Strength Handout Wup PDF

1/27/2011
We never realize that hope only leaves when we doubt

and time only runs out the moment we give up.
We always ask if there’s still
hope left or if there’s still
time. But we never realize strength of
that hope only leaves when
we doubt and time only runs materials
out the moment we give up.
R A G a rc i a
We never realize that hope only leaves when we doubt We never realize that hope only leaves when we doubt
and time only runs out the moment we give up. and time only runs out the moment we give up.
Strength of Materials Stress

deals with the nature and effects of
stresses in the parts of engineering The mutual action between two bodies,
structures or between two parts of a body,
whereby each of the two exerts a force
Its principal object is to determine the
upon the other
proper size and form of pieces which have
to bear given loads, or, conversely, to The ratio of the applied load to the
determine the loads which can be safely cross-sectional area of an element in
applied to pieces whose dimensions and tension.
arrangement are already given.
Categories Categories
Residual Stress Flow Stress
due to the manufacturing processes that Occur when a mass of flowing fluid induces a
leave stresses in a material. dynamic pressure on a conduit wall.
Structural Stress Thermal Stress
produced in structural members because of Exists whenever temperature gradients are
the weights they support. present in a material.
Pressure Stress Fatigue Stress
stresses induced in vessels containing Due to cyclic application of a stress. Could be
pressurized materials. due to vibration or thermal cycling.
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Types of Stress
Axial/Normal Stress
Force perpendicular to an area
divided by the area
Shear Stress
Force parallel to an area divided by
the area
TYPES OF SIMPLE STRESS 2. SHEARING STRESS

1. Normal / Axial Stress a. Single Shear
With normal stress, σ, the area is normal P
t o t h e f o rc e c a rri e d .
P P
σ=P/A P d
Sheared area
P = Tensile / Compressive Load

S 2
A = Cross Sectional Area AS d σ = P/A
P P
4 A = Total Sheared Area
Punching Shear
Double Shear
P
P
Sheared Area
Sheared area
A = 2 π D2 / 4 σ = P/A σp = P / As
A = Total Sheared Area As = π D t
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II. THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS b. Longitudinal Stress

a. Tangential Stress
P
t Di t St = ρD/2t SL = ρD/4t
L P
ρ = pressure in N/mm2 ρ = pressure in N/mm2

D = inside diameter D = inside diameter
t = thickness in mm t = thickness in mm
BARLOW FORMULA
Thermal Stress Stress due to Thermal Expansion

 Linear Expansion
∆L = α L L (∆T)
 Volumetric Expansion
∆V = α V V (∆T)
Strain Hooke’s Law

A measure of the deformation of “Stress is directly proportional to Strain”
the material that is dimensionless.
The change of shape produced by σ = Eε ; E = σ / ε
stress named after the physicist Robert
ε = ∆L / L Hooke, 1676
σ = Stress
ε = strain ε = Strain
∆L = change in length E = Modulus of Elasticity
L = original length (Young’s Modulus) (GPa)
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Young’s Modulus Poisson’s Ratio

a measure of the amount of force the ratio of transverse contraction strain
needed to produce a unit deformation to longitudinal extension strain in the
direction of stretching force
Value for some materials
Steel E = 200 GPa
Tensile deformation is considered
positive and compressive deformation is
Aluminum E = 69 GPa
considered negative
Copper E = 120 GPa
μ = - εlateral / εlongitudinal
Positive Poisson’s Ratio Negative Poisson’s Ratio
Re-entrant polymer foams

Normal polymer foams
Stress – Strain Graph

Elastic Limit
the point at which permanent
deformation occurs, that is, after the
elastic limit, if the force is taken off
the sample, it will not return to its
original size and shape, permanent
deformation has occurred.
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Proportional Limit Ultimate Strength (Tensile)

The greatest stress at which a The maximum stress a material
material is capable of sustaining the withstands when subjected to an
applied load without deviating from applied load.
the proportionality of stress to strain. The stress required to produce rupture.
Yield Strength Working Stress

Stress at which material exceeds the the actual stress of a material under a
elastic limit and will not return to its given loading
origin shape or length if the stress is
removed.
Allowable Stress Factor of Safety

