Greece

During the early 19th century, inspired by romanticism, classicism, former

movements of Greek nationalism and failed Greek revolts against the Ottoman
Empire (such as the Orlofika revolt in southern Greece in 1770, and the Epirus-
Macedonian revolt of Northern Greece in 1575), Greek nationalism led to the
Greek war of independence.[65] The Greek drive for independence from the
Ottoman Empire in the 1820s and 1830s inspired supporters across Christian
Europe, especially in Britain, which was the result of western idealization of
Classical Greece and romanticism. France, Russia and Britain critically
intervened to ensure the success of this nationalist endeavour.[66]

Serbia

Main articles: Serbian nationalism, History of Serbs, and History of Serbia

Breakup of Yugoslavia

For centuries the Orthodox Christian Serbs were ruled by the Muslim Ottoman
Empire. The success of the Serbian Revolution against Ottoman rule in 1817
marked the birth of the Principality of Serbia. It achieved de facto independence
in 1867 and finally gained international recognition in 1878. Serbia had sought to
liberate and unite with Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west and Old Serbia
(Kosovo and Vardar Macedonia) to the south. Nationalist circles in both Serbia
and Croatia (part of Austria-Hungary) began to advocate for a greater South
Slavic union in the 1860s, claiming Bosnia as their common land based on shared
language and tradition.[67] In 1914, Serb revolutionaries in Bosnia assassinated
Archduke Ferdinand. Austria-Hungary, with German backing, tried to crush Serbia
in 1914, thus igniting the First World War in which Austria-Hungary dissolved into
nation states.[68]

In 1918, the region of Banat, Bačka and Baranja came under control of the
Serbian army, later the Great National Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other
Slavs voted to join Serbia; the Kingdom of Serbia joined the union with State of
Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on 1 December 1918, and the country was named
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. It was renamed Yugoslavia, and a
Yugoslav identity was promoted, which ultimately failed. After the Second World
War, Yugoslav Communists established a new socialist republic of Yugoslavia.
That state broke up in the 1990s.[69]