CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

PATNA

HUMAN RIGHTS

HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA

Submitted by-

Akshita Mishra

Roll no.- 1006

10th Semester

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I thank almighty God for his gracious blessings upon us.

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many important people. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
them.

I am highly indebted to Prof. Dr. SC Roy for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information regarding the project & also for his support in completing the
project.

I also want to express my sincere gratitude to all those authors and researchers whose works
helped me to gather various information used in this project. I also want to thank the college
library and honourable librarian for providing me the needed books.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents and family members for their kind co-
operation and encouragement which helped me in the completion of this project. I would like to
express my special gratitude and thanks to all those people who gave me such attention and time.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my friends for helping in developing the project and
people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

2
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHOD
The researcher has applied a doctrinal method of research while doing this project.

IMPORTANCE AND OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project are to study:-
1. To do a detailed study about the immoral human trafficking in India and South Asia.
2. To find out the various laws relating to human trafficking in India.

SOURCES OF DATA
The project uses documentary sources of data collection which includes books, internet material,
blogs etc.

3
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................5
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING...............................................................7
CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA...................................................................................9
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS...........................................11
GOVERNMENT MEASURES AGAINST TRAFFICKING....................................................................13
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................18
BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................................19

4
 INTRODUCTION

Trafficking in persons is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. Every year,
thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries
and abroad. Almost every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether as a country of
origin, transit or destination for victims.1
Human trafficking has been identified as the third largest source of profit for organized crime,
following arms and drug trafficking, generating billions of dollars annually at the global level.
An estimated 6,00,000 to 8,00,000 women and children are trafficked. This estimate does not
include those trafficked within their own countries or missing children.2
Women and children are generally trafficked for Begging, Organ Trade and Drug smuggling,
Bonded labour, Domestic work, Agricultural labour, Construction work, Carpet Industry, Forced
prostitution, Sex Tourism, Pornography and also for entertainment and sports which include Beer
Bars, Camel Jockey, Circus Troops3.

WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?

Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons
defines Trafficking in Persons as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt
of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or
receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another
person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation
of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services,
slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

Definition of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking is a grave violation of human rights. Until 2000 there was no internationally
recognised definition of human trafficking. The definition of the human trafficking under

1
http://www.unodc.org/.
2
Human Trafficking in South Asia by Vinod K. Bhardwaj and SherapBhutia (2014), p.37.
3
Ibid. p.3.

5
different legal system is given bellow: In 2000, Article 3 of the “UN. Protocol to prevent,
suppress and punish trafficking in persons"defined the human trafficking as the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or
other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a
position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the
consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. 4
According to the U.S. law called the “Trafficking Victims Protection Act, 2000” trafficking in
persons is defined as: All acts involved in the transport, harbouring, or sale of persons within
national or across international borders through coercion, force, kidnapping, deception or fraud,
for purpose of placing persons in situations of forced labour or services, such as forced
prostitution, domestic servitude, debt bondage or other slavery-like practice.5

According to the “SAARC Convention On Prevention And Combating Trafficking in Women and
Children for Prostitution”, “Trafficking” means the moving, selling or buying of women and
children for prostitution within and outside a country for monetary or other considerations with
or without the consent of the person subjected to trafficking". 6 So this is clear that the human
trafficking means any person transferred, recruited fraudulently or abducted, kidnapped by other
persons for exploitations.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

On the basis of the definition given in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, it is evident that
trafficking in persons has three constituent elements:-
 The Act (What is done) – Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of
persons
 The Means (How it is done) – Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud,
deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in
control of the victim

4
Article 3 of the UN.Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons.
5
Section 102 of the "Trafficking Victims Protection Act, 2000, U.S
6
Article 1(3) of the "SAARC Convention On Prevention And Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for
Prostitution.

6
  The Purpose (Why it is done) – For the purpose of exploitation, which includes
exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar
practices and the removal of organs.

