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12 Physics NcertSolutions Chapter 1 Exercises Additional
12 Physics NcertSolutions Chapter 1 Exercises Additional
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Additional Exercises
Question 1.25: www.tiwariacademy.com www.tiwariacademy.com
An oil drop of 12 excess electrons is held stationary under a constant electric
field of 2.55 × 104 N C−1 in Millikan’s oil drop experiment. The density of the
oil is 1.26 g cm−3. Estimate the radius of the drop. (g = 9.81 m s −2; e = 1.60 ×
10−19 C).
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(b)
(c)
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(d)
(e)
Answer 1.26:
(a) The field lines showed in (a) do not represent electrostatic field lines
because field lines must be normal to the surface of the conductor.
(b) The field lines showed in (b) do not represent electrostatic field lines
because the field lines cannot emerge from a negative charge and cannot
terminate at a positive charge. www.tiwariacademy.com
(c) The field lines showed in (c) represent electrostatic field lines. This is
because the field lines emerge from the positive charges and repel each other.
(d) The field lines showed in (d) do not represent electrostatic field lines
because the field lines should not intersect each other.
(e) The field lines showed in (e) do not represent electrostatic field lines
because closed loops are not formed in the area between the field lines.
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𝑑𝐸
= 105 NC −1
𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝐸
𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑞 × × 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑞 × 𝑑𝑙 × =𝑝×
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙
= −10−7 × 105
= −10−2 N
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The force is −10−2 N in the negative z-direction i.e., opposite to the direction
of electric field. Hence, the angle between electric field and dipole moment is
180°.
Torque (τ) is given by the relation, τ = pE sin180° = 0
Therefore, the torque experienced by the system is zero.
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Answer 1.28:
(a) Let us consider a Gaussian surface that is lying wholly within a
conductor and enclosing the cavity. The electric field intensity E inside the
charged conductor is zero.
Let q is the charge inside the conductor and is ϵ0 the permittivity of free space.
𝑞
According to Gauss’s law, Flux, ∅ = 𝑬. 𝒅𝒔 =
𝜖0
Here, E = 0
𝑞
⇒ =0 ⇒𝑞=0 [ as 𝜖0 ≠ 0 ]
𝜖0
Therefore, charge inside the conductor is zero.
The entire charge Q appears on the outer surface of the conductor.
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charged conductor E`. These fields are equal and opposite inside the
conductor and equal in magnitude and direction outside the conductor.
∴ E`+ E` = E
𝐄 𝜎
⇒ 𝐄` = = 𝑛̂
𝟐 2𝜖0
𝜎
Hence, the field due to the rest of the conductor is 𝑛̂.
𝜖0
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Question 1.30: www.tiwariacademy.com
Obtain the formula for the electric field due to a long thin wire of uniform
linear charge density λ without using Gauss’s law. [Hint: Use Coulomb’s law
directly and evaluate the necessary integral.]
Answer 1.30:
Take a long thin wire XY (as shown in the following figure) of uniform linear
charge density λ.
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1 λ𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐸 = .
4𝜋𝜖0 (𝐴𝑍)2
However, 𝐴𝑍 = √𝑙 2 + 𝑥 2
1 λ𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝐸 = . 2
4𝜋𝜖0 (𝑙 + 𝑥 2 )
The electric field is resolved into two rectangular components. 𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 is the
perpendicular component and 𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 is the parallel component. When the
whole wire is considered, the component 𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 is cancelled. Only the
perpendicular component 𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 affects point A.
Hence, effective electric field at point A due to the element dx is dE1.
1 λ𝑑𝑥. cos 𝜃
∴ 𝑑𝐸1 = . … … … … … … … … . . (1)
4𝜋𝜖0 (𝑙 2 + 𝑥 2 )
In ∆AZO,
𝑥
tan 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑙. tan 𝜃 … … … … … … … . . … (2)
𝑙
On differentiating equation (2), we obtain
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 … … … … … … (3)
𝑑𝜃
From equation (2), we have
𝑥 2 + 𝑙 2 = 𝑙 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑙 2 = 𝑙 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1) = 𝑙 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 … … . . (4)
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Putting equations (3) and (4) in equation (1), we obtain
1 λ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= . … … … … … … … … . … … … (5)
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑙
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𝜋 𝜋
The wire is so long that 𝜃 tends from − to .
2 2
By integrating equation (5), we obtain the value of field E1 as,
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𝜋 𝜋
2 2
1 λ
∫ 𝑑𝐸1 = ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑙
𝜋 𝜋
− −
2 2
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𝜋
1 λ
⇒ 𝐸1 = [sin 𝜃] 2 𝜋
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑙 −
2
1 λ
⇒ 𝐸1 = ×2
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑙
λ
⇒ 𝐸1 =
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑙
λ
Therefore, the electric field due to long wire is .
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑙
Question 1.31:
It is now believed that protons and neutrons (which constitute nuclei of
ordinary matter) are themselves built out of more elementary units called
quarks. A proton and a neutron consist of three quarks each. Two types of
quarks, the so called ‘up’ quark (denoted by u) of charge (+2/3) e, and the
‘down’ quark (denoted by d) of charge (−1/3) e, together with electrons build
up ordinary matter. (Quarks of other types have also been found which give
rise to different unusual varieties of matter.) Suggest a possible quark
composition of a proton and neutron.
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2 1
∴ 0 = ( 𝑒) 𝑛 + (− 𝑒) (3 − 𝑛)
3 3
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2𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑒
⇒0= −𝑒+
3 3
⇒ 𝑒 = 𝑛𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛 = 1
Number of up quarks in a neutron, n = 1
Number of down quarks in a neutron = 3 − n = 2
Therefore, a neutron can be represented as ‘udd’.
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Question 1.32:
(a) Consider an arbitrary electrostatic field configuration. A small test
charge is placed at a null point (i.e., where E = 0) of the configuration. Show
that the equilibrium of the test charge is necessarily unstable.
(b) Verify this result for the simple configuration of two charges of the
same magnitude and sign placed a certain distance apart.
Answer 1.32:
(a) Let the equilibrium of the test charge be stable. If a test charge is in
equilibrium and displaced from its position in any direction, then it
experiences a restoring force towards a null point, where the electric field is
zero. All the field lines near the null point are directed inwards towards the
null point. There is a net inward flux of electric field through a closed surface
around the null point. According to Gauss’s law, the flux of electric field
through a surface, which is not enclosing any charge, is zero. Hence, the
equilibrium of the test charge can be stable.
(b) Two charges of same magnitude and same sign are placed at a certain
distance. The mid-point of the joining line of the charges is the null point.
When a test charged is displaced along the line, it experiences a restoring
force. If it is displaced normal to the joining line, then the net force takes it
away from the null point. Hence, the charge is unstable because stability of
equilibrium requires restoring force in all directions.
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1 𝑞𝐸 𝐿 2
⇒ 𝑠 = 0 + ( )( ) [From (1) and (2)]
2 𝑚 𝑉𝑥
𝑞𝐸𝐿2
⇒𝑠=
2𝑚𝑉𝑥 2
𝑞𝐸𝐿2
Hence, vertical deflection of the particle at the far edge of the plate is .
2𝑚𝑉𝑥 2
This is similar to the motion of horizontal projectiles under gravity.
2𝑠𝑚𝑉𝑥 2
⇒𝐿=√
𝑞𝐸
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= √0.00025
= 0.016 m
= 1.6 cm
Therefore, the electron will strike the upper plate after travelling 1.6 cm.
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