International Journal of Linguistics and Computational Applications (IJLCA) ISSN 2394-6385(Print)

Volume 1, Issue 1, October - December 2014 ISSN 2394-6393(Online)

,yf;fz cUthf;fj;jpy; njhopw;ngah;fs;

Kidth; fp. rq;fu ehuhazd;
cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo; nkhopj;Jiw> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>nkhpdh tshfk;> nrd;id – 600005

jkpo; ,yf;fzf; $WfSs; xd;whd njhopw;ngahpd; “,yk; vd; fpstpf;Fg; gLtU fhiy
mikg;G Kiwfs;> tUif Kiwfs; Nghy;tdtw;iw
Ma;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhf mikfpd;wJ. epiyapYk; cupj;Nj nra;Ashd”
njhy;fhg;gpau; njhopw;ngau;f;F tpsf;fk; jutpy;iy. (njhy;.vOj;.316)
Mdhy; njhopw;ngau;g; gw;wpg; gy ,lq;fspy; NgRfpwhu;.
vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; Gs;sp kaq;fpaypy; Kjdpiyj; vd;w ,e;E}w;ghtpd; %yk; tpsf;Ffpwhu;. rhd;W :
njhopw;ngau;fs; cfur; rhupiag; ngWk; tpjj;jpidAk;> ,yk;+gL - ,yk;gL
nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; Vw;gjidAk;> ,t;thwhf Q> z. e> k> y> s> t> d Nghd;w
tpspkugpy; njhop;w;ngau; tpspNaw;Fk; tpjj;jpidAk; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau; <Wfs; cfur; rhupiag;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. Mapd; njhopw;ngau; ahJ> mjd; ngw;W ty;nyOj;J kpf;F tUk; vd;gjidAk;> <k;> fk;>
,yf;fzk; ahJ vd;gJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. cUk;> kpd;> gpd;> gd;> fd;> ty;> Gs;> ts;> ,yk; vd;w
Gs;sp kaq;fpaypy;> Qfuk; xw;whf <w;wpy; epw;Fk; nrhw;fSk; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau; <Wfs; Nghy
Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau;fs; (cupQ;Nghy;td) Kd;du; ty;nyOj;J tUk; NghJ cfuk; ngw;W ty;ypdk;
my;topapYk;> Ntw;WikapYk; tUnkhopahf kpf;F tUk; vd;gjidg; Gs;spkaq;fpaypy;
ty;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhopfs; te;J GzUk;NghJ> Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; njhy;fhg;gpau;. nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy;
epiynkhop ,Wjpapy; cfuk; ngw;W ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Ntw;Wik kaq;fpaypy;> jLkhW njhopw;ngau;f;F 2Mk;>
KbAk; vd;gij 3Mk; Ntw;Wik cUG tUk; vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
“Qfhiu xw;wpa njhopw;ngau; Kd;du; “jLkhW njhopw;ngau;f;F ,uz;Lk; %d;Wk;

my;yJ fpsg;gpDk; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; fGepiy ,yNt nghUs; tapdhd”