The maximum safe stress that a The ratio of ultimate strength to
material can carry allowable strength
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1. The condition under which the stress is 2. The highest ordinate on the stress-strain
constant or uniform is known as curve is called
A. Simple stress A. r u p t u re s t re s s
B. Shearing stress B. e l a s ti c l i m i t
C. Tangential stress C. u l t i m a t e s t re s s o r u l t i m a t e s t re n g t h
D. Normal stress D. p r o p o rt i o n a l l i m i t
3. Shearing stress is also known as 4. Stress caused by forces perpendicular to
the areas on which they act is called
A. Simple stress
A. Simple stress
B. Shearing stress
B. Shearing stress
C. Tangential stress
C. Tangential stress
D. Normal stress
D. Normal stress
5. W hat type of stress is produced whenever 6. Stress caused by forces acting along or
th e a p p l i e d l o a d c a u s e o n e s e c ti o n o f a b o d y to parallel to the area resisting the forces is known
te n d to s l i d e p a s t i ts a d j a c e n t s e c ti o n ? as
A. n o rm a l s t re s s A. Simple stress
B. s l i d i n g s t re s s B. Shearing stress
C. s h e a ri n g s t re s s C. Tangential stress
D. b e a ri n g s t re s s D. Normal stress
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7. The ratio of the unit lateral deformation to 8. I t d e s c ri b e s t h e l e n g t h e l a s t i c i t y o f t h e
t h e u n i t l o n g i t u d e d e f o rm a t i o n i s c a l l e d m a t e ri a l .
A. c o m p re s s i b i l i t y A. Bulk modulus
B. bulk m odulus B. Young’s modulus or tensile modulus
C. s hear m odulus C. Modulus of Compressibility
D. Poisson’s ratio D. Shear modulus
9. Determine the outside diameter of a
10. What force is required to punch a 20-
hollow steel tube that will carry a tensile load of
500 kN at a stress of 140 MPa. Assume the wall mm diameter hole through a 10-mm
t h i c k n e s s t o b e o n e -t e n t h o f t h e o u t s i d e thick plate having ultimate strength of
diameter. 450 MPa?
A. 132 mm C. 113 mm
a.) 283 kN c.) 382 kN
B. 143 mm D. 133 mm b.) 312 kN d.) 293 kN
11. A hole is to be punched out of a plate 12. A spherical pressure vessel 400-mm in
having an ultimate shearing stress of 300 MPa. diameter has a uniform thickness of 6 mm. The
If the compressive stress in the punch is limited vessel contains gas under a pressure of 8 MPa.
to 400 MPa, determine the maximum thickness I f t h e u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t re s s o f t h e m a t e ri a l i s
of plate from which a hole 100 mm in diameter 420 MPa, what is the factor of safety with
c an be punc hed. r e s p e c t t o t e n s i l e f a i l u re ?
A. 33.3 mm C. 13.4 mm A. 3.15 C. 3.4
B. 17.9 mm D. 26.9 mm B. 1.90 D. 2.6
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13. A steel rod with a cross-sectional area of
150 mm2 is stretched between two fixed points.
The tensile load at 20°C is 5000 N. W hat will be
Elongation (δ)
the stress at -20°C? Assume α=11.7 µm/m °C
and E=200x109 N/m2.
δ = PL / AE
A. 112.8 MPa C. 132.4 MPa
P = Force
B. 117.9 MPa D. 126.9 MPa L = Original Length
A = Cross Sectional Area
P
V D'TE E = Young’s Modulus
A
14. A steel wire 10 m long, hanging vertically
Elongation due to Weight (δ) supports a tensile load of 2000 N. Neglecting
the weight of the wire, determine the required
diameter if the stress is not to exceed 140 MPa
δ = gρL2 / 2E and the total elongation is not to exceed 5 mm.
Assume E = 200 GPa.
ρ = unit mass A. 4.26 mm C. 5.05 mm