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
There are three articles spread over the Constitution of India in Part-III and Part-IV which deal
with Fundamental Rights and Directives Principles of State Policy (DPSP). Article 23 of the
Constitution of India is a Fundamental Right which prohibits trafficking in human beings and
forms, of forced labour and Article 39(e) and 39(f) which are DPSPs direct at ensuring that
health and strength of individuals are not abused and that no one is forced by economic necessity
to do work unsuited to their age or strength and also states that childhood and youth should be
protected against exploitation.

IMMORAL TRAFFIC PREVENTION ACT, 1956

It is the only legislation which specifically addresses Trafficking and is currently pending
amendment. It penalizes trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation.

OTHER LEGISLATIONS
There are some more legislations which directly or indirectly deal with human trafficking like:-
Indian Penal Code, 1860; Bonded labour system (Abolition) Act, 1976; Child labour (Prohibition
and Regulation) Act, 1986; Juvenile Justice Act, 2000; GoaChildren Act, 2002; Prohibition of
Child Marriage Act, 20065 and Protection of Children from Sexual offences (POCSO) Act,
20127.
The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 has come into force wherein Section 370 of the
Indian Penal Code has been substituted with Section 370 and 370A (IPC) which provide for
comprehensive measures to counter the menace of human trafficking including trafficking of

7
India. Lok Sabha Unstarred Question NO.1879 dated 22.7.2014.

7
children for exploitation in any form including physical exploitation or any form of sexual
exploitation, slavery, servitude or the forced removal of organs8.

REPORTED INCIDENTS OF CRIME

A total of 3,940 incidents of crimes under various provisions of laws relating to human
trafficking were reported in the country during the year 2013 as compared to 3,554 during the
year 2012 recording an increase of 10.9% during the year 2013.
A look into the incidences of human trafficking shows that there is a trend of steady rising of
such cases during the period from 2009–2013. From 2,848 cases relating to human trafficking
reported during 2009, it rose to 3,422 cases in 2010. It further rose to 3,517 cases in 2011, 3,554
cases in 2012 and 3,940 cases in 2013.9

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUG AND CRIME (UNODC's) Response to Human

Trafficking
The UNODC offers practical help to States, not only helping to draft laws and create
comprehensive national anti-trafficking strategies but also assisting with resources to implement
them. States receive specialized assistance including the development of local capacity and
expertise, as well as practical tools to encourage cross-border cooperation in investigations and
prosecutions.
The adoption in the year 2000 by the United Nations General Assembly of the Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children marked a
significant milestone in international efforts to stop the trade in people. As the guardian of the
Protocol, the UNODC addresses human trafficking issues through its Global Programme against
Trafficking in Persons10.

8
“Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling”, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes [http://www.unodc.org],
accessed date- 05.05.2018
9
India. Ministry of Home Affairs, Report, Crime in India, 2013, p.99.
10
op.cit. unodc.org/

8
 CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA

India is the most vulnerable country for human trafficking in Asia. Human trafficking has
become a fast growing epidemic not only in the South Asia but also all over the world. In South
Asia, Bangladesh and Nepal is the most vulnerable country for human trafficking. The large
number of population, poverty and the natural disasters and the gender inequality is responsible
for the human trafficking in Bangladesh. To find a cure to this rising epidemic people must be
educated, government response must rise up and society must always be aware, but the United
Nations.
(UN) Resident Coordinator Michelle Gyles-McDonnough said: “We have go beyond by
addressing the push and pull factors of human trafficking.”11 The push factors includes economic
insolvency, migration, gender discrimination, Illiteracy, Dowry, natural disaster etc and the pull
factors includes the economic solvency, better employment, influential power media etc. There
are many others reasons to human trafficking. These are given bellow:
 Economic Insolvency, South Asian Countries including Bangladesh, India and Nepal are
developing country. Most of the population of Bangladesh, India and Nepal are illiterate and
unemployed. In Bangladesh 80% of the total population involving with farming. A large
number of populations in these countries are unemployed. As a result they are economically
insolvent. The traffickers take this chance to traffics. The traffickers tell them to give better
opportunity of work and trafficked the economic insolvent population.
 Social and Economic vulnerability of women and female children: In South Asia, the
women and female children are most vulnerable in the societies. In South Asia, men are the
driving power of the family as well as in the societies. In most of the cases the men are the
only earning member in the family and women are whose role is related to biological
reproduction. This creates specific gender roles with strong values and norms attached to
each. The girls grow up in family and work in the house. So one kind of dependency grow
from their childhood. Early marriage and polygamy is very common in the rural areas of the
South Asian Countries. Women are the victim of the polygamy, dowry etc. Sometimes the