(njhy;.nrhy;.95)
ty;nyOj;jpiaapd; mt;ntOj;J kpFNk
„Md;‟ ,Wjp njhopw;ngau; tpspNaw;Fk; NghJ
cfuk; tUjy; Mtapdhd” „Mahf‟ khWk; vd;gjidj;>
(njhy;.vOj;.296)
“njhopypw; $Wk; Mndd;dpWjp
vd;w E}w;ghtpd; %yk; mwpayhk;. rhd;W :
cupQf;fbJ. MahFk; Nk tpsptapdhd’
(njhy;.nrhy;.134)
Kuz; vd;Dk; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngau;
my;topapy; ,ay;ghfTk;> Ntw;Wikapy; lfukhfTk; vd;w E}w;ghf;fspy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;. rhd;W :
jpupe;J epw;Fk; vd;gjid> Mz;lhd; - Mz;lha;
ufu nka;aPw;Wj; njhopw;ngau; tpspNaw;Fk;
“Kuz;vd; njhopw;ngau; Kjypay; epiyAk;” NghJ Vfhuk; ngWk; vd;gjidj;>
(njhy;.vOj;.309)
“njhopw; ngauhapd; Vfhuk; tUjYk;
vd;w E}w;ghtpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. rhd;W : Kuz;ngupJ>
Kul;fLik
tOf;fpd;W vd;kdhu; taq;fpNahNu”
kfu <w;Wj; njhopw;nganuy;yhk; Qfu <w;Wj; (njhy;.nrhy;.624)
njhopw;ngaupd; ,ay;gpy; mikAk;. mjhtJ cfuk;
ngw;W ty;nyOj;J kpf;F mikAk; vd;gjidj;> vd;w E}w;ghtpy; tpsf;Ffpwhu;. njhy;fhg;gpak;
Nghd;Nw mjw;Fg; gpd;du; te;j ,yf;fz E}w;fshd
“njhopw;nganuy;yhe; njhopw;ngau; ,ay” tPuNrhopak;> Nekpehjk; Nghd;wdTk; njhopw;ngau;fspd;
(njhy;.vOj;.327) ,yf;fzj;ij cUthf;ftpy;iy. njhopw;ngaUf;fhd
tpsf;fj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; ed;D}Ny Rl;Lfpd;wJ.
vd;w E}w;gh top mwpayhk;. rhd;W : nrk;Kf;fbJ.
“tpidapd; ngaNu glu;fi
; f” (ed;.286)
,yk; vd;w nrhy; Kd;du; „gL‟ vd;w Kjdpiyj;
njhopw;ngau; tUk;NghJ> ,ay;ghf mikAk; vdr; Rl;bj; njhopw;ngau; glu;f;if ,lj;jpw;Nf
vd;gjid> cupaJ vd;gjid czu;j;JfpwJ. v.fh:- czy;ed;W>

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International Journal of Linguistics and Computational Applications (IJLCA) ISSN 2394-6385(Print)
Volume 1, Issue 1, October - December 2014 ISSN 2394-6393(Online)

jpdy;ed;W> tUifed;W. njhopw;ngau;f;F tpidg;ngau; rhd;W: gbj;jy;> fw;wy;. vdNt> jkpo;

vd;w Gjpa Fwpapl;bid ed;D}yhu; nfhLj;jpUg;gJk; ,yf;fzpfspd; gbj; njhopw;ngau; vd;gd>
Rl;lj;jf;fJ. ,yf;fz tpsf;fKk; ed;D}ypid xj;Nj 1. tpidia czu;j;Jk; ngau;fshf tUtd.
njhopw;ngaUf;F tpsf;fk; mspf;fpwJ (E}.188). 2. glu;fi
; f ,lj;Nj tUk;.
Kj;JtPhpak; njhopw;ngaUf;fhd ,yf;fzj;ijr; 3. Kjdpiy ,y;yhkYk; tUk;.
Rl;ltpy;iy. Mdhy; njhopw;ngau; vt;thW tpspVw;Fk; 4. nganur;rkhfTk;> tpidKw;whfTk; tUtd
vd;gjidj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijj; jOtp> vdf;nfhs;syhk;. NkYk;>
“njhopw;ngau;f; fpstp NaNahL rptZk;” (%.tp.575) “ngau; epiyf; fpstp fhye; Njhd;wh
vdj; njhopw;ngau;fs; <w;NwhL Vfhuk; te;J njhopy; epiy xl;Lk; xd;wyq;filNa”
tpspVw;Fk; vd;w fUj;jpidr; Rl;Lfpd;wJ. rhd;W: (njhy;.nrhy;.71)
te;jhu; - te;jPNu. ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J Kjdpiy
,y;yhkYk; njhopw;ngau; tUk; vd;w tpsf;fj;ijj; vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpw;F ciu vOJk;
jUfpd;wJ. ,sk;g+uzu;>
“ngau;r; nrhy; fhye;Njhd;wh@ njhopw;ngauhapd;
“Kjdpiy apd;wpAj; njhopw;ngau; nkhopFtu;” fhyk; Njhd;Wk;”> “mw;wd;W> ngau;r;nrhy; fhye;Njhd;wh
(,.nfh.142) vdNt> njhopw;ngau; fhye; Njhd;WjYk;>
rhd;W: $j;J> rz;il> Ntl;il> g+ry; Nghd;wit. Njhd;whikAk; cila vd;gjhk;” vd;w fUj;Jf;fis
$j;J vd;gJ $j;jhL vd;w tpidapy; ,Ue;J Kd; itf;fpwhu;. vdNt> ,sk;g+uzu; ciug;gb>
cz;lhdJ. ,J Kjdpiy ,y;yhky; njhopw;ngauhