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NASA TECHNICAL NOTE D-6476

MIXING OF HYDROGEN INJECTED

FROM MULTIPLE INJECTORS NORMAL
TO A SUPERSONIC AIRSTREAM

-by R. Clayton Rogers

Lungley Reseurch Center
Humpton, Vu. 23365

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER 1971 i

 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

- .
. -
- - IllllllllllllilllllllllIll
. Report No.
NASA TN D-6476
.. Title and Subtitle
a

I
* 2. eovernment Accession No.

4 .

5. Report Date
01332bQ

MIXING O F HYDROGEN INJECTED FROM MULTIPLE September 1971

6. Performing Organization Code
INJECTORS NORMAL T O A SUPERSONIC AIRSTREAM

I. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report NO.

L-7896
R. Clayton Rogers
10. Work Unit No.
j. Performing Organization Name and Address 764-75-01-06
11. Contract or Grant No.
NASA Langley R e s e a r c h Center
Hampton, Va. 23365
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
2. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Note
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code

Washington, D.C. 20546

5. Supplementary Notes

3. Abstract

The mixing of hydrogen downstream of a row of sonic injectors normal to a Mach 4

a i r s t r e a m has been investigated to determine the effect of injector spacing. Injectors at
spacing of 12.5 and 6.25 injector diameters were operated at r a t i o s of jet dynamic p r e s s u r e
to free-stream dynamic p r e s s u r e between 0.5 and 1.5. Nominal free-stream conditions
were a stagnation temperature of 300 K and stagnation p r e s s u r e s of 1.38 and 2.07 MN/m2.
Turbulent-boundary-layer thickness at the injection station was 2.70 injector diameters.
Measurements of hydrogen volume fraction and pitot and static p r e s s u r e s were made
, between 7 and 200 injector diameters downstream of the injectors. Results of the investi-
gation indicated that the hydrogen penetration trajectory was not appreciably different from
single-injector r e s u l t s , being proportional to the 0.300 power of the dynamic-pressure ratio.
Maximum concentration decay with downstream distance f o r the wider injector spacing was
correlated with the ratio of jet m a s s f l u x to free-stream m a s s f l u x ; for the c l o s e r spacing,
the rate of decay of the maximum concentration was inversely proportional to the 0.286
power of the ratio of jet m a s s flux to f r e e - s t r e a m m a s s flux.

7. Key- Words (Suggested by Authoris) 1 18. Distribution Statement

Injection
Unclassified - Unlimited
Jet mixing
Supersonic combustion

19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. NO. of Pages 22. Price'

Unclassified Unclassified 34 $3.00

 MIXING OF HYDROGEN INJECTED FROM MULTIPLE INJECTORS
NORMAL T O A SUPERSONIC AIRSTREAM

By R. Clayton Rogers
Langley Research Center

SUMMARY

An investigation has been conducted to study the cold-flow mixing of hydrogen

I
injected from multiple injectors oriented normal to a supersonic a i r s t r e a m . The injec-
t o r s w e r e flush mounted on a flat plate and laterally spaced at 12.5 and 6.25 injector
diameters. Hydrogen was injected at sonic velocity and at r a t i o s of jet dynamic p r e s s u r e
to free-stream dynamic p r e s s u r e from 0.5 to 1.5 into a Mach 4.03 a i r s t r e a m having a
stagnation temperature of 300 K and stagnation p r e s s u r e s of 13.6 and 20.4 atmospheres
(1 atmosphere equals 101.3 kN/m2). Corresponding Reynolds numbers per m e t e r were
6.19 X lo7 and 9.28 X lo7, respectively, which gave a turbulent-boundary-layer thickness
of 2.70 injector diameters at the injection station.
Measurements of hydrogen volume fraction and pitot and s t a t i c p r e s s u r e s w e r e
made at 7, 30, 60, 120, and 200 injector diameters downstream of the injectors. The
penetration of the hydrogen to the point at which the volume fraction was 0.005 w a s not
appreciably different from single-injector data, being proportional to the 0.300 power of
the dynamic-pressure ratio. Maximum concentration decay with downstream distance for
the wider injector spacing was not significantly different f r o m single injector data and was
correlated with the mass-flux ratio. F o r the closer spacing, the r a t e of decay of maxi-
mum concentration was inversely proportional to the 0.286 power of the ratio of jet m a s s
flux to free-stream m a s s flux. F o r both injector spacings, correlations w e r e derived for
the cold-flow mixing efficiency which related the fraction of injected hydrogen that could
react to the initial jet and f r e e - s t r e a m conditions and the injector size.

Y INTRODUCTION

The proposed u s e of a supersonic combustion ramjet as the propulsion system for