11
Fadzli and others, "Addressing the Push and Pull Factors of Human Trafficking", The Malaysian Times, September
8 2013, [http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my].accessed date-3.05.2018

9
 husband cheats with the wife by leaving. In South Asia, women are the victim of gender
oppression because of their low status. Since last three decades women are started to work
outside the home though the situation is now changing. There are 4 million peoples working
in the garment industries in Bangladesh among them 80% are women. The women entering
the highly competitive labour markets to compete with men but comparatively with low
remuneration in most of the areas.
The another reasons for the human trafficking are the religious fundamentalism, Polygamy and
child marriage, negligible decision-making status of women in financial matters, frustration in
love, globalization and export-oriented growth model and consumerism, natural disasters making
families homeless and disintegrated, seeking for better life (e.g. job and prospect of marriage,
Increased dependency of guardians on the income of their female children), Inadequate
government policies, Lack of social security and safety, Corruption amongst the members of law
enforcing agencies in domestically and in international borders. In several south Asian countries
(India; Bangladesh), the victims may have been abducted, deceived or even sometimes the
victims bought from their family members. For the human trafficking the sexual exploitation is
increasing. There are various effects of the human trafficking in the society, individuals life,
economic, psychological effects, health, political implications and also it impacts on the rule of
law and many others effects happens. Psychological and health impact is very much increasing
on the trafficking victims. The traffickers mainly traffics the age between 6 to 24 years of men
and women because a young victim will easily succumb to force and give in.12
 Negative attitude toward women and female children and Social stigma against single,
unwed, or widowed women.
 Physical and mental illness, and contagious diseases turning women as outcastes.
 Frustration in love and failure in conjugal life.
 Enticements for better life, e.g. job and prospect of marriage.
 Corruption amongst the members of law-enforcing agencies.

12
Buzzle, Effects of human trafficking, accessed date 5.05.2017 http://www.buzzle.com/articles/effects-of-human-
trafficking.html

10
11
 HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

International human rights law are very much concern about the fundamental rights of the human
beings. The international human rights laws have prohibited the discrimination against the
persons on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion etc. It also prohibits the forced labour, forced
marriage, child labour, debt bondage, and the sexual exploitation of the women and children.
Human trafficking is the grave violation of human rights. If we analyse the purpose of human
trafficking we see that the main purpose is the slavery, forced labour, forced marriage, child
labour, debt bondage and sexual exploitations. Debt bondage is prohibited under international
law. The reason is as a result of debt bondage is used as a means of controlling and exploiting
them.13 Forced labour is the violation against the will of the human. The forced or compulsory
labour also prohibits by the Forced labour convention 1930. It provides that “forced or
compulsory labour shall mean all work or service which is exacted from any person under the
menace of any penalty and for which the person has not offered him voluntarily.”14
Human trafficking is the violation against human being, so state responsibility comes
automatically with this issue. But problem is that there is no direct provisions of state
responsibility in relation to human trafficking except The Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women” and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).
According to CEDAW, States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislation,
to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women.15 Most of the
South Asian Countries is the member of the CEDAW including Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
So, the South Asian countries have the obligation to protect the human trafficking. The
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) also describes that States Parties shall take all
appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent the abduction of, the sale of
or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form16 and States Parties shall protect the child
against all other forms of exploitation prejudicial to any aspects of the child's welfare.17
13
“Human Rights and Human Trafficking”, Fact sheet no-36 of 2014, Office of the U.N High Commissioner for
Human Rights (OHCHR), PP-4.
14
“Human Rights and Human Trafficking”, Fact sheet no-36 of 2014, Office of the U.N High Commissioner for
Human Rights (OHCHR), PP-5
15
Article 2 of the ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930.
16
Article 6 of the CEDAW
17
Article 35 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child

