G D GOENKA PUBLIC SCHOOL, SECTOR-22, ROHINI

CLASS-IX
SUBJECT-GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER-4-CLIMATE

• General weather conditions over a period of thirty years period is said to be the
climate of a place.
• Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time.
• Temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, and precipitation are
elements of weather and climate.
• Generalised monthly atmospheric conditions determine the basis on which the
year is divided into the seasons — summer, winter or rainy.
• India has a monsoon type of climate.
• Monsoon is basically a seasonal reversal in the wind through the year.
• There is huge difference in temperature from one region to another.
• Form of precipitation, its amount and distribution also differ from one part of
India to another.
• Coastal areas observe lesser difference in temperature conditions. It is the
interior of India that experiences temperature contrasts.
• Decrease in rainfall is seen from east to west in the Northern Plains. All this
influences diversity in professions, food, dress and houses of people.
Climatic Controls
• The interplay of latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, pressure and wind
system, ocean currents and relief features determine climatic conditions of a
place.
Factors Affecting India’s Climate
• Latitude, altitude and pressure and winds affect Indian climate.
• The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of
Kuchchh to Mizoram.
• Air temperature generally decreases from equator to poles.
• Temperature and air pressure decreases as on moves from surface of the earth to
higher altitudes.
• The Himalayas prevent the cold winds from central Asia from entering the
subcontinent.
• The climate and associated weather conditions in India are governed by various
atmospheric conditions namely pressure and surface winds, upper air
circulation, western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones.
 • The sea exerts a moderating influence on climate. People far away from sea
experience extreme weather conditions. This is known as ‘continentality’.
• Ocean currents also affect the climate of the coastal areas.
• An apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation is the Coriolis Force.
• The wind direction changes as per the season. They are from northeast to south
wet in winter whereas completely reverse in summer bringing moisture.
• Jet streams are narrow belts of high-altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in
the troposphere.
• The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena of the winter months,
brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region.
The Indian Monsoon
• The climate of India is strongly influenced by monsoon winds.
• The Arab traders who noticed these winds named it as monsoon.
Following facts are important to understand mechanism monsoons –

1. The differential heating and cooling of land and water.

2. The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a broad trough of low pressure
in equatorial latitudes where the northeast and the southeast trade winds
converge.
3. The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar.
4. The intense heating of Tibetan plateau during summer.
5. The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the
presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during
summer.
• Apart from his changes in the pressure conditions over the southern oceans also
affect monsoon.
• The periodic change in pressure conditions known as ‘Southern Oscillation’ or
SO affects monsoon too.
• El Nino is a warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian coast in place of
the cold Peruvian current, every 2 to 5 years.
The Onset of the Monsoon and Withdrawal
• The monsoon are pulsating winds affected by different atmospheric conditions
encountered by it, on its way over the warm tropical seas.
• Monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by first
week of June.
• Sudden increase and continuation of the monsoon for several days is called as
‘burst’.
• The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal branches of the monsoon merge over the
northwestern part of the Ganga plains.
• The withdrawal or the retreat of the monsoon is a more gradual process which
begins in the northwestern states of India by early September.
 • The retreating monsoon or the transition season sees the change from hot rainy
season to dry winter conditions.
• The low-pressure conditions over northwestern India get transferred to the Bay
of Bengal by early November causing cyclonic depressions originating over the
Andaman Sea.
Distribution of Rainfall
• Owing to the nature of monsoons, the annual rainfall is highly variable from
year to year.
• Areas of high rainfall are liable to be affected by floods while areas of low
rainfall are drought prone.
The Seasons
• Four main seasons can be identified in India — the cold weather season, the hot
weather season, the advancing monsoon and the retreating monsoon with some
regional variations.
• In the cold weather season the northeast trade winds prevail over India.
• Days are warm and nights are cold.
• Frost is common in the north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience
snowfall.
• The summer months experience rising temperature and falling air pressure in
the northern parts of the country.
• A striking feature of the hot weather season are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds
blowing during the day over the north and northwestern India called loo.
• In the advancing monsoon, i.e. the rainy season, the north-western region of the
country receives the maximum rainfall.
• The dust storms in northern India are common.
• The localised thunderstorms, associated with violent winds, torrential
downpours, often accompanied by hail. In west Bengal they are known as ‘Kaal
Baisakhi’.
• From June onwards the monsoon occupies most of the Indian Peninsula and central
part within a month.
• Monsoon has ‘breaks’ in rainfall, thus it has wet and dry spells.
• The alternation of dry and wet spells vary in intensity, frequency and duration causing
heavy floods in one part and droughts in the others.
• By the beginning of October the monsoon withdraws from Northern plains.
• The conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather
oppressive during the day and is called as October heat.
• Rainfall in India ranges from 400 cm in western coast and northeastern India to 60 cm
in Western Rajasthan and adjoining area.
Monsoon as a Unifying Bond
The dependence of farmers on rain, a change in seasonal cycle, variance in temperature, the
needs of humans, plants and animals, festival dates etc., all depend on monsoon in India. In
this way monsoon is a unifying bond for Indians.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q1. Choose the correct answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which one of the following places receives the highest rainfall in the world?