advanced hypersonic a i r c r a f t during acceleration and c r u i s e (for example, s e e ref. 1)
r e q u i r e s a n increased understanding of supersonic mixing and combustion processes.
Design criteria for a supersonic combustor include the arrangement of fuel injectors to
obtain the shortest mixing length and a uniform fuel distribution with minimum p r e s s u r e
losses. In-stream injection from a s t r u t o r other protrusion (refs. 2 to 5) may be
required f o r combustors with l a r g e internal dimensions. However, because existing
s c r a m j e t s are s m a l l scale, injection from the combustor wall h a s received s e r i o u s and
widespread attention. Some of the investigations of a wall-mounted injector injecting gas
at sonic velocity and normal to a supersonic a i r s t r e a m are reported i n references 6 to 14
f o r f r e e - s t r e a m Mach numbers f r o m 2.6 to 4.5 and ratios of j e t dynamic p r e s s u r e to free-
s t r e a m dynamic p r e s s u r e from 0.5 to 10. T h e s e data indicate jet penetrations less than
10 injector diameters which suggests that a combination of in-stream and wall injection .
would be necessary for s o m e combustor designs.
Previous investigations (refs. 6 to 14) have considered only a single jet which per-
mitted unrestrained lateral mixing, whereas a supersonic combustor would require mul-
tiple injectors. Single-jet data from reference 14 f o r sonic injection of hydrogen, at a
ratio of jet dynamic p r e s s u r e to f r e e - s t r e a m dynamic p r e s s u r e of 1.0 into a Mach 4 air-
s t r e a m with a turbulent-boundary-layer thickness of 2.70 injector diameters, showed that
on the plate surface the jet spread laterally as much as 15 injector diameters on either
side of the injector. It appears that constraining the lateral spreading of the jet by the
addition of injectors to either side of the single jet would alter the downstream mixing.
Data f r o m reference 15 f o r multiple injectors at a spacing of 6.25 injector diameters and
operating a t a dynamic-pressure r a t i o of 1.0 substantiate this effect when compared with
single-jet data from reference 14.
The present investigation was conducted to provide information on the penetration
and mixing of hydrogen injected at sonic velocity from multiple, c i r c u l a r injectors later-
ally spaced in a line perpendicular to the a i r s t r e a m . The injectors had an exit diameter
of 0.102 c m and were flush mounted perpendicular to the surface of a flat plate that span-
ned the 23-cm-square tunnel test section. The tests w e r e conducted for injector spacings
of 6.25 and 12.5 injector diameters at a f r e e - s t r e a m Mach number of 4.03, stagnation
temperature of 300 K, and stagnation p r e s s u r e s of 13.6 and 20.4 atmospheres (1 atmo-
sphere equals 101.3 kN/m2); corresponding Reynolds numbers per m e t e r were 6.19 X lo7
and 9.28 x 107, respectively. Boundary-layer thickness on the plate at the injection sta-
tion was 2.7 injection diameters. Hydrogen was injected at sonic velocity over a range of
p r e s s u r e s to obtain r a t i o s of jet dynamic p r e s s u r e to f r e e - s t r e a m dynamic p r e s s u r e f r o m
0.5 to 1.5. Measurements of hydrogen volume fraction, pitot p r e s s u r e , and static p r e s -
s u r e w e r e made by vertical and horizontal surveys of the flow field at 7, 30, 60, 120, and
200 injector diameters downstream of the injection station. I

SYMEOLS 1

A stream-tube cross-sectional a r e a , m e t e r s 2

d injector exit diameter, m e t e r s

2
 effective jet exit diameter, d ~ 1 / 2 ,m e t e r s

average hydrogen-air m a s s ratio

injector discharge coefficient

Mach number

m a s s flow rate, kilograms/second

ratio of integrated m a s s flow rate to measured injected m a s s flow rate,

defined by equation (4)

Pt absolute total p r e s s u r e , newtons/meter2 o r atmospheres

qr ratio of jet dynamic p r e s s u r e to free-stream dynamic p r e s s u r e ,

S injector o r jet spacing, m e t e r s

V vel0 city, m e t e r s / s econd

X longitudinal coordinate

Y lateral coordinate

Z vertical coordinate

Z' nondimensional vertical coordinate (see eq. (3))

a! hydrogen m a s s fraction

P air m a s s flux, (pV),(l - at), kilograms/meter2-second

x ratio of jet m a s s flux to f r e e - s t r e a m m a s s flux, ( p ~ ) ~ / ( p v ) ~

6 boundary-layer thickness at injector station, m e t e r s

qd distortion efficiency defined by equation (2)

3
qm mixing efficiency

V hydrogen volume fraction

5 hydrogen m a s s flux parameter, ~u(pV),/(pV)~

P m a s s density, kilograms/meter3

Subscripts:

j j et conditions

max maximum

min minimum

0 conditions at edge of mixing region where v = 0.005

X survey point o r local conditions in mixing region

CY conditions at which m a s s concentration is maximum

1 conditions i n undisturbed flow upstream of injectors

5 location where m a s s concentration is half maximum

co free stream

APPARATUSAND PROCEDURE

T e s t Facility and Model

Five 0.102-cm-diameter sonic injectors with a lateral spacing parallel to the plate
leading edge of 0.635 cm were flush mounted perpendicular to the plate surface 18.6 cm
from the leading edge of the rectangular flat plate sketched i n figure 1. The leading edge
was a wedge on the bottom surface cut at loo with a tip hand sharpened to approximately
2O; the resulting cylindrical leading edge was approximately 0.013 cm thick. The plate
spanned the 23-cm-square test section of a continuous-flow Mach 4 wind tunnel. Nominal
free-stream test conditions w e r e a stagnation temperature of 300 K and stagnation p r e s -
s u r e s of 13.6 and 20.4 atmospheres (1 atmosphere equals 101.3 kN/m2); corresponding

4
 Reynolds numbers p e r m e t e r w e r e 6.19 x lo7 and 9.28 X lo7, respectively. A survey of
the boundary l a y e r on the flat plate at the injection station at these conditions (ref. 14)
indicated a turbulent boundary layer 2.7 injector diameters thick. The Mach number
above the boundary l a y e r at the injector station was 4.03.