g = gravity
E = Young’s Modulus B. 3.12 mm D. 2.46 mm
15. A steel rod having a cross-sectional area 16. The straight-line portion of the stress-
o f 3 0 0 m m 2 a n d l e n g th o f 1 5 0 m i s s u s p e n d e d s t ra i n d i a g ra m h a s s l o p e e q u a l t o t h e
vertically from one end .It supports a load of 20 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o f t h e m a t e ri a l .
kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is
7850 kg/m3 and E=200 GPa, find the total
e l o n g a t i o n o f t h e ro d . A. m o d u l u s o f ri g i d i t y
A. 33.45 mm C. 53.44 mm B. c o m p re s s i b i l i t y
B. 54.33 mm D. 35.44 mm C. m o d u l u s o f e l a s ti c i ty
D. s hear m odulus
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17. The stress beyond which the material will 18. The point on the stress-strain diagram at
not return to its original shape when unloaded is which there is an appreciable elongation or
c alled yielding of the material without any
c o rr e s p o n d i n g i n c re a s e o f l o a d i s c a l l e d
A. e l a s ti c l i m i t
A. yield point
B. maximum stress
B. e l a s ti c l i m i t
C. u l t i m a t e s t re s s
C. u l t i m a t e s t re s s o r u l t i m a t e s t re n g t h
D. allowable stress
D. p r o p o rt i o n a l l i m i t
Torsion Torsion
In solid mechanics, it is the twisting of
an object due to an applied torque
τMAX = T*r / J
c
In circular sections, the resultant

shearing stress is perpendicular to the
radius. τMAX = maximum shear stress
J = polar moment of inertia
r = outer radius of the shaft
Polar Moment of Inertia Shear Stress for:

Solid Shaft:
Solid Shaft: Ss = [T (D/2) ] / (π D4/32)
J = πD4 / 32 = 16 T / πD3
Hollow Shaft:
Hollow Shaft: Ss = [T (D/2) ] / [π (D4-d4) /32]
J = π (Do4 – Di4) / 32 = 16 T D / π (D4-d4)
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Angle of Twist Power Transmitted by Shaft

P = T ω = T ( 2π f )
θ = TL / JG or
T = Torque
L = Length
P = 2π T n
J = Polar Moment of Inertia P = power (W)
G = Shear Modulus T = Torque (Nm)
f = frequency (Hz)
n = angular speed (rev/s)
19. What is the minimum diameter of a solid 20. Determine the length of the shortest 2-mm
steel shaft that will not twist through more than diameter bronze wire which can be twisted
3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a torque of through two complete turns without exceeding a
14 kN-m? Use G=83 GN/m2. shearing stress of 70 MPa. Use G=35 GPa.
A. 118 mm A. 6280 mm
B. 145 mm B. 3420 mm
C. 122 mm C. 1280 mm
D. 113 mm D. 1658 mm
21. A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed to
60 Mpa when twisted through 4°. Using G = 83 Spring
GPa, compute the power that can be
transmitted by the shaft at 20 rev/s. a device that stores potential energy by
straining the bonds between the atoms
A. 1.21 MW of an elastic material.
B. 1.67 MW device made of an elastic material that
undergoes a significant change in
C. 3.21 MW shape, or deformation, under an
applied load
D. 1.26 MW
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Uses Helical Spring

in spring balances for weighing a spiral wound wire with a constant coil
for the storage of mechanical energy, diameter and uniform pitch
as in watch and clock springs or door- Common Forms:
closing springs Compression Spring
to absorb impact, as in coil or leaf Tension Spring
springs used for automobile
suspensions, and to reduce vibration by
the use of rubber blocks
Helical Spring
Max Shearing Stress
Spring Deformation
Approximate: 16PR § d ·
 Wmax 1
Sd3 ¨© 4R ¸¹ L
Exact:
16PR § 4m 1 0.615 · δ = 64PR3n / Gd4
Wmax
Sd3 ©¨ 4m 4 m ¸¹
G
R = mean radius of spring (D is mean diameter) P
d = diameter of wire
m = D/d
22. A helical spring is made by wrapping steel 23. Determine the maximum shearing stress
wire 20 mm in diameter around a forming i n a h e l i c a l s t e e l s p ri n g c o m p o s e d o f 2 0 t u r n s o f
cylinder 150 mm in diameter. Compute the 20-mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 80
n u m b e r o f t u rn s r e q u i re d t o p e rm i t a n mm when the spring is supporting a load of
elongation of 100 mm without exceeding a 2kN.
shearing stress of 140 MPa. Use G=83 GPa.
A. 120.6 MPa
A. 15.43 turns C. 18.24 turns
B. 117.9 MPa
B. 13.83 turns D. 12.36 turns C. 132.4 MPa
D. 126.9 MPa
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CABLES Parabolic Cable