(a) Silchar

(b) Mawsynram

(c) Cherrapunji

(d) Guwahati

Ans (b) Mawsynram

(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:

(a) Kaal Baisakhi

(b) Loo
(c) Trade Winds

(d) None of the above

Ans (b) Loo

(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfall during winters in north-western part of India.

(a) Cyclonic depression

(b) Retreating monsoon

(c) Western disturbances

(d) Southwest monsoon

Ans-(a) Cyclonic depression

(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:

(a) Early May

(b) Early July

(c) Early June

(d) Early August

Ans- (c) Early June

(v) Which one of the following characterizes the cold weather season in India?

(a) Warm days and warm nights

(b) Warm days and cold nights

(c) Cool days and cold nights

(d) Cold days and warm nights

An-(c) Cool days and cold nights

Q2. Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India?

Ans (i)The elements affecting the climate are temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind,
humidity and precipitation.

(ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?

Ans-(i)India comes in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) also with various other
factors, like the El Nino, Jet Stream and Coriolois Force are the reasons for monsoon type of
climate in India.

Ans-(ii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and
why?

Ans-(iii)Northwestern part of India experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature.

This happens because of the presence of the Thar Desert and also because this region does
not have the moderating influence of the ocean.

(iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar coast?

Ans-(iv)Malabar Coast gets rains from depressions and cyclones.

(v) What are Jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?

Ans-(v)Jet streams are high velocity westerly winds blowing through a narrow zone in the
upper troposphere. The westerly flows are responsible for the western disturbances
experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country. The easterly jet streams
cause tropical depressions during the monsoon as well as October-November months.
(vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?

Ans-(vi)Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction. Monsoon ‘break’
refers to the happening of wet and dry spells during the rainy season. The monsoon rains take
place only for a few days at a time.

(vii) Why is the monsoon considered as a unifying bond?

Ans-(vii) Although there are wide variations in weather patterns across India, the monsoon
brings some unifying influences on India. The Indian landscape, its flora and fauna, etc. are
highly influenced by the monsoon.The entire agricultural calendar in India is governed by the
monsoon.Most of the festivals in India are related to agricultural cycle. These festivals may
be known by different names in different parts of the country, but their celebration is decided
by the monsoon.

Q3. Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India.
Ans-The Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon winds moves towards northeast and return
westwards covering the northern plains. While they move towards west, their moisture
contains tends to reduce with subsequent rains. Hence the rainfall decreases from east to west
in northern India.

Q4. Give reasons as to why.

(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent?

Ans- Seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent takes place due to
pressure differential. El Nino has major role to play in the seasonal reversal of wind direction
over the Indian subcontinent.

(ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.

Ans- The monsoon begins from the first week of June and advances quite rapidly to cover
almost the whole country by mid-July. Hence, the bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated
over the months of a few months; mainly June to August.