Injector Flow
A schematic of the hydrogen gas supply and sampling system is presented i n fig-
u r e 2. Each of the five injectors was supplied hydrogen by a 0.476-cm-diameter tube
from the manifold. All the tubes except the center one w e r e valved to permit selection of
either a 0.635-cm o r 1.270-cm (6.25 o r 12.5 injector diameter) injector spacing. The
hydrogen-jet stagnation temperature was measured with a standard iron-constantan ther-
mocouple inserted i n the manifold and had a nominal value of 300 K. Jet total p r e s s u r e
was measured by a wall static-pressure orifice mounted near the exit of the 0.476-cm-
diameter supply tube for the center injector and was estimated to be within 99 percent of
the t r u e jet total p r e s s u r e . The apparatus was operated over a jet total-pressure range
from 2 to 4 atmospheres corresponding to ratios of jet dynamic p r e s s u r e to f r e e - s t r e a m
dynamic p r e s s u r e qr of 0.5 to 1.5. T e s t conditions for a single injector are given i n
the following table:

atm

.1230
2.647 ,1094
1.5 13.6 3.960 .1641
~~

Instrumentation
Gas analyzer.- During a survey, the volumetric concentration of hydrogen i n the
gas samples taken through the pitot probe was measured by a process gas chromatograph.
(See refs. 16 and 17.) Full-scale chromatographic readings w e r e obtained by drawing
0
100-percent-hydrogen samples from the supply manifold. Repeatability of the chromato-
graphic readings checked to an accuracy of *0.5 percent full scale which corresponds to an
e r r o r of *0.005 i n the volume fraction o r k3.5 X i n the m a s s fraction. Cycle t i m e of
the chromatograph was 1 min and nitrogen was used as the c a r r i e r gas. Additional infor-
mation about the chromatograph operation f o r these tests may be found i n r e f e r e n c e 14.
Probe description.- The gas-sampling pitot probe and s t a t i c - p r e s s u r e probe are
I
shown i n figure 3. T h e gas-sampling pitot probe was a boundary-layer survey type with
I the probe tip mounted i n a 7.94-mm-diameter supporting tube offset to allow f o r actuator

5
 1

r o d clearance. The s t a t i c - p r e s s u r e probe was of s i m i l a r design with a cone angle of

28O and four 0.203-mm-diameter orifices located 14 probe diameters f r o m the tip. The
actuator mechanism provided f o r probe movement f o r v e r t i c a l traversing and yaw i n the
horizontal plane. P r o b e position accuracy of the actuator mechanism was *0.127 m m
(*0.125 injector diameter) f o r the vertical surveys and *O.lOo f o r the horizontal s u r v e y s
over a yaw angle range of 10'.
Flow measurement.-
~~ - T h e m a s s flow rate of the injected g a s was measured with a
0.3 18-cm-diameterYsharp-edge, corner-tap orifice meter. The static temperature at
the m e t e r was assumed to be the s a m e as the jet stagnation temperature. Injector dis-
charge coefficients, based on orifice m e t e r measurements, normally w e r e between 0.73
and 0.78. Sample flow rate to the chromatograph and the bypassed flow rate w e r e mea-
s u r e d by thermoconductivity m a s s flowmeters. All p r e s s u r e s except the tunnel-wall
static p r e s s u r e s w e r e m e a s u r e d with strain-gage-type t r a n s d u c e r s and recorded by using
automatic-balance potentiometers. The tunnel-wall static p r e s s u r e s were measured by
mercury manometers and recorded periodically during each test.

Survey Procedure
One vertical and t h r e e horizontal surveys of the flow field w e r e made a t 7, 30, 60,
120, and 200 injector d i a m e t e r s downstream of the injectors. The vertical surveys w e r e
made along the center line of the center jet stepwise from the plate surface outward until
a z e r o hydrogen concentration was obtained. Horizontal s u r v e y s w e r e then made by
yawing the probe at points above the plate corresponding to maximum and half-maximum
concentrations and at a point midway between the plate surface and the point of maximum
concentration. At each point i n the surveys, a gas sample and a pitot-pressure measure-
ment w e r e taken. Only the data downstream of the center injector are presented herein
even though each horizontal survey spanned the entire five-jet mixing region. These data
a r e considered good for yaw angles less than 15O.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Flow-Field Structure
Details of the flow-field s t r u c t u r e i n the vicinity of a single sonic injector have been 4
studied i n other investigations (for example, refs. 7, 8, 9, and 12) by using schlieren I

photographs. These data, which were generally for injection at values of qr g r e a t e r ,

