I.

LAND USE PLANNING

1. land use planning concepts

2 what is land use planning

3. what is a land use plan

4. objectives of land use planning

5. two division of land use planning

6. land use categories and color coding

7. formulation of the general land use plan

8. environmentally critical areas

II. LAND USE PATTERNS

a. basic urban form conceptual frameworks

 b. different shapes in land use patterns

III. URBAN LAND USE MODELS

a. what’s a model?

b. concentric-zone model

c. sector model

d. multiple nuclei model

e. urban realms model

Land Use Planning Concepts

Land

Land is viewed as a shared natural resource, much like air and water found therein, to be conserved and
cared for with due regard for its effect on society as a whole and for the conditions in which it will be
passed on to future generations.

Land is also viewed as a property - a private commodity which can be owned, used, bought or sold for
personal comfort and profit.

Land is a finite resource but population continues to grow year after year requiring more land for
housing and other urban uses, agricultural areas for food production and more forest for timber
production and watershed protection. Therefore, the need to allocate land judiciously and
discriminately

 What is Land Use Planning? It is the systematic approach / process for identifying, classifying
and locating urban land, which is achieved by analyzing the socio-economic needs of the
population in consideration of the physical and natural attributes of a city / municipality

 Technical aspect- involves determining what activities(agricultural, construction) a given piece

of land can support without causing damage to the land itself in order it can be used across
many generations without jeopardizing.

 Political aspect – is concerned with the commitment of decision makers and politicians to
ensure that there is strict compliance with the plan and its implementation tools.

 What is a LAND USE PLAN ??? An essential component of the comprehensive development
plan, it designates the future use or reuse of the land and the structure built upon the land
within a given jurisdiction’s planning area and the policies and reasoning used in arriving at
the decisions in the plan. It projects public and private land uses in accordance with the
planned spatial organization of economic and social activities and the traffic of goods and
people
 Objectives of Land Use Planning

1. To promote the efficient utilization, acquisition and disposition of land as a limited resources;

a) Make sure there is enough for our future generations to use and enjoy while
addressing the needs of the present times

2. To influence, direct and harmonize decisions and activities of the public and the private
sectors affecting the use, management and disposition of lands;

3. Reconcile land use conflicts between and among individuals and government agencies relating
to present needs and anticipated demands for land;

4. Promote desirable and efficient patterns of land uses and prevent premature and wasteful
development and minimize the cost of public facilities, services and infrastructure;

5. Protect and preserve valuable agri-cultural areas consistent with the need to promote
industrialization;

6. Maintain ecological balance thru Control of development in critical areas such as flood plains
and watershed areas

7. Integrate programs and projects on land resources development among land development
agencies;

8. Conserve areas of ecological, aesthetic and historical values and maintain and protect natural
open areas and areas of significant views;

9. Promote and implement a shelter plan

• Thru Identification of sites suitable for housing; and

10. Promote an efficient circulation system

Overview of the Process

 It utilizes the planning methodology which includes: data gathering, problem identification and
situational analysis; goals / objectives formulation; generation of alternative spatial strategies;
evaluation and selection of preferred strategy; formulation of the plan; adoption, review and
approval; and implementation and monitoring

Two Division of Land Use Planning

 General Land Use Planning – deals primarily with the non-urban large scale uses such as:
croplands, forests, pasture lands, mining/quarrying areas and swamplands, with areas occupied
by structures treated collectively as “built –up” areas”
 Urban Land Use Planning – concerned with the location, intensity and amount of land
development required for the various space-using functions such as residential, commercial,
industrial, institutional, recreation and other activities found in the urban areas.

Land Use

 General Land use:

 Four Major Categories:

○ Built-up

○ Agriculture

○ Forest

○ Special use

Urban Land Use

 Residential

 Commercial

 Industrial

 Institutional

 Parks/playgrounds

 Infrastructure/utilities

 Etc.
LAND USE CATEGORIES AND COLOR CODING
Determination of Land Supply for Urban Expansion
Land supply is the land area available within the city/municipality for urban expansion. Basically, this is
left after deducting the areas considered for protection/preservation and conservation such as the
Network of Protected Agricultural Areas (NPAAs), National Intergrated Protected Areas System (NIPAs),
existing built-up areas, etc.

Formula: Land Supply For Urban Expansion = TLA – (PCA + BU)

Where: TLA = total land area of city/municipality, in hectares

PCA = protection/preservation and conservation areas, in

hectares

BU = built-up areas, in hectares

Example:

Given:

Area (Has.)

a. Total Land Area (TLA) of City/Municipality = 50,000

b. Preservation and Conservation Areas (PCA)* = 35,000

 b.1 NIPAS (5,000)

b.2 NIPAAs (15,000)

b.3 Environmentally Constrained Areas (5,000)

b.4 Other Environmentally Critical Areas (10,000)

Identified in Pres. Proc. No. 2146

c. Existing Built-up Areas (BU) = 10,000

d. Land Supply For Urban Expansion = a – (b + c)

= 50,000 – (35,000 + 10,000)

= 50,000 – 45,000

= 5,000 Has.

Classification of Urban Uses

 Residential-amount of land depends on the of which new households are formed and on
inmigration.

 Commercial areas- category includes all types of wholesale, retail and service activities serving
areas larger than neighborhoods.

 Included in this category are the ff:

-Major Central Business Districts in urbanized areas

-Minor Central Business District in less urbanized areas

-Highway Service Centers or Commercial Strips such as highway gas stations, traveler's
inn and restaurants

 Institutional Areas- covers the major public and semi-public uses like educational, cultural,
religious, health, protective and government services

 Industrial uses- includes manufacturing, refining, fabricating, assembly, storage, parking and
other incidental uses including food processing, cottage industry, sawmills, rice mills, steel mills,
chemical processing plants, etc.

-also included are the proposed industrial estates/subdivision

  Parks/Playgrounds and other Recreational Areas- the space requirement may be computed with
the use of space standards based on population or area of the municipality or city

 Open Space- so called “non-functional open spaces” and includes lands reserved for greenbelts
and buffer zones; and other vacant lands reserved for specific or functional purposes

Constraints to Development
-identify different constraints such as soil conditions, flooding, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and
other natural condition

-mapping guidelines- illustrates the physical obstacles to development such as subsidence and flooding
risk

Land Use Related Problem

 Evaluate the land use related problems such as flooding, deforestation, conversion of prime
agricultural lands, pollution, incompatible uses, etc.

Factors for Designation of Functional Areas

 The identified population needs and requirement for various development purposes

 Land requirement in terms of adequacy of land for food production, settlement expansion, etc.

 The location of the different land use categories as follows:

-agriculture

-forest

-built-up

-tourism

-other land use unique to the city or municipality

 Recognized need to protect and preserve critical areas for conservation and preservation

 Development Areas- include croplands (paddy, rice, coconut, sugar cane, orchard,
diversified crops,etc.) and livestock production (feeding operations, or open grazing);
settlement areas such as growth centers and ethnic reserves; military reservation and
other urban uses which required relatively large areas like industrial estates and utilities

 Conservation and Preservation Areas

-maintain the desired ecological balance and area characteristic

 -to protect the integrity of sensitive/critical ecosystem

-to preserve their natural or unique characteristic;

Formulation of the General Land Use Plan

 Land Capability Classification

- indicates the suitability of areas for cultivation according to soil conservation management
requirements. Factors considered in the identification of land capability classes are soil erosion
potential/flooding and soil condition limitations.

Soil condition includes its characteristics such as droughtiness, fertility, stoniness, salinity,
alkalinity, acidity, depth, presence of toxic substance, etc.

The degree of limitations ranges from no or slight limitations, moderate, serious to severe, to
very serious or very severe.

The different land capability classes are as follows :

Class A – very good land; can be cultivated safely, requiring only simple but good farm management
practices.

Class B – good land; can be cultivated safely, require easily applicable conservation practices.

Class C – moderately good land, must be cultivated with caution; requires careful management and
complex conservation practices.

Class D – fairly good land; must be cultivated with extra caution; requires careful management and
complex conservation practices for safe cultivation. Most suitable for pasture or forest.

Class L – level to nearly level; too stony or very wet for cultivation; limited to pasture or forest with
careful soil management.

Class M – steep land; very severely eroded; shallow; not for cultivation; limited to pasture or forest with
careful management.

Class X – level land; wet most of the time and cannot be economically drained; suited for fishpond or
recreation.

Class Y – very hilly and mountainous, barren and rugged; should be reserved for recreation and wildlife
or for reforestation.

 Soil Suitability
 A soil suitability study shall be conducted to determine the appropriateness of agricultural lands
for specific crops. At present, the Bureau of Soils and Water Management has prepared Crop
Development and Soil conservation Planning Guide Maps for various crops.

Environmentally Critical Areas

 Weather and Water Related Hazards

- tropical cyclone winds

- tropical cyclone rains

- storm surge

- drought

 Earthquake Induced Hazards

- ground shaking

- ground rupture

- liquefaction and lateral spreading

- landslides

- tsunami

 Volcanic Hazards

- lava flow

- airfall

- pyroclastic flows

- lahar

- edifice failure

 Erosion

- soil erosion

- river bank erosion

- coastal wave erosion

Environmentally Critical Areas

  other Environmentally Critical Areas covered by the Presidential Proclamation No. 2146

- areas set aside as aesthetic potential tourist spots;

- areas of unique historic, archeological or scientific interest;

- areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural minority communities or tribes;

- areas classified as prime agricultural lands;

- recharge areas of aquifers;

- water bodies characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions;

-tapped for domestic purposes

-within the controlled and/or protected areas declared by appropriate authorities

- support wild life and fishery activities

- coral reef characterized by one or any combination of the ff. conditions:

- with 50% and above live coraline cover

- spawning and nursery grounds for fish

- act as natural breakwater of coastline

LAND USE PATTERNS

Land Use Pattern
Basic Urban Form Conceptual Frameworks

 Trend Extension

- resembles the Dispersed Sheet urban form of Kevin Lynch, which he described as having
“maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence and where local participation is highly possible”

- Trend extension is the result of individuals building anywhere according to their own
preferences and convenience with minimal government intervention.

- development is spread evenly over a wide continuous tract, very accessible to open land, and
transport is designed as continuous grid.

- no vivid or memorable image of the city and costly provision of public service.
 DISPERSED SHEET

 Linear Urban Form

- a.k.a Ribbon or Strip development

- characterized by concentration of development along both sides of major transportation

routes such as roads, navigable rivers or other form of transport network

- generally start on a one-lot-deep into a grid system.

- also resembles what Kevin Lynch refers to as the Urban Star which is characterized by a strong
urban core with secondary centers of moderate densities, distributed along main radials roads.

- very strong visual image

 Urban star

 Multi-Nodal Urban Form

- re-directs development away from the urban core or city center toward identified urban
growth areas or nodes.

- approximates Lynch’s Galaxy form, which is characterized by clusters of development with

each cluster having its own specialization.

- the major center provides specialized facilities and services to its nodes and acts as it external
linkage to other centers of the city or municipality. The nodes support the major center as its captive
market while providing neighborhood facilities and services to its area of influence.

Galaxy form

Centric and Nodal Form

  Concentric Urban Form

- this form reflects an outward expansion of urban development from the city center/core
induced by the construction of new circumferential and radial roads.

- the form pattern matches the Core City of Kevin Lynch has the unique characteristic of
concentrating development into one continuous body originating from the center or core.

- aiming to maximize land use in the Poblacion or city center to provide more open space
outside, this urban form redirects future development in and around the Poblacion/city center,
extending to the adjoining barangays or barrios. As a result, the direction of growth enlarges the urban
core.

