SOME DEFINITIONS

ENCYCLOPEDIA: A book which is often in a number of volumes giving information

on many subjects or on many aspects of a subject.
ANTHOLOGY: It is a collection of poems, essay, stories etc.
To cite an anthology, or a compilation which was edited by someone whose
name appears on the title page, begin your entry with the name of the editor or
compiler followed by a comma and an abbreviation ed. or comp. if the person you
named performed more than one function (i.e. served perhaps both as editor and
translator) give both roles in the order in which it appear in the title page.
Example:
Thompson, Dalla. ed. The Oxford Dictionary of current English. New York:
oxford U.P., 1998.
TWO OR MORE BOOKS BY SAME AUTHOR
To cite two or more books by the same author, write his name only in the first
entry. After that, write 3 hyphens (-) in the second entry, at the place where you
have to write his name. The 3 hyphens represent the author’s names as is written
in the first entry. If the person also edited, translated, or compiled the book place
a comma, not full stop after the 3 hyphens and write the appropriate abbreviation
(i.e. either ed., trans., or comp.) before giving the title.
Example MLA
Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: four essays. Princeton UP, 1957.
_ _ _ _ ed. Design For Learners: Reports submitted to the junior committee of the
Toronto Board of Education and the University of Toronto.
Toronto: Toronto UP, 1962.
_ _ _ _ _ The Double Version: language and Meaning in Religion. Toronto: Toronto
UP,1991.
(NB: when writing titles of books, if your space is not enough, you should count
five letters from the first line and start under the fifth letter. Even if there are just
four letters and a comma, we also count the comma as a letter)
A BOOK BY TWO OR MORE AUTHORS
To cite a book of two or more authors, give their names as it is written on the title
page not necessarily in alphabetical order. Reverse only the name of the first
author, and give the other name or names a normal form.
Example: Sanders, Jo-Ann Lipford and Carla Brandley e.g.

West D. John, Donald L. Boubenza, James Robert Bitter. Social Construction in

Couple and Family Counseling. Alexander: America counseling association, 2002.
If there are more than 3 authors, you may name only the first and add “et al”
which means (and others); or you may give all names in full in the order in which
they appear in the title page i.e. only the first name will be reversed.
Example: Gilman, sander, et al. hysteria beyond Freud berkaeniy. Ed U of
California P, 1993.
Quirk Randolph, et al. A comprehensive grammar of the English language.
London: Longman, 1985.
A book by a corporate author
A corporate author maybe a commission, an association, a committee, or any
other group whose individual members are not identified on the title page. To cite
this, omit any initial article (i.e. a, an, the) in the name of the corporate author.
Also cite the book by the corporate author, even if the publisher is the corporate
author.
Example: American Medical Association. The American Medical Association
Encyclopedia of Medicine. ed. Charles B. Clayman New York: Random 1989
NB: MLA ends with the date whereas APL ends with the publisher. In corporate
author, we do not leave out the article when citing the book
Public Agenda Foundation. The Health Care Crisis: containing costs, expanding
coverage. New York: Mc Graw, 1992.
It is important to note that government publication emanate (come from) many
sources and so present special problems in bibliographic citations. Thus, if you do
not know the writer of the document, cite as author the government agency that
issued it. That is state the name of the government first, followed by the name of
the agency, using an abbreviation if the text makes it clear. If the author is known,
use this format:
California Dept. of Industrial Relations. United States. Cong. House.
If you are citing two or more works published by the same government, type 3
hyphens for the next entry, just like it is done with two or more citations for the
same author. If you also want to cite more than one work by the same
government agency, use an additional 3 hyphens in place of the agency in the
second entry and subsequent ones.
Example: united States. Cong. House.
----- senate
-----Dept. of Health and Human Services.
The title of the publication underlined should follow immediately.
Example: Great Britain Ministry of Agriculture, Fishers and Food. Dept. of the
Environment, Transport and the Regions. Our Countryside, the Future: A Fair Deal
for Rural England. London: HMSO, 2000.

New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-first Century. The
Adirondacks Park in the Twenty-first Century. Albany: state of New York, 1990.
In the US, most federal publications regardless of the branch of
government issuing them, are published by the government printing office (GPO),
in Washington DC. In Britain, they are published by HIS or HER MAJESTY’S
STATIONARY OFFICE (HMSO in London)
In citing this, give the publication information that appears in the title page.
Example: United Nation. Consequences of Rapid Population Growth in Developing
Countries. New York: Taylor, 1991.
---. Center on Transnational Cooperation. Foreign direct investment. The service
sector, and International Banking. New York: United Nations,1987.

United States. Cong. Joint Committee on the Investigation of the pearl Harbor
Attack. Hearings. 79th cong., 1st and 2nd session 32vols. Washington: GPO, 1946.