than 1.0 and into a boundary layer less than 1 injector diameter thick, indicated a sepa-
rated boundary layer and a strong bow shock in the f r e e s t r e a m . F o r a boundary layer
approximately 3 injector diameters thick and a value of qr near unity, references 13
and 14 show that the bow shock i n the free s t r e a m is weaker and the separation is less
extensive than for the thinner boundary layer. The general flow-field s t r u c t u r e resulting i
I
6
from multiple jets is presented i n figure 4 and is very s i m i l a r to that of the single jet of
reference 14. The shape and location of the jet bow shock i n the free s t r e a m w e r e only
slightly affected by qr o r jet spacing s/d. Figure 4 also presents typical profile data
of hydrogen m a s s fraction behind the center injector at t h r e e downstream locations and
concentration t r a j e c t o r i e s (lines tracing constant values of hydrogen concentration) f o r
s/d of 6.25 and qr of 1.0.
Penetration trajectories.- T h e penetration of a single sonic jet injected normal to a
supersonic free s t r e a m has been discussed considerably i n the literature. Although dif-
ferent definitions have been used, the t e r m "penetration," denoted by (z/d),, is herein
defined as the vertical height from the plate to the edge of the mixing region where the
hydrogen volume fraction v is one-half of 1 percent. The penetration trajectory is then
defined as the variation with downstream distance of the jet penetration in the vertical
center-line plane. Jet penetration is usually correlated as a function of jet and free-
s t r e a m Mach numbers, dynamic-pressure ratio, and downstream distance. Figure 5 pre-
s e n t s the t r a j e c t o r i e s of maximum concentration amax,half-maximum concentration
cy5, and jet penetration correlated with qr f o r s/d of 12.5 and 6.25 and qr from 0.5
to 1.5. Data f r o m reference 14 f o r a single jet (s/d = m) at qr of 1.0 is represented by
the solid symbols for the amax and a 5 trajectories. The penetration t r a j e c t o r i e s for
the multiple jets are compared with the single-jet correlation from reference 14 for x/d
less than 120 and qr between 0.5 and 1.5. The correlation is expressed as

($o = 3.87(qry.300($.143

Within the accuracy of the data points, estimated to be approximately 3 percent, the effect
of spacing on the jet penetration trajectories is small. In figure 5(a) for s/d of 12.5,
the multiple-jet half-maximum and maximum concentration t r a j e c t o r i e s do not i n c r e a s e
as rapidly as those for the single jet. In figure 5(b) for s/d of 6.25, the effects of lat-
eral interjet mixing on the maximum and half-maximum concentration trajectories
become noticeable at x/d of about 60; the distance from the plate surface to amax is
nearly constant and the a 5 trajectories a r e independent of qr.
Decay of maximum concentration.- The decay of maximum concentration with down-
s t r e a m distance for s/d of 12.5 and qr between 0.5 and 1.5 is presented i n figure 6(a)
along with single-jet data from reference 14. The present data are not considerably dif-
ferent from the single-injector data; this suggests that for s/d of 12.5, the downstream
mixing of the center injector is not appreciably influenced by adjacent injectors. T h e
rate of decay of amax is essentially constant f o r all test values of qr. In figure 6(b),
the maximum concentration is correlated with the ratio of jet m a s s flux to f r e e - s t r e a m

7
 1

m a s s flux. The slope of the correlating line is -0.69. The dynamic-pressure r a t i o is

related to the mass-flux r a t i o by the factor of the ratio of jet-exit velocity to f r e e - s t r e a m
velocity, which had a constant value of 1.74.
Figure 7 presents the decay of maximum concentration with downstream distance
f o r s/d of 6.25 along with the single-jet data of reference 14. In figure 7(a), a change
i n the value of qr produces a corresponding change in the rate of decay of a m = , with
the lowest value of qr giving the fastest d e c r e a s e i n a m a x . The slower decay of
amax f o r s/d of 6.25 as compared with the decay of a m = for s/d of 12.5 (fig. 6(a))
r e s u l t s from the l a t e r a l restriction imposed by adjacent j e t s on air entering the mixing
region from each side. It can be s e e n f r o m physical considerations of the s / d = 6.25
flow field that an i n c r e a s e i n penetration produces a proportionate i n c r e a s e i n air m a s s
flow entering the mixing region; thus, the amount of air that mixes with the hydrogen from
one jet i n c r e a s e s as the 0.300 power of qr (see eq. (1)). For constant f r e e - s t r e a m con-
ditions the m a s s flow rate of injected hydrogen i n c r e a s e s directly with qr. Thus, the
overall hydrogen-air ratio i n the mixing region of the center jet i n c r e a s e s as the 0.7
power of qr and the r a t e of mixing is retarded as qr is increased. In figure 7(b), the
decay of the maximum concentration is correlated with the 0.286 power of the mass-flux
ratio. The slope of the correlating line is -0.333.
Lateral uniformity.- In the design of a supersonic combustor i t is desirable to obtain
a relatively uniform mixture. For these multiple injector tests, a m e a s u r e of the uni-
formity of the mixing region was obtained by calculating the distortion factor presented
in figure 8. The distortion factor is defined as the difference between the maximum and
minimum m a s s fractions in the horizontal survey through the point of maximum concen-
tration divided by amax. For the configuration with wider spacing (fig. 8(a)), the high
values of the distortion factor result from the s m a l l amount of merging between the flow
fields of adjacent injectors. With the closer injector spacing (fig. 8(b)), the value of the
distortion factor d e c r e a s e s rapidly with x/d downstream of x/d = 60. The distortion
efficiency, defined as the value of the mean m a s s fraction i n the horizontal survey through
the point of maximum concentration as a fraction of a m a x , is determined from

A reasonable value of the distortion factor is 0.20 which corresponds to a value of qd I

of 0.90. Mixing lengths to obtain an qd of 0.90 a r e given i n figure 8 and are represented
in figure 7(a) by the dash line which c r o s s e s the stoichiometric concentration (0.0285) at a I
value of qr slightly g r e a t e r than 0.5 and x/d of about 130. 1
I
I

8
 Profile Data
Typical nondimensional profiles of hydrogen m a s s fraction obtained from the verti-
cal surveys downstream of the center jet are presented in figure 9 for s/d = 12.5 and 6.25
and qr = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. The origin of the vertical coordinate was shifted to the point
at which maximum concentration occurred. The positive v e r t i c a l coordinate is nondimen-
sionalized by the difference between the location of half-maximum concentration and maxi-
. mum concentration. Below the origin, the vertical coordinate is nondimensionalized by
(z/d),. At all downstream stations the data profiles above the point of maximum concen-
&
tration are approximated by a Gaussian distribution of the following form:

(3)

where
f

z' = {

Below the point of amax t h e r e is s o m e s c a t t e r of the data, particularly for s / d = 12.5

and upstream of x/d = 60, but the Gaussian function gives a good average trend.
Typical nondimensional velocity profiles obtained from vertical surveys are pre-
sented i n figure 10 f o r s / d = 12.5 and 6.25 and qr = 1.0. The data are compared with
data from reference 14 for the boundary-layer velocity profile at the injection station with
no injection. The symbol Vo is defined as the velocity at the edge of the mixing region
at a distance (z/d), above the plate. T h e r e appears to be a peak in the velocity profiles,
which generally corresponds to the point of maximum concentration and d e c r e a s e s with
downstream distance as the profile shape approaches that of the boundary layer.
Typical nondimensional total-pressure profiles i n the vertical plane are presented
i n figure 11 f o r qr = 1.0 and s/d = 12.5 and 6.25. Also included from reference 14 is
4
the boundary-layer total-pressure profile with no injection at the injection station. The
profiles for both injector spacings are very s i m i l a r , particularly i n the extensive region
of low total pressure. This low total-pressure region extends over approximately 60 per-
1 cent of the height of the mixing region with total p r e s s u r e s less than 10 percent of free-
I
s t r e a m p r e s s u r e ; the profiles are not significantly different f r o m those of the single jet
i n reference 14. Nondimensional total-pressure distributions i n the horizontal plane
I
through the point of maximum concentration are presented i n figure 12. The lateral

I 9
coordinate is nondimensionalized by the injector spacing. At x/d g r e a t e r than 30, the
data for the wider spacing show total p r e s s u r e s of less than 10 percent of f r e e - s t r e a m
p r e s s u r e extending over 35 percent of the width of the mixing region with maximum total
p r e s s u r e s i n the region between adjacent injectors of about 25 percent of free s t r e a m .
F o r s/d = 6.25, the total p r e s s u r e s are less than 6 percent of f r e e - s t r e a m p r e s s u r e over
the entire width of the mixing region of the center jet. T h e s e low p r e s s u r e s are partly a
r e s u l t of the s / d = 6.25 maximum concentrations being closer to the plate surface as
indicated i n figure 5. T h e fraction of injected hydrogen contained within the region where
the total p r e s s u r e is less than 10 percent of f r e e - s t r e a m p r e s s u r e ranges from 0.90 to
0.76 f o r s / d = 6.25 and from 0.88 to 0.65 for s / d = 12.5 at x/d between 30 and 200.
This result suggests that t h e r e is a l a r g e total-pressure l o s s associated with turning and
accelerating the hydrogen jets. The total-pressure recoveries, based on the m a s s a v e r -
aged total p r e s s u r e i n the undisturbed s t r e a m tube ahead of the injectors which contains
the s a m e m a s s flow of air as the center jet mixing region, are approximately 0.70 and 0.50
f o r s/d = 12.5 and s / d = 6.25, respectively. Data f o r a single injector (ref. 14) give a
m a s s averaged total-pressure recovery of approximately 0.80.

Flow- Field Contours

Comparison of the integrated hydrogen m a s s flow r a t e , obtained from the normalized
contours of the hydrogen m a s s flux parameter 5, with metered flow rates of injected
hydrogen provides an indication of the overall accuracy of the profile data. In t e r m s of
5, the ratio of contour-integrated m a s s flow r a t e to injected m a s s flow r a t e is

where A, is the area bounded by the z e r o concentration contour. Values of fn, f r o m

equation (4)are presented as a function of x/d i n figure 13. The solid line is a straight-
line least-squares fit to the average deviation of the points. The general trend of the data
is to approach unity as x/d i n c r e a s e s and qr d e c r e a s e s . The l a r g e inaccuracies i n
mr near the injectors r e s u l t from the l a r g e negative gradient i n the plate static p r e s s u r e
which extends to about 30 injector diameters downstream of the center injector (ref. 15)
and from the associated l a r g e gradients i n concentration and velocity near the injectors.
F o r flow fields of this nature, however, differences of 20 percent between integrated and
measured m a s s flow r a t e s a r e considered typical.
Representative contours of hydrogen m a s s fraction i n the YZ-plane at x/d = 120
and qr = 1.0 are presented i n figure 14. The dash lines i n figures 14(b) and ( c ) are
positioned at *y/d equal to one-half the injector spacing and r e p r e s e n t the dividing lines
between adjacent injectors. Comparison of these contours with those f o r a single jet

10
 (s/d = Q)) from reference 14 (fig. 14(a)) indicates no appreciable difference for a! greater
than 0.01.
Typical contours of nondimensional air m a s s f l u x contained within the z e r o concen-
tration contour at x/d = 120 and qr = 1.0 are presented i n figure 15. The similarity
of the contours for s/d = 12.5 (fig. 15(b)) and those for a single jet (fig. 15(a)) is appar-
ent. The contours f o r s / d = 6.25 are relatively flat (fig. 15(c)), as w e r e the concentra-
tion contours (fig. 14(c)); this indicates that the flow field is becoming two-dimensional.
The air m a s s flow rate within the mixing region of the center jet was obtained by evalu-
ating the following integral:
i

Results of the integrations w e r e used to determine the average hydrogen-air m a s s r a t i o

based on the injected hydrogen m a s s flow rate and are compared in figure 16 with r e s u l t s
-
for a single jet. At a given station, values of f f o r s/d = 12.5 are as much as 50 per-
cent less than those for s / d = 6.25.