12
The international community is very much concern in relation to human trafficking. The
Regional instruments have concentrated to human trafficking. The principle 1 of the EU
Directive on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings provides that “trafficking in
human beings is a serious crime, often committed within the framework of organised crime, a
gross violation of fundamental rights and explicitly prohibited by the Charter of Fundamental
Rights of the European Union. Preventing and combating trafficking in human beings is a
priority for the Union and the Member States.” The United Nations General Assembly and the
Human Rights Council have repeatedly affirmed that trafficking violates and impairs
fundamental human rights, as have manyof the international human rights mechanisms.18
In 2002 the SAARC adopted the “SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking
in Women and Children for Prostitution”. It declared that that the feasibility of a regional
Convention to combat the grave crime of trafficking in women and children for prostitution
should be explored. South Asian countries are playing very active role to eliminate the human
trafficking. Victims might be in need of protection in the form of remaining in the territory of the
receiving state.19 The human rights are also guaranteed by the U.N Charter and also by the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) without any discrimination on the basis of race,
colour, sex, ethnicity and other forms. In the case of trafficking, if the trafficked people are not
the national of a trafficking country, the residing country cannot deny its international obligation
to protect the trafficked persons because of the universality of human rights. “Women and girls
are trafficked into gender-specific situations of exploitation such as exploitative prostitution and
sex tourism, and forced labour in domestic and service industries. They also suffer gender-
specific forms of harm and consequences of being trafficked (for example, rape, forced marriage,
unwanted or forced pregnancy, forced termination of pregnancy, and sexually transmitted
diseases, including HIV/AIDS).”20

18
Article 36 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
19
Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Fact sheet no-36 of 2014, Office of the U.N High Commissioner for Human
Rights (OHCHR), PP-5
20
Preamble of the “SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for
Prostitution”.

13
GOVERNMENT MEASURES AGAINST TRAFFICKING

Project on “strengthening the law enforcement response in India against trafficking in

persons through training and capacity building”:
The Government of India through the Ministry of Home Affairs, in association with the United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has initiated a two year project for training of Law
Enforcement Officers on human trafficking in four States, namely Maharashtra, Goa, West
Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. A Project Steering Committee has been constituted for steering,
guiding and monitoring of the project. Through a series of training programmes, the project will
raise awareness of Law Enforcement Officers (police & prosecutors) on the problem of human
trafficking and further build up their capacity to better investigate the crime and prosecute the
offenders perpetrating such crime21.
Coordination Meetings
The Ministry of Home Affairs conducts regular coordination meetings with the Nodal Officers of
Anti Human Trafficking Units of all States/UTs. Since 2007, eighteen Coordination Meetings
have been held and minutes of these meetings are available atweb portal (stophumantrafficking-
mha.nic.in). These meetings have been very instrumental in according priority to the crime of
human trafficking at the ground level and for effective Inter-State coordination and have been a
success as the Government has been regularly monitoring the implementation of the (AHTUSs)
and the Ministry of Home Affairs outlines various action areas to each State which becomes the
focus of the work in these States. The Nodal officers’ meetings has also led to exchange of
information among various States and strengthening of inter-State investigations.
IGNOU Certificate Course
To develop a comprehensive and functional understanding on anti human trafficking and
coordination amongst learners about various stakeholders/agencies associated with the process of
human trafficking directly and to build awareness and practical skills in the area of law, policies,
rehabilitation and prevention aspects of human trafficking, a Certificate Course has been
launched by Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) in partnership with the Ministry
of Home Affairs. The said course has been made mandatory for the Officers/Officials who are
dealing with the subject of human trafficking. In this regard an advisory dated 12 January 2011

21
http:/mha.nic.in/ATCnew

14
had been issued. Total 960 persons have been enrolled in the said course and 21 applicants have
passed this course.
Bilateral mechanism with Bangladesh
The Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Women and Child Development and the UNICEF
prepared draft protocol and Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for dealing with cross border
trafficking between India and Bangladesh to address the various issues relating to prevention of
Trafficking, Victim Identification and Repatriation and make the process speedy and victim-
friendly. Two bilateral meetings between India and Bangladesh have already been held to discuss
the protocol. A Task Force of India and Bangladesh was constituted. First Task force meeting
between Task force, India and Bangladesh was held in Delhi, India on 18 and 19 October 2010.
Second meeting of the Task Force was held on 8 and 9 April, 2012 at Kolkata. Third meeting of
the Task Force was held at Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh on 8 and 9 December 2012. Fourth meeting
was held on 6 and 7 April 2014 in Mumbai.

