ppt3 Particulate Technology

Dr Hari Prasad Dasari
Design Aspects of Cyclones Chemical Engineering Department

NITK
Introduction
Cyclones provide a relatively low-cost method of removing particulate matter fro
m exhaust gas streams.
Their removal efficiency is accordingly much better than that of settling

chambers.
However, cyclones are not as efficient as electrostatic precipitators, baghouses,

and venturi scrubbers but are often installed as pre-cleaners before these more
effective devices.
Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Separation PrincipleChemical Engineering Department
NITK
Particle Collection Process
Particles enter the device with the flowing

gas (see Fig); the gas stream is forced to t
urn, but the larger particles have more mo
mentum and cannot turn with the gas.
These larger particles impact and fall down the cyclone wall and are collected
in a hopper.
The gas stream actually turns a number of times in a helical pattern,

much like the funnel of a tornado.

Chemical Engineering Department
NITK
The range of particle sizes collected in a cyclone is dependent upon the over
all diameter and relative dimensions of the device.
Stacking cyclones in series or in parallel can provide further alternatives for i

mproving overall collection efficiency.
There are three types of cyclones.

They are usually characterized by where the gas enters and exits the cyclone b
ody (tangentially, axially, or peripherally).
(1) Top Inlet

(2) Axial Inlet
(3) Bottom Inlet

NITK
Axial Inlet
Top Inlet
Bottom Inlet
Nomenclature for a tangential entry cyclone.Chemical Engineering Department
NITK
Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

NITK
Cyclones in series
Cyclones in Parallel
Cyclones in series Chemical Engineering Department
NITK
Larger particles can be collected in the first cyclone and a smaller, more efficie
nt cyclone can collect smaller particles.
Such an arrangement can reduce dust loading in the second cyclone and avoid
problems of abrasion and plugging.
If the first cyclone should plug, there still will be some collection occurring in the s
cond cyclone.
The additional pressure drop produced by the second cyclone adds to the ove
rall pressure drop of the system.
“The higher pressure drop can be a disadvantage in such a series system des
ign.”

Cyclones in Parallel Chemical Engineering Department
NITK
Cyclones in parallel use a common inlet, higher volumes of gas can be treat
ed at reasonable pressure drops.
In configurations where a common hopper is used, each cyclone should

have the same pressure drop.
The axial entry type minimizes the eddy formation that is common in tangenti
al entry cyclones.

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS
NITK
Objects moving in circular paths tend to move away from the center of their
motion.
The object moves outward as if a force is pushing it out (Centrifugal Force).
The whirling motion of the gas in a cyclone causes particulate matter in the gas
to sense this force and move out to the walls.
An expression for this force is as follows:

NITK
These types of considerations (equation), in conjunction with considerations of

cyclone geometry and vortex formation, have led to the development of
numerous performance equations.
These equations attempt to characterize the behavior of cyclones.

(Some work well, and some do not (Ex: High Pressure, High Temperature)
Three important parameters can be used to characterize cyclone performance:

Cut diameter (dpc) Chemical Engineering Department
NITK
The cut diameter is defined as the size (diameter) of particles collected

with 50% efficiency.
It is a convenient way of defining efficiency for a control device since it

provides information on the effectiveness for a particle size range.
A frequently used expression for cut diameter is:

NITK
Typical size efficiency curve

Collection Efficiency (E) Chemical Engineering Department
NITK
A number of equations have been developed for determining the fractional

cyclone efficiency (Ei) for a given size particle.
Fractional Efficiency is defined as the fraction of particles of a given size

collected in the cyclone, compared to those of that size going into the cyclone.
Two methods of calculating cyclone efficiency
(1) Leith and Licht theory for calculating fractional efficiency

(2) Lapple theory for calculating fractional efficiency

NITK
(1) Leith and Licht theory for calculating fractional efficiency (1973):
In this expression, c is a factor that is a function only of the cyclone’s dimensions
The value of n is dependent on the cyclone

diameter and temperature of the gas strea
m.

NITK
(2) Lapple theory for calculating fractional efficiency (1951):
Cyclone collection efficiency (vs) particle size ratio

NITK
The sum of these products in the rightmost section of the box will give the
overall efficiency.

Pressure drop Chemical Engineering Department
NITK
The pressure drop across a cyclone is an important parameter to the purchaser

of such equipment.
Increased pressure drop means greater costs for power to move an exhaust
gas through the control device.
With cyclones, an increase in pressure drop usually means that there will be
an improvement in collection efficiency
For these reasons, there have been many attempts to predict pressure drops
from design variables.
The idea is that having such an equation, one could work back and optimize
the design of new cyclones.

NITK
An expression occasionally used is:
where q = volumetric flow rate.

kc = dimensionless factor (vanes)
= 0.5 (without vanes)
= 1 (vanes that do not expand the entering gas or touch the outlet wall
= 2 (vanes that expand and touch the wall)
This equation, when compared to experimental data, was found to have

a poor correlation coefficient.
NITK
The most popular of the empirical pressure drop equations has the form:
where Kc = proportionality factor
Low-efficiency cyclones 2–4 in H2O (5–10cm H2O)

Medium-efficiency cyclones 4–6 in H2O (10–15cm H2O)
High-efficiency cyclones 8–10 in H2O (20–25cm H2O
)

Changes in the performance characteristics
NITK

Effect of operation variables on cyclone Drand
Hari Prasad Dasari
performance: NITK

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Dr Hari Prasad Dasari

Design Aspects of Cyclones Chemical Engineering Department

Their removal efficiency is accordingly much better than that of settling

However, cyclones are not as efficient as electrostatic precipitators, baghouses,

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Particle Collection Process

Particles enter the device with the flowing

The gas stream actually turns a number of times in a helical pattern,

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Stacking cyclones in series or in parallel can provide further alternatives for i

There are three types of cyclones.

(1) Top Inlet

Chemical Engineering Department Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

In configurations where a common hopper is used, each cyclone should

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

The object moves outward as if a force is pushing it out (Centrifugal Force).

An expression for this force is as follows:

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

These types of considerations (equation), in conjunction with considerations of

These equations attempt to characterize the behavior of cyclones.

Three important parameters can be used to characterize cyclone performance:

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

The cut diameter is defined as the size (diameter) of particles collected

It is a convenient way of defining efficiency for a control device since it

A frequently used expression for cut diameter is:

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Typical size efficiency curve

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

A number of equations have been developed for determining the fractional

Fractional Efficiency is defined as the fraction of particles of a given size

Two methods of calculating cyclone efficiency

(1) Leith and Licht theory for calculating fractional efficiency

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

In this expression, c is a factor that is a function only of the cyclone’s dimensions

The value of n is dependent on the cyclone

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

(2) Lapple theory for calculating fractional efficiency (1951):

Cyclone collection efficiency (vs) particle size ratio

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

The pressure drop across a cyclone is an important parameter to the purchaser

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

An expression occasionally used is:

where q = volumetric flow rate.

This equation, when compared to experimental data, was found to have

where Kc = proportionality factor

Low-efficiency cyclones 2–4 in H2O (5–10cm H2O)

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

Dr. Hari Prasad Dasari

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