Mixing Efficiency
At any downstream station, a mixing efficiency qm was defined as the fraction of
the injected hydrogen that would r e a c t if complete chemical reaction o c c u r r e d without
further mixing. In the regions of the flow field where a lean hydrogen-air mixture exists,
all the hydrogen was assumed to react; where a r i c h hydrogen-air mixture exists, the
reactable hydrogen was considered that required to r e a c t with all the available oxygen.
The mixing efficiency was obtained f r o m contour integration of the center injector mixing
region and is presented i n figure 17 as a function of x/d and qr for s/d = 12.5 and
6.25. Estimated accuracy of the values of mixing efficiency is 15 percent. The following
correlations w e r e derived f o r each injector spacing:

qm = 0.485 - qr -0.671)0'149 (z = 12.5)

qm = 0.297 - qr -1.51$'210 (5 = 6.25) (7)

These correlations are considered applicable over a range of dynamic-pressure r a t i o s

from 0.5 to 1.5 f o r cold-flow mixing of hydrogen injected at sonic velocity and normal to
a Mach 4 a i r s t r e a m with a z e r o p r e s s u r e gradient except that caused by the injection
disturbance. Thus, the rate of mixing is related to the jet and f r e e - s t r e a m initial

I 11
 conditions and the size and spacing of the injectors. At every downstream station, a
higher value of vm was obtained for the wider injector spacing and lower q,. Calcula-
tions using single-jet data f r o m reference 14 indicated a mixing efficiency only slightly
less than that given by equation (6). Note that by definition of the mixing efficiency, the
downstream station where qm is first equal to 1 is a l s o the point at which the maximum
concentration has decayed to stoichiometric (figs. 7 and 8).

CONCLUDING REMARKS

An investigation to study the nonreactive mixing of hydrogen gas injected normal to

a Mach 4.03 a i r s t r e a m f r o m multiple sonic injectors laterally spaced at 12.5 and 6.25
injector diameters has been conducted for r a t i o s of jet dynamic p r e s s u r e to f r e e - s t r e a m
dynamic p r e s s u r e qr f r o m 0.5 to 1.5. Surveys of the flow field w e r e made at s e v e r a l
stations downstream of the injector to obtain distributions of hydrogen concentration and
pitot and s t a t i c p r e s s u r e s . Examination of the r e s u l t s of the investigation indicated that
the penetration t r a j e c t o r i e s for multiple jets are almost the s a m e as those previously
obtained for a single jet and c o r r e l a t e as a function of the 0.300 power of q,. The maxi-
mum concentration t r a j e c t o r i e s (lines tracing constant values of hydrogen concentration)
for the 6.25 injector diameter spacing s/d at stations x/d downstream of 60 injector
diameters w e r e essentially independent of q,.
T h e decay of the maximum concentration f o r s/d of 12.5 was not significantly dif-
ferent from single-injector data and was inversely proportional to the 0.69 power of down-
s t r e a m distance. The rate of decay of the maximum concentration for s/d of 6.25 was
a function of the mass-flux ratio X; decay of the maximum concentration was correlated
with the 0.286 power of X and was inversely proportional to the 0.333 power of down-
s t r e a m distance.
The shape of nondimensional concentration profiles i n the vertical center-line plane
was independent of qr and s/d and could be approximated by a Gaussian distribution
a t all downstream stations.
Total-pressure r e c o v e r i e s at downstream stations between 30 and 200 injector
diameters w e r e r e f e r r e d to the m a s s averaged total p r e s s u r e i n the undisturbed s t r e a m ,
tube that was fueled by the hydrogen f r o m the center injector and had average values of
approximately 0.70 and 0.50 for s/d = 12.5 and 6.25, respectively.
A mixing efficiency p a r a m e t e r was defined as the fraction of injected hydrogen that
would r e a c t if complete chemical reaction o c c u r r e d without further mixing; this parameter
was correlated with qr and x/d f o r s/d = 12.5 and 6.25. At every downstream sta-
tion, a higher mixing efficiency was obtained with the wider injector spacing; however,

12
 the average hydrogen-air m a s s r a t i o for s/d = 12.5 was as much as 50 percent less
than that for s/d = 6.25.

Langley Research Center,

National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Hampton, Va., August 10, 1971.

