values seem to con- 0,1
firm the correctness of the above considerations
and the high ability of the proposed method for
the determination of moisture content in materials.

UNCERTAINTY ANALYS IS
From ?g.6 it is seen that biggest discrepan- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
cies betwe.en the real value of moisture content. MC
determined by the standard method and the value Mloisture content, percent
calculated from eq.(11), occur for ag.8. Relation between an absolute moisture con-
- relatively thin and dry layers, where the accu-
tent measurement error and moisture content
of the sand.
- 368 -
Authorized licensed use limited to: Prince of Songkla University. Downloaded on September 9, 2009 at 06:04 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION
-By differentiating eq.(10) the simple relation
for calculation of the maximal instrumental errors
in moisture content measurement has been obtained.
this relation may be written in the form
A -
(a.a. -
a,a,)( AA A &4)
q
w before the measurement.
3 (3 a4) A-(1 - a2)41
Using eq.(20) some calculations for given values of
measuring errors have been made. The calculated
values of A mw for a A equal to 0.1 dB and 0.3 dB
and for A4) equal to 30 and 30 are presented in
Fig.8. These values indicate the effect of instru-
mental errors upon the accuracy of the calculations
performed according to eq.(11) . Other errors resul-
ting from inaccuracy in the determination of numeri-
cal coefficients, from simplifications made during
the theoretical considerations, from errors of the
standard method, etc., are beyond the scope of this
analysis. But it may be seen that instrumental
errors take the main part in the overall error of
measurement and the method, the others being nearly
negligible.
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
Experimental results for an arbitrary layer of
wet building sand show an accuracy better than -0.25
percent of water, the typical value being less than
- 0.15 percent. Such a magnitude should be admitted
as a confirmation of the thesis that the method of
moisture content determination presented in this
paper is suitable for the elimination of the effects
of density, thickness and flatness upon the accuracy
of moisture content measurement.
The assumptions made during derivation of the
basic formula, eq.(1O), concern only homogenity of
the wet material and linearity of the attenuation
and phase shift vs. moisture content characteristics
any authors reported linear relations of A and
vs. moisture content and density
Mladek [141
Recently
has found similar relations for starch,
as well as Tinga 15' for Douglas fir. Applications
of the proposed method for continuous measurement
of moisture content in these and similar materials
may be easily performed.
Increasing the accuracy of continuous moisture
content measurement and minimizing of the main
interfering effects have to be obtained by some
extensions of the typical single parameter measuring
set-up (see Appendix) . When the "modulated suboar-
rier" technique is used [1,61
only an additional
phase shift reading circuit is needed, as well as
the circuit enabling the continuous calculation of
moisture content according to eq.(11), as they are
shown in a block diagram in Fig.5. Connection of a
thermometer probe sensing a material temperature
to the calculating unit shows that the result of
moisture content measurement at the output of the
meter is independent of the material temperature.
Besides all that, the meter is supplied by an osci-
llator working at one frequency, it consists of one
sensor only and its measuring fnctions could be
easily automated.
Limitation in application of the method, as
with all phase shift measuring methods, results
from the ambiguity of the phase shift measurement.
This means, that in the case where considerable
changes of phase shift are introduced by the wet
material under test (when 4+> 2 r) , inaccuracy of
the calculation of the moisture content could be
Authorized licensed use limited to: Prince of Songkla University. Downloaded on September 9, 2009 at 06:04 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
very high and might hide the advantages of this
method. In any way, the proposed method should be
particularly useful for measurement of moisture
content in materials which change their density due
to a technological process or when thickness ead
a (2-a
basic weight of the material can not be corrected
APPENDIX
A SINGME PARAMAETER MEASURING METHOD
Relationship between the attenuation of wet
homogenous material and its moisture content, using
the notation introduced above, for majority of cases
may be written as
A = t (W a °+ a2), (Al)
where t denotes the thickless of the layer, a and
a2 are the numerical coefficients specific for a
particular material, their values being the same as
in eq.(8). Substituting eq.43) into eq.(A1) the
simple expression for the material moisture content
is obtained in the form
m uk A + p (A2)
- a2
where k = 1 and
a1 - a2 a1 -a2
By differentiating eq. A2 the relation of re-
lative error in moisture content measurement by the
single para-meter method measurement of the attenu-
ation may be expressed as
Amw kCAA
)( t + g ), tA3
mw tgn; ' (
where t and g denote changes in the thickness
[12,131.
and the density of a material, respectively, during
the moisture content measurement, and A denotes
the error in the attenuation measurement.
For sand investigated in this work and for
t - 10 cm, the following results have been obtained:
a1 - 299.27 and a2 =- 1.42,
thus, k = 0.00332, p = 0.00472 and m
w
0.OO1BA + 0.0047.
From eq.(A3) shows that accuracy of moisture content
measurement is directly affected by variation in the
thickness of the layer and the density of the material.
Comparing eq.(A3) with eq.(20) the evident superiority
of the proposed method upon the single parameter mea-
suring method may be easily seen.
The attenuation introduced by a wet homogenous
material is measured in the set-up shown in Pig.3.
Comparing this circuit with that devoted for simulta-
neous measurement of two parameters of a wet material
from Pig.4 and Ag.5, it may be stated that extensions
needed for practical realisation of the proposed
method are not so serious as to explain the using of
the former method.
REFERENCES
[rl Kraszewski A., "Microwave instrumentation for
moisture content measurement", Jour.Wierowave
r Power, vol*8, pp.323-335, November 1973.
r2 1 Berliner M.A., Polishchuk S.A., "Characteristics
of Microwave phase-shift measuring moisture con-
- 369 -
 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION

tent meter" (in Russian), Priborv 1. sist,uprav- Andrzej Kraszewski was born in
lenya, pp.26-28, December 1971. Poznan, Poland, on April 22, 1933.
[31 microwave-gamma
Zehnder C.B., "Application of the combination
ray gauge to wood chips weight
He received the B.S. degree in
electronics engineering in 1954
and moisture measurement", Pals and Paper Maga- and M.S. degree in 1958, both
zine of Canada, pp.678-688, Qctober 1967. from the Technical University of
[43 Byrd R.V., "Dual frequency admittance USgauge Warsaw, Poland, and the degree
having improved frequency response", Patent of Dr.Sc. from the Polish Academr
3.504.280, 1970. of Sciences, Warsaw, in 1973.
s5} Chope H.R., "Method and apparatus for measuring From 1953 to 1958 he was with
multiple properties of material by applying the Telecommunication Institute
electric fieids at multiple frequencies", US in Warsaw engaged in research
Patent 3.155.898, 1965. and development of microwave pas-
[61 Stuchiy S., Kraszewski A., "Method for determi-
nation of water content in solids, liquids and
sive components. From 1958 to
1960 he worked as a Senior Research Engineer with the
gases by means of microwaves and arrangement for Lamina Works on development of microwave gas dischar-
application of this method" Polish Patent 51731, ge devices. Prom 1960 to 1962 he taught graduate
1965. courses in microwave measurement techniques and radar
[7] Voss W.A.G., "A note on moisture content", Jour. engineering being an Assistant Professor at Warsaw
Microwave Power, vol.4, pp.165, October 1969. Technical University and worked on microwave measuring
{81 Schafer G.E., "A modulated subcarrier technique instruments and methods. In 1963 he joined Unipan
Scientific Instruments as a Leader of Microwave Labo-
of measuring microwave phase shifts", IRE Trans.
on Instrum., vol.I-9, pp.217-219, October 1960. ratory. There he was engaged in development of micro-
£91 Schafer G.E., Bowman R.R.,-"A modalated suboar- wave instrumentation and measurements with special
interest in microwaves for measuring nonelectrical
rier technique of measuring microwave attenuat-
ion", Proc.IEE (London), vol.109B, suppl.23, quantities. Since 1972 he is a MEnager of Microwave
pp.783-786, bay 1962. Department in Wilmer Instruments and Measurements,
[103 Kaliiiski J., "Parther possibilities of the modu- subsidiary to the Institute of Physics, Polish Aca-
demy of Sciences, where he is responsible for indus-
lated subearrier technique for microwave attenu-
ation measurements in industrial applications", trial application of microwave instrumentation for
IEEE Trans. Instrum.Yeasurements, vol.Ibl-21, moisture content measurement and control.
pp.291-293, August 1972. Dr. Kraszewski is the author of 5 books on micro-
[11] Kaliinski mit
J., "Industrielle Mikrowellenmessein- wave theory and techniques and about 70 published
technical papers and holds 16 patents. He is a mem-
richtung automatisch stabilizierte Empfin-
dlichkeit", Arch.Techn.Messen, Nos 452-454, ber of the International Microwave Power Institute
1973. and the Polish Electricians Association and an Asso-
L121 Taylor H.B.,"Ficrowave moisture measurements", ciate Editor of the Journal of laicrowave Power.
Tadustr. Electronics, vol.3, pp.66-70, February
1965.
[131 waves
Stuchly S., Erassewski A., Rzepecka ML., "Micro-
for continuous control of the industrial
Stanislaw Kulii5ski was born in
processes", Microwave J., vol.12, pp. 51-57, By,chawa. in area of Lublin, Poland,
on January 8, 1946. He received
August 1969.
A M.S.E.E. degree from the Techni-
[141 Nladek J., Komarek K., "Die dielektrische Eigen-
schaften der Starke im VMkrowellenbereich als
cal University of Warsaw, Poland,
in 1969.
Grundlage far die Peuchtigkeitsbestimmung", Prom 1969 to 1972 he was a Re-
Die Starke,-vol.26, pp.160-164, Nay 1974. Esearch2egineer in the recrowave
[153 Tinga W.R., "AJltiphase Dielectric Theory DePartment of the Lamina Electric
Applied to Cellulose Mixtures", Ph.D. Thesis, Tubes Works in Piaseczno, near
University of Alberta, Edmonton, August 1969; Warsaw, working on advanced elec-.
also "Dielectric properties of Douglas fir at tron-e.m. field interaction theory.
2.45 GHz", Jour. Microwave Power, vol.4, pp.162 In 1972 he joined the research
-164, October 1969;. staff of the Wilmer Instruments
[161 Kraszewski A., Kuliniski S., "On measurement of and Measurements where he is now engaged in research
moisture content by microwave method", presented on measurement of nonelectrical quantities using
as an invited paper 12.2 at the 10th Microwave microwave techniques.
Power Symposium, University of Waterloo, Water- blr. Kuli]5ski is the author of 8 published techni-
loo, Ontario, Canada, May 1975. cal papers in the field of microwave measurements
and holds one patent.

- 170 -
Authorized licensed use limited to: Prince of Songkla University. Downloaded on September 9, 2009 at 06:04 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.