Core city Concentric Circle

 Grid Form

- this system is made up of rectangular blocks defined by parallel and intersecting streets. The
simplicity of this layout provides accessibility of plots and/or structures, but conflict or movement could
arise due to numerous intersections.
Grid Development

Land Use Pattern-Shapes

Radio centric- A large circle with radial corridors of intense development emanating from the center

Rectilinear- Usually with two corridors of intense development crossing the center; usually found in
small cities rather than in large
Star - Radiocentric form with open spaces between the outreaching corridors of development

Ring - A city built around an open space

Linear- Usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a transportation
spine.

Branch - A linear span with connecting arms

Sheet- A vast urban area with little or no articulation

Articulated sheet - A sheet accented by one or more central clusters and several subclusters

Constellation - A series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity

Satellite

Constellation of cities around a main cluster

URBAN LAND USE MODELS

Urban Growth & Development”
Urban Land Use Models

 What’s a Model?

 Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)

 Sector Model (Hoyt)

 Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris & Ullman)

 Urban Realms Model (Vance; aka “Pepperoni Pizza” Model)

 What’s a model?

 Best synonym:
a model = “a representation”

 A textbook definition:

An idealized representation of a part of reality which is constructed so as to demonstrate certain

of its properties.

The Concentric-Zone Model

 Proposed by Burgess – A sociologist at the University of Chicago:

1925 book titled The City

 Based on a study of land use patterns and social group dynamics in Chicago

 Geographically the city was visualized like 5 or 6 major rings, such as from a cross-section of a
tree

 A model with five zones.

 Concentric-Zone Model
 A model with five zones.

 Zone 1

○ The central business district (CBD)

○ Distinct pattern of income levels out to the commuters’ zone

○ Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do with this pattern)

 Zone 2

○ Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and residential land use

○ Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income
segment

○ Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic ghettos began here

○ Usually called the transition zone

 Zone 3

○ The “workingmen’s quarters”

○ Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of zones 1 and 2

○ More stable than the transition zone around the CBD

○ Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — blocks of immigrants who

broke free from the ghettos

○ Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-
collar workers demanded better housing

 Zone 4

○ Middle class area of “better housing”

○ Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first streetcar
network

○ Commute to work in the CBD

 Zone 5

○ Consists of higher-income families clustered together in older suburbs

 ○ Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad
lines

○ Spacious lots and large houses

○ From here the rich pressed outward to avoid congestion and social
heterogeneity caused by expansion of zone 4

 Theory represented the American city in a new stage of development

 Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed neighborhoods where merchants’
stores and sweatshop factories were intermingled with mansions and hovels

 Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed shoulders in the same neighborhoods

 In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core

 The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning

 Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern

 This was the city Burgess used for his model

 The actual map of the residential area does not exactly match his simplified concentric
zones
Sector Model
 Homer Hoyt, an economist, presented his sector model in 1939

 Maintained high-rent districts were instrumental in shaping land-use structure of the city

 Because these areas were reinforced by transportation routes, the pattern of their development
was one of sectors or wedges
 • As growth occurs, similar activities
stay in the same area and extend
outwards

• Good for accommodating growth development axes; growth momentum

Concentric zone model requires redevelopment to change the amount of residential land use of
different types

• Why do land use areas take wedge shapes?

Follow older radial transport lines

High-class residential on higher ground or along an environmental amenity (e.g., wooded ravine)

Lower-class residential along “the tracks” coming in and out of town

 This theory is particularly

good for residential land use

 Both the concentric zone and sector models are monocentric representations of urban areas

 How realistic are they for an auto-age metropolis like Tucson?