13

L'
 REFERENCES

1. Henry, John R.; and McLellan, Charles H.: The Air-Breathing Launch Vehicle for
Earth-Orbit Shuttle - New Technology and Development Approach. AIAA P a p e r
No. 70-269, Feb. 1970.
2. Faucher, Joseph E., Jr.; Goldstein, Sidney; and Taback, Edward: Supersonic Com-
bustion of Fuels Other Than Hydrogen for Scramjet Applications. AFAPL-
TR-67-12, U.S. Air Force, Feb. 1967.
3. Povinelli, Louis A.; Povinelli, Frederick P.; and Hersch, Martin: A Study of Helium
Penetration and Spreading i n a Mach 2 A i r s t r e a m Using a Delta Wing Injector.
NASA TN D-5322, 1969.
4. Hersch, Martin; and Povinelli, Louis A.: Effect of Interacting Vortices on Jet Pene-
tration Into a Supersonic Stream. NASA TM X-2134, 1970.
5. Becker, John V.: New Approaches to Hypersonic Aircraft. P a p e r presented at the
Seventh Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (Rome,
Italy), Sept. 14-18, 1970.
6. Vranos, Alexander; and Nolan, J a m e s J.: Supersonic Mixing of Helium and Air.
Bumblebee Rep. No. TG 63-53, Appl. Phys. Lab., Johns Hopkins Univ., June 1964,
pp. 131-161.
7. Spaid, F. W.; Zukoski, E. E.; and Rosen, R.: A Study of Secondary Injection of Gases
Into a Supersonic Flow. Tech. Rep. No. 32-834, Jet Propulsion Lab., California
Inst. Technol., Aug. 1, 1966.
8. Torrence, Marvin G.: Concentration Measurements of a n Injected Gas i n a Super-
sonic Stream. NASA TN D-3860, 1967.
9. Orth, R. C.; Schetz, J. A.; and Billig, F. S.: The Interaction and Penetration of
Gaseous J e t s i n Supersonic Flow. NASA CR-1386, 1969.
10. Koch, L a r r y N.; and Collins, Daniel J.: The Effect of Varying Secondary Mach Num-
b e r and Injection Angle on Secondary Gaseous Injection Into a Supersonic Flow.
AIAA P a p e r No. 70-552, May 1970.
11. Chrans, L a r r y J.; and Collins, Daniel J.: Stagnation Temperature and Molecular
Weight Effects i n Jet Interaction. AIAA J., vol. 8, no. 2 , Feb. 1970, pp. 287-293.
12. Cohen, Leonard S.; Coulter, Lawrence J.; and Chiappetta, Louis: Hydrocarbon-Fueled
Scramjet. Vol. VII - Fuel Distribution Investigation. AFAPL-TR-68- 146, I

Vol. VII, U.S. Air Force, Apr. 1970.

14

i
 13. Torrence, Marvin G.: Effect of Injectant Molecular Weight on Mixing of a Normal
Jet in a Mach 4 Airstream. NASA TN D-6061, 1971.
14. Rogers, R. Clayton: A Study of the Mixing of Hydrogen Injected Normal to a Super-
sonic Airstream. NASA TN D-6114, 1971.
15. McClinton, Charles Richard: The Effect of Injection Angle on the Interaction Between
Sonic Secondary J e t s and a Supersonic F r e e s t r e a m . M.S. Thesis, George Wash-
* ington Univ., Feb. 1971.
16. Jeffery, P. G.; and Kipping, P. J.: Gas Analysis by Gas Chromatography. Macmillan
a Co., 1964.
17. Tranchant, Jean, ed.: P r a c t i c a l Manual of Gas Chromatography. Elsevier Pub. Co.,
1969.

15
1
0

r
C
._
I

2O loo

1-11.4-4

L e a d i n g-edg e d e t a i I

0. 2 1 9 D tube! I
Nozzle detail
Figure 1.- Model details. All dimensions are i n centimeters.
 I
P i t o t and sample p r o b e II

I
Pitot
pressure
J e t stagnation p r e s s u r e 1
+l
, &
I
I
Vacuum
Pump

I temperature

Flow c o n t r o l
valve
I L
I

Orifice plate Vent

flowmeter
t
Pressure regulated
valve

Hydrogen s u p p l y = N2

Chromatograph

Figure 2.- Schematic of hydrogen gas supply and sampling system.

T Sample flowmeter
 0.457
0.127 4
t
7.94
7 . 6 2 4 .)-
5.08

-1.98
Probe t i p Gas- s amp1i n g pr ob e

0.203 D
1.524
4 holes equally
spaced

Static-pressure probe

Figure 3.- Survey-probe design. All dimensions are in millimeters.

z/d

I
a a a
I I I I I I I I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

x/d

Figure 4.- Structure of flow field and mixing region. s/d = 6.25; q, = 1.0.
N
0

0 1.5
m 1.0 Reference 14
6

Wd),
2

4 10 40 100 400 4 10 40 100 400

x/ d x/d

(a) s/d = 12.5. (b) s/d = 6.25.

Figure 5.- Maximum concentration, half-maximum concentration, and jet penetration trajectories.
 10

IImax 10-

10-
10 loL
x/d

(a) Effect of dynamic-pressure ratio.

10

‘max 10-

10-
101
(x/d)

(b) Correlated with mass-flux ratio.

Figure 6.- Decay of maximum concentration with downstream distance. s/d = 12.5.

21
 iT 4 ,ii ,, i - j i I i , i-,iNITix-ii r
h

0.858
0,572 Single jet (ref. 14)

'"ax

loo lo1 lo2 lo3

x/d

(a) Effect of dynamic-pressure ratio.

'"ax

10" lu 1 lo3
-.286
(x/d)

(b) Correlated with mass-flux ratio.

Figure 7.- Decay of maximum concentration with downstream distance. s/d = 6.25.

22
 4 40 100 400

x /d

(a) s/d = 12.5.

3 132
I3 91
3 49

40 100 400

x/d

(b) s/d = 6.25.

Figure 8.- L a t e r a l mixing at the point of maximum concentration as measured by
the distortion factor.