Implementation of International Conventions on Trafficking

India has ratified the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women
and Children for Prostitution. The Regional Task Force (RTF) of SAARC for implementation of
the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for
Prostitution met for the first time in New Delhi on 26 June 2007 in New Delhi, second time in
July 2008 and third time on 28 and 29 May 2009 at Shimla. The main achievement of this
Conference has been the adoption of the SOP on combating Trafficking in Women and Children
for Prostitution by all SAARC Member States. During the Special Session of RTF for
implementation of the SAARC Convention at Kathmandu in April 2010 decision has been taken
regarding Uniform Toll free number for women and children. Fourth Meeting of the RTF was
held in Kabul, Afghanistan from 25 and 26 November 2011. Fifth meeting of the RTF was held
in Paro, Bhutan from 11 and 12 April 201322.

Anti Trafficking Cell

A Nodal Cell has been set-up for dealing with matters relating to trafficking in human beings.
The Cell is, inter-alia, responsible for collecting and analyzing the data related to trafficking
from the State Governments/UTs Administrations, identifying problem areas and analyzing
22
op.cit. Added by Ministry of Home Affairs during vetting

15
causes for their being source/transit/destination areas, monitoring the action taken by the State
Governments/UT Administrations.

Anti – Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs)

The Ministry of Home Affairs is implementing a comprehensive scheme of “Strengthening law
enforcement response in India against Trafficking in Persons through Training and Capacity
Building”, wherein it is proposed to establish 330 Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs)
throughout the country and impart training to 10,000 police officers through Training of Trainers
(TOTs) component in three years. The Ministry of Home Affairs released funds for the same.

Judicial Colloquiums
Judicial Colloquiums are being held throughout the country to sensitise the Magistrates and
Judges as to how women and children experience the process of law relating to trafficking, to
enable the Magistrates and Judges to take proactive decisions and exercise discretion as provided
under the law that will be most beneficial and just to the victim but most stringent to the
trafficker. So far, 8 Judicial Colloquiums have been held.

Study Tour for SAARC Member States in India

During the 5th meeting of the Regional Task Force held in Paro, Bhutan from 11 to 12 April
2013, India offered to organize a study tour for the SAARC Member States to learn from the
experiences of the Integrated Anti-Human Trafficking Units established in various districts of the
country. The said study tour was organized in India from 18 to 22 November 2013 where
representatives of Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan participated.

Advisory/Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to the State Governments on Human

Trafficking
The Government of India has issued the exhaustive and consolidated advisories enumerating
various steps for improving effectiveness in tackling the crime of human trafficking and
increasing the responsiveness of the law enforcement machineries from time to time to all
States/UTs. In addition, a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to handle trafficking of children

16
for child labour and measures to be taken for rescue of trafficked child labour and action against
the traffickers/employers was issued on 12 August 2013. The main points of the SOP are:
(i) The Anti Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs) shall take all necessary steps to investigate all
the cases relating to trafficked persons with special emphasis on organized crime and to target
the economics of crime syndicates through sealing, attachment and confiscation of property etc.
(ii) The rescue team should be multi-disciplinary and should comprise representative of Police or
Labour, SDM or his representative, NGO/complainant, lady police/volunteer, and member of
Child Welfare Committee.
(iii) The repatriation of the child should be a prime objective in the investigation to ensure that
the child goes back to safety.
(iv) The statement of victim should be recorded under Section 164 of CrPC and charge sheet be
filed soon after investigation.
(v) There should also be an inquiry for home verification under the Juvenile Justice Act before
the repatriation and the Child Welfare Committee in the home district shall be responsible for the
well being of the child.
(vi) The Labour Department should initiate proceeding for an immediate recovery of the fine of
20,000 and the said amount shall go to the Rehabilitation Cum Welfare Society of Child Labour
in the native district of the child for his/her socio-economic and educational rehabilitation.
(vii) The Department of Labour shall also initiate proceeding for the recovery of the back wages
of the child as per the Minimum Wage Act, 1948.

Web Portal on Anti-Human Trafficking

A Web Portal on Anti Human Trafficking (stophumantrafficking-mha.nic.in) has been launched
on 20 February 2014 which will be a vital IT tool for sharing of information across all
stakeholders, States/UTs and civil society organizations for an effective implementation of Anti-
Human trafficking measures23.

Ujjawala Scheme
The Ministry of Women and Child Development is implementing “Ujjawala” – a Comprehensive
Scheme for Prevention of Trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation, Re-integration and

23
India. Ministry of Home Affairs, Annual Report, 2013-14, pp.80-82.

17
Repatriation of Victims of Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation. As on date, 276
projects have been supported by the Ministry, under which 153 rehabilitative homes have been
sanctioned which can accommodate nearly 6450 victims. The Schemes provide for shelter, food,
clothing for victims, counselling, medical care, legal and other support, vocational training and
income generation activities. Trafficked victims are also given shelter in Short Stay Homes and
Swadhar Homes, meant for women in difficult circumstances.

Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)

The Integrated Child Protection Scheme(ICPS) extends the services like - emergency outreach
services through Childline toll free number 1098, open shelters for children in need in urban and
semi urban areas, support for family bases non-institutional care through sponsorship, foster
care, adoption and after care and institutional care for children and juveniles24.

24
Human Trafficking in South Asia, p.16

18
 CONCLUSION

Trafficking in human beings, especially children, is a form of modern day slavery and requires a
holistic, multi-sectoral approach to address the complex dimension of the problem. It is a
problem that violates the rights and dignity of the victims and therefore requires essentially a
child rights perspective while working on its eradication. In the fight against trafficking
government organizations, non-governmental organizations, civil society, pressure groups,
international bodies, all have to play an important role. Law cannot be the only instrument to
take care of all problems.
To prevent the human trafficking the government, society, and individuals should take many
measures. Some of the preventive measures are given bellow:
1) Raise awareness of the general people as well as specific targeted groups in the South Asian
region. This would play a very important role to eradicate the human trafficking from South
Asian region as well as from the world. The government and the non-government organizations
may take part an important role to create awareness to the people by taking rally, advertisement
in the television channels, disseminate information through bill-board, poster, leaflets etc.
2). The government should take some step to give financial help to the vulnerable peoples. to
prevent human trafficking. This is another important issue to prevent the human trafficking. One
of the main reasons for human trafficking is poverty. So, if the rural poor people get some
financial assistance to financially establish themselves, it would be very helpful for them.
Provide support to the survivors of trafficking for their reintegration in the society or families
through capacity building of public, private and NGO services.
3) Develop the capacity of government officials for sustainability of integrated approach to
address trafficking in children, adolescent girls and women.
4) The government should strengthen the capacity of the Judicial and law enforcement agencies
officials to manage trafficking cases through number of trainings.

19
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Agarwalla H.O. Human Rights, Central Law Publications, New Delhi ,1999.
 Ahuja Ram , Social problems in India, Rawat Publications, Jaipur and Delhi , 1999.
 Ahuja Sangeeta , People, Law and justice-Casebook on PIL, Vol. I, Orient Longman,
New Delhi, 1991..
 Anand,V.K, Human Rights, Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad , 2001.
 Austin Granville,The Indian Constitution- Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi 2000.
 Bajwa,G.S. , Human Rights in India- Implementation and Violations, Anmol
Publications, New Delhi, 1995..
 Batra T.S. , Human Rights: A Critique, Metropolitan Book Company, New Delhi ,1997.
 Bhalla, S.L. ,Human Rights: An Institutional Framework for Implementation, Docta
Shelf Publications, Delhi, 1991.
 Deshta, Sunil, Kiran Deshta , Law and Menace of Child Labour, Anmol Publications Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
 Devasia, Leelamma, V.V. Devasia ,Girl Child in India, Ashish Publishing House, New
Delhi (2001)

20