Ministry Of Higher Education and Science Research

Sulaimani Polytechnic University

Kalar Technical Institute
Nursing Department
Subject: Microbiology

Shigella Dysenteriae

Prepared By
Gona Sarwat Hassan
:Email
:.Phone no

Supervised by
Hasan muhamamd
Content:

1. Introduction
2. Definition
3. Classification, Structure, and Antigenic Types
4. Pathogenesis
5. Host Defenses
6. Virulence factors of Shigella
7. Diagnosis, (Disease caused by Shigella)
8. Enzymes
9. References
 Introduction

Shigella, a major cause of bacillary dysentery, is an enteric bacterium that can

cause inflammatory diarrhea. Shigella has long been recognized as a cause of
moderate and severe diarrhea and dysentery with a high incidence among
children residing in low- and middle-income countries. Shigella causes morbidity
and mortality worldwide, primarily affecting young children living in low-
resource settings. It is also of great concern due to increasing antibiotic
resistance, and is a priority organism for the World Health Organization.
A Shigella vaccine would decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with
shigellosis, improve child health, and decrease the need for antibiotics.
Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) are useful tools in vaccine
evaluation for early up- or down-selection of vaccine candidates and potentially
useful in support of licensure. Over time, the methods employed in these models
have become more uniform across sites performing CHIM trials, although some
differences in conduct persist. In November 2017, a Shigella CHIM workshop
was convened in Washington, District of Columbia. Investigators met to discuss
multiple aspects of these studies, including study procedures, clinical and
immunological endpoints, and shared experiences. This article serves as a
uniform procedure by which to conduct Shigella CHIM studies.
Definition:

Shigella dysenteriae is a species of the rod-shaped bacterial

genus Shigella. Shigella species can cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery).
Shigellae are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic,
nonmotile bacteria.
Structure, Classification, and Antigenic Types:

Shigellae are Gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-

forming rods. Shigella are differentiated from the closely related Escherichia
coli on the basis of pathogenicity, physiology (failure to ferment lactose or
decarboxylate lysine) and serology. The genus is divided into four serogroups
with multiple serotypes: A (S dysenteriae, 12 serotypes); B (S flexneri, 6
serotypes); C (S boydii, 18 serotypes); and D (S sonnei, 1 serotype).

Pathogenesis:

The Shiga bacillus is exceptional among enteric pathogens in possessing two

potential pathogenetic modes of action, invasiveness and enterotoxin. The role of
each was investigated. ,two fully virulent (invasive toxigenic) and two modified
(noninvasive toxigenic and invasive nontoxigenic) Shiga strains were defined in
animal and in-vitro models. The virulent strains produced disease in volunteers in
doses as low as 101 organisms. Illness was characterized by fever, short-lived
diarrhea, and passage of scanty stools of blood and mucus. During illness, the
pathogen was isolated from one of 16 samples of small-intestinal contents, and
free toxin could not be demonstrated. Concomitantly, large numbers of Shiga
organisms were excreted in stool. The major lesions were in the large bowel
where clinical colitis was confirmed by proctoscopy and biopsy. Large numbers
of a noninvasive toxigenic strain (106−1011 organisms) were well tolerated by 85
of 86 men. One volunteer had dysentery after the organism had reverted to an
invasive form. In contrast, an invasive nontoxigenic strain caused shigellosis in
monkeys and volunteers. Epithelial penetration is the cardinal virulence property
of Shigella dysenteriae 1. The role of Shiga toxin in human disease remains to be
defined.
Host Defenses:

Inflammation, copious mucus secretion, and regeneration of the damaged

colonic epithelium limit the spread of colitis and promote spontaneous recovery.
Serotype-specific immunity is induced by a primary infection, suggesting a
protective role of antibody recognizing the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) somatic
antigen. Other Shigella antigens include enterotoxins, cytotoxin, and plasmid-
encoded proteins that induce bacterial invasion of the epithelium. The protective
role of immune responses against these antigens is unclear.

Virulence factors of Shigella:

Shigella is the major cause of bacillary dysentery world-wide. It is divided

into four species, named S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, and S. boydii,
which are distinct genomically and in their ability to cause disease. Shigellosis,
the clinical presentation of Shigella infection, is characterized by watery diarrhea,
abdominal cramps, and fever. Shigella's ability to cause disease has been
attributed to virulence factors, which are encoded on chromosomal pathogenicity
islands and the virulence plasmid. However, information on these virulence
factors is not often brought together to create a detailed picture of infection, and
how this translates into shigellosis symptoms. Firstly, Shigella secretes virulence
factors that induce severe inflammation and mediate enterotoxic effects on the
colon, producing the classic watery diarrhea seen early in infection.
Secondly, Shigella injects virulence effectors into epithelial cells via its Type III
Secretion System to subvert the host cell structure and function. This allows
invasion of epithelial cells, establishing a replicative niche, and causes erratic
destruction of the colonic epithelium. Thirdly, Shigella produces effectors to
down-regulate inflammation and the innate immune response. This promotes
infection and limits the adaptive immune response, causing the host to remain
partially susceptible to re-infection. Combinations of these virulence factors may
contribute to the different symptoms and infection capabilities of the
diverse Shigella species, in addition to distinct transmission patterns. Further
investigation of the dominant species causing disease, using whole-genome
sequencing and genotyping, will allow comparison and identification of crucial
virulence factors and may contribute to the production of a pan-Shigella vaccine.

Diagnosis, (Disease caused by Shigella):

Shigellosis can be correctly diagnosed in most patients on the basis of fresh

blood in the stool. Neutrophils in fecal smears is also a strongly suggestive sign.
Nonetheless, watery, mucoid diarrhea may be the only symptom of many S
sonnei infections, and any clinical diagnosis should be confirmed by cultivation
of the etiologic agent from stools.

Enzymes:

Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed

.up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells

They are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body,
such as aiding in digestion and metabolism.

Some enzymes help break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more
easily absorbed by the body. Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to
produce a new molecule. Enzymes are highly selective catalysts, meaning that
each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction.

References:
1. www. livescience.com
2. www. ncbi. org
3. www. cdc. org
4. www. frontersin. org
5. www. accessmedicine. com
6. www. febspress. com
7. www. acc.assm. org
8. www. microbioligyreseach. org
9. www. ncbi. gov
10. www. microwiki.edu