23
 4 , , , , ( I I. I I I I' I I' I I "1'8'tI I I 'I

:I1,:;
I 1

(z/dI5 x/d (z/dIa (z/dI5 amax

. /: I
,
2 16 0 7 2.00 2 88 0. 107
4.03 0 30 1.85 3.70 0.039
4.07 0 60 245 3.90 0.038
4.45 4.30

z-z
- a 2
'5 - 'a

z-z
- a
Z
a m,
-1
0 7
. L
.4 .6 1.0 .2 .4
1 . 1 Ti
.8 1.0

'lamax 'lamax

(a) qr = 0.5; s/d = 12.5. qr = 0.5; s/d = 6.25.

Figure 9. - Nondimensional concentration profiles compared with Gaussian distribution.

Vertical survey.

24
 I I I I l#,l I I I I I I ,
x/d (z/dIu (z/d)5 amax
7
30
238
250
3.22
4.40
0.115
0.052 1
120
200
60 270
290
3.55
4.55
5.17
6.04
0.044
0.031
0.021
1
Ea. (3) 7

0 .4 .6 1.0

‘lamax ‘lamax

qr = 1.0; s/d = 12.5. q, = 1.0; s/d = 6.25.

Figure 9.- Continued.

25
 ~1 I I I 1 1 . 1 I I I I I I II:"I I I / I / 1'. I I I, I1 # I " / ' .
x/d (z/dIa Iz/d)5 x/d (z/dIa (z/d) 5 amax j
7 285 3.65 0 7 3.30 4. 25 0.109
30 3.15 5.05 0 30 1.55 4.57 0.074 .
60 230 4.90 0.050 060 1.40 3. 96 0.066
120 260 5.60 A 120 1.45 4.35 0.052 .
200 3.10 6.35 AM0 1.30 5.10 0.048
- Eq. (31
I I
I I
TII I
2-z
1"
z
5
- 2
a
a
-1" I I
I
I
I
1 i
,'T
I

II I

1I-
-
!I
2-z
2
Z
a
I
I7

4
r
0 .2 .4 1.0 0 .8 1.0

"'max "/ 'max

(e) q, = 1.5; s/d = 12.5. q, = 1.5; s/d = 6.25.

Figure 9.- Concluded.

26
1.4

1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

v / vo v/ vo
(a) s/d = 12.5. (b) S/d = 6.25.

Figure 10.- Non&mensional velocity profiles. Vertical survey; qr = 1.0.

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1. 2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2

Pt’ Pt, w ’
Pt pt, a,

(a) s/d = 12.5. (b) s/d = 6.25.

Figure 11.- Nondimensional total-pressure profiles. Vertical survey; qr = 1.0.
 .32

.2a

. 24

.al

Pt/Pt.m . I 6

.I2

.08

.M

0
-1.1 -.6
;
1I

Igr;
-.4

-.4
-.2

y/d
S/d

(a) S/d = 12.5.

F
0 .2

10
0
0
X/d

.1
1
30
Eo
Z/d
2115
1.925
1.525

.6
liy;gatm
13.54
13.58
13.51
13.59

.a
~,

1.0

u/d
s/d

(b) s/d = 6.25.

Figure 12.- Nondimensional total-pressure profiles. Horizontal survey through
point of maximum concentration; qr = 1.0.

29

I -
 1.2 t
I
0 n
I

01 I I I I l l l I P L I I I I l l I 1 ! I
1 2 4 6 10 20 40 60 100 200

x/d

(a) s/d = 12.5.

1.4 I 1 I I l l I I - 1 I I I l l I I I
I 1

qr
1. 2 0 0. 5
0 1. 0
0 1.5
Average deviation
1. 0
0 0
"'r
.8

.6

0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
400

Figure 13.- Results of integration of hydrogen m a s s flow rate.

30
 8- 7

z / d
\ \ \ \ -I

-~
-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

(a) Single jet; s/d = 03.

10
amax = 0.0309

8-

6-
z / d
4- I

2L
0- 8
-6 -4
I .03
-2 0 2
I
4 6

y / d Y / d

(b) s/d = 12.5. (c) s/d = 6.25.

Figure 14.- Typical hydrogen mass concentration contours. q, = 1.0; x/d = 120.
 , , ,p - 303.8 kg/m -sec

2 ./'
- -\
z/d: -01 u
-1, -12 -15 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 5 b a io 12 14 16

y / d

(a) Single injector; s/d = m.

101 I' I

, , ,p - 296.0 kg/mL-sec
8: \ I

6-
z / d
4-

L
t '/------i.4

2-

0 1' I, I
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Y / d

(b) s/d = 12.5.

Figure 15.- Typical air m a s s flow contours. q, = 1.0; x/d = 120.
 Ref. 14 ( s / d

loo 1b 10' 10'

x/d

a) s/d = 12.5.

-
f

loo lo1 lo2

x/d

(b) s/d = 6.25.

Figure 16.- Decay of average hydrogen-air m a s s ratio.
 T 7 7 I I I I I I

0
1.0
0 1. 5
Eq. ( 6 )

:;;r
21 I I ~-! 1 I I I I l l I I I
loo 2 4 6 8 lol 2 4 6 8 102 2 4 6 lo3

(x/d) qr
-.671
(a) s/d = 12.5.

I I l l I T I l l I I l l

‘I, r - -

1
-

.4 - - Eq. ( 7 ) -

.2 L- 1 I l l I 1 I I I I 1 I I

-1.51
( x / d ) q,

(b) s l d = 6.25.

Figure 17. - Variation of mixing efficiency with downstream distance

and dynamic-pressure ratio.

34 NASA-Langley, 1921 - 12 L-7896

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