(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall.

Ans-The Tami Nadu coast receives winter rainfall because of movement of low-pressure
conditions to the Bay of Bengal.

(iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.

Ans-The Bay of Bengal is the centre of various pressure changes and hence there is always a
chance of development of cyclone. Due to this, the delta region of the eastern coast is
frequently struck by cyclones.

(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone.
Ans-The parts fall in the rain shadow area of the Aravalli. Hence, they are drought prone and
don’t receive much of rainfall.

Q5. Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of
suitable examples.
Ans-
There is regional variation in the climatic conditions of India. Temperature and Precipitation
vary from place to place and season to season.
→ In summers the temperature rises up to 50°C in parts of Rajasthan, whereas it may be
around 20°C in Pahalgam in Kashmir.
→ In winters night temperature in Drass in Kashmir may be minus 45°C, whereas in
Tiruvanantapuram in Kerala may have a temperature of 20°C.
→ In Andaman Islands the difference between day and night temperature may be hardly 7°
– 8°C.
→ Coastal areas experience less contrast in the temperature, whereas seasonacontrasts are
more in the interior of the country.
→ There is decrease in rainfall generally from east to west in the northern plains.
→ Most part of India get rainfall from June – September, whereas Coromandel Coast gets
rainfall in winter

Q6. Discuss the mechanism of monsoons.

Ans-Following are the factors responsible for the mechanism of monsoon:
→ The Sun causes differential heating and cooling of land and water. This creates low
pressure on the landmass of India and high pressure over the ocean surface.
→The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is normally positioned about 5°N of the
equator. It shifts over the Ganga plains during summer. It is also known as the monsoon
trough during the monsoon season.
→ The high pressure area, east of Madagascar is approximately 20°S over the Indian
Ocean. This area affects the Indian Monsoon.
→ The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer. This results in strong vertical
air currents and formation of high pressure over the plateau. This high pressure zone is about
9 km above the sea level.
→ The westerly jet stream move to the north of the Himalayas, and the tropical easterly jet
stream moves over the Indian Peninsula during summer.
→ The periodic change in pressure conditions between Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean
that is known as the Southern Oscillation or SO also affects the monsoon.
→ The difference in pressure over Tahiti and Darwin is computed to predict the intensity of
the monsoons. Tahiti (18°S/149°W) lies in the Pacific Ocean and Darwin (12°30’S/131°E)
lies in northern Australia. If the pressure differences are negative, it means a below average
and late monsoon.

Q7. Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season.
Ans-Following are the features of the cold season:
→ The winter season begins from mid-November and till February; in northern India.
→ December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of India.
→ The temperature ranges between 10°-15°C in the northern plains, while it ranges
between 24°-25°C in Chennai.
→ The northeast trade winds prevail over the country in this season. As these winds blow
from land to sea, most parts of the country experience a dry season.
→ The weather is usually marked by clear sky, low temperatures and low humidity and
weak variable winds.
→ The inflow of the western cyclonic disturbances from the west and the northwest is a
characteristic feature of the cold weather over the northern plains.
→ These low-pressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and Western Asia and
move into India. They cause winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.
→ The winter rainfall is in small amount but is very important for the rabi crop. This rainfall
is locally known as mahawat.
→ The peninsular region does not get a well-defined winter because of the moderating
influence of the sea.?

Q8. Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.

Ans-Characteristics of the monsoon rainfall in India:

→ The duration of the monsoon varies from 100 to 120 days from early June to mid-
September.
→ Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increase suddenly and continues
regularly for several days. This is called the ‘burst’ of the monsoon.
→ They are distinguished from the pre-monsoon showers because of their increase in rainfall
amount and regularity.
→ The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian Peninsular generally by the first
week of June.
→ The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the country.
Effects of the monsoon rainfall in India:
→ Agriculture in India largely depends on Indian monsoons for water. Late, Low or
excessive rains have a negative impact upon crops.
→ Due to uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are few places that are
drought prone and few are flood affected.
→ The monsoon provides India with a diverse climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the
presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its
people.