Sector Model
 Hoyt suggested high-rent sector would expand according to four factors
  Moves from its point of origin near the CBD, along established routes of travel, toward
another nucleus of high-rent buildings

 Will progress toward high ground or along waterfronts, when these areas are not used
for industry

 Will move along the route of fastest transportation

 Will move toward open space

 As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them are filled in

 Middle-rent areas move directly next to them, drawing on their prestige

 Low-rent areas fill remaining areas

 Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go from high to low

 There are distinct patterns in today’s cities that echo Hoyt’s model

 He had the advantage of writing later than Burgess — in the age of the automobile

 Today, major transportation arteries are generally freeways

 Surrounding areas are often low-rent districts

 Contrary to Hoyt’s theory

 Freeways were imposed on existing urban pattern

 Often built through low-rent areas where land was cheaper and political opposition was less

Multiple Nuclei Model

 Developed by two geographers: Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman in 1945 based on Seattle,
Washington

 Maintained a city developed with equal intensity around various points

 The CBD was not the sole generator of change

 Basic concept: cities don’t grow up around a single core but have several nodes
1. CBD

2. Wholesale & Light Manufacturing

3. Low-income Residential

4. Middle-Income Residential

5. High-Income Residential

6. Heavy Manufacturing

7. Outlying Business District (Mall)

8. Residential Suburb

9. Industrial Suburb
 Equal weight must be given to:

 An old community on city outskirts around which new suburbs clustered

 An industrial district that grew from an original waterfront location

 Low-income area that began because of some social stigma attached to site

 Rooted their model in four geographic principles

  Certain activities require highly specialized facilities

 Accessible transportation for a factory

 Large areas of open land for a housing tract

 Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association

 Certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area

 Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the most desirable
locations

 More than any other model takes into account the varied factors of decentralization in the
structure of the North American city

 Many criticize the concentric zone and sector theories as being rather deterministic because
they emphasize one single factor

 Multiple nuclei theory encompasses a larger spectrum of economic and social possibilities

 Most urban scholars feel Harris and Ullman succeeded in trying to integrate the disparate
element of culture into workable model

Urban Realms Model

 Today: A new urban reality that is not totally captured by any of the three standard pre-1950s
models

 Geographer James Vance in 1964 proposed “Urban Realms” (aka “Pepperoni Pizza”) model to
describe Metropolitan L.A.

 La-La Land is a vast poly-nucleated region linked by freeways and long-distance commuters
Additional notes TROPICAL DESIGN

TROPICAL DESIGN

Minimize SUN

Maximize WIND

TROPICAL DESIGN = passive cooling

PASSIVE COOLING: design with no mechanical equipment used

to induce comfort conditions in building interior

PASSIVE COOLING = inducing air movements

INDUCING AIR MOVEMENTS: relevant for areas with

temperature variations of 10° and with high humidity

INDUCING AIR MOVEMENTS: can improve thermal comfort up to

building interiors 15 meters deep

Passive Systems for Various Climates

HOT-HUMID CLIMATE: maximize wind exposure

maximize internal airflow

minimize radiant heat gain

HOT-DRY CLIMATE: minimize radiant heat gain

 moderate wind resistance

moderate internal airflow

COOL CLIMATE: maximize thermal retention

maximize radiant heat gain

minimize wind resistance

TEMPERATE CLIMATE: moderate thermal retention

moderate radiant heat gain

slight wind exposure (for humidity control)

moderate internal airflow

Principles of Air Movement

Air flows from a high-pressure to a low-pressure area.

2. INERTIA. Once set in motion, air tends to continue to flow in its

initial direction until some intervening force is met.

3. Air flows through the path of least resistance.

EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

1. Hedges/shrubs should not be more than 3 meters from building

2. Tree foliage above openings promote air motion into openings

3. Combine tree, hedge and building to achieve air flow control

4. Lateral air channels to direct air flow

5. Arrange trees to determine wind shadow

6. Make use of earth mounds to achieve better air movement

EFFECT OF LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

1. Hedges/shrubs should not be more than 3 meters from building

2. Tree foliage above openings promote air motion into openings

3. Combine tree, hedge and building to achieve air flow control

4. Lateral air channels to direct air flow

5. Arrange trees to determine wind shadow

6. Make use of earth mounds to achieve better air movement

THANK YOU