I. Parabolic
Tension at the Support L = Horizontal Span
T2 = (ωL/2)2 + H2 d = sag of cable
ω = weight per unit length
Approximate Length of Cable

S = L + 8d2/3L – 32d4/5L3
Tension at the Lowest Point

H = ωL2 / 8d
II. Catenary Catenary Cable

The theoretical shape of a
hanging flexible chain or Re lationship among S, y & c :
cable when supported at its Tension at the support S1 y1 c
2 2 2
ends and acted upon by a

TL = ωyL S2 y 2 c
2 2 2
uniform gravitational force

(its own weight) and in
equilibrium. The curve has Tension at the sup port T1 & T2 :
a U shape that is similar in Dis tan ce Between sup ports : T1 H2 ZS1
2
appearance to the § S y1 · § S y2 ·
x1 c ln ¨ 1 x2 c ln ¨ 2
H ZS 2
2 2
parabola, though it is a ¸ ¸ T2
© c ¹ © c ¹
different curve.
24. What tension must be applied at the ends
Catenary of an aluminum cable supporting a load of 0.5
kg per horizontal meter in a span of 100 m if the
ω = weight per unit length sag is to be limited to 1.25 m?
y = height of the support (respective) A. 423.42 kg
c = minimum clearance from the ground
B. 329.82 kg
S = cable length (respective)
C. 500.62 kg
D. 184.29 kg
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25. Calculate the allowable spacing of the two 26. A certain cable is suspended between two
towers to carry a flexible wire cable weighing s u p p o rt s a t t h e s a m e e l e v a t i o n a n d 1 0 0 m a p a rt .
0.03 kg per horizontal meter if the maximum The load is 50N per meter horizontal length
tension at the lowest point is not to exceed 1150 including the weight of the cable. The sag of the
kg at sag of 0.50 m. cable is 6m. Calculate the total length of the
c able.
A. 248 m C. 390 m
A. 150.68 C. 100.67
B. 408 m D. 422 m
B. 100.32 D. 110.53
27. A cable 600 m long weighing 1500 N per 28. The light cable supports a mass of 12 kg
m e te r h a s te n s i o n o f 7 5 0 k N a t e a c h e n d . per meter of horizontal length and is suspended
Compute the maximum sag of the cable. between the two points on the same level 300
m a p a rt . I f t h e s a g i s 6 0 m , f i n d t h e t o t a l l e n g t h
A. 200 m o f th e c a b l e .
B. 150 m A. 329 m C. 139 m
C. 100 m B. 239 m D. 429 m
D. 220 m
13

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1/27/2011

We never realize that hope only leaves when we doubt

Strength of Materials Stress

TYPES OF SIMPLE STRESS 2. SHEARING STRESS

P = Tensile / Compressive Load

II. THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS b. Longitudinal Stress

ρ = pressure in N/mm2 ρ = pressure in N/mm2

Thermal Stress Stress due to Thermal Expansion

Strain Hooke’s Law

Young’s Modulus Poisson’s Ratio

Positive Poisson’s Ratio Negative Poisson’s Ratio

Re-entrant polymer foams

Stress – Strain Graph

Proportional Limit Ultimate Strength (Tensile)

Yield Strength Working Stress

Allowable Stress Factor of Safety

B. bulk m odulus B. Young’s modulus or tensile modulus

C. s hear m odulus C. Modulus of Compressibility

D. Poisson’s ratio D. Shear modulus

A. 33.3 mm C. 13.4 mm A. 3.15 C. 3.4

B. 17.9 mm D. 26.9 mm B. 1.90 D. 2.6

ρ = unit mass A. 4.26 mm C. 5.05 mm

In circular sections, the resultant

Polar Moment of Inertia Shear Stress for:

Angle of Twist Power Transmitted by Shaft

Uses Helical Spring

R = mean radius of spring (D is mean diameter) P

CABLES Parabolic Cable

Approximate Length of Cable

Tension at the Lowest Point

II. Catenary Catenary Cable

ends and acted upon by a

uniform gravitational force

B. 150 m A. 329 m C. 139 m

C. 100 m B. 239 m D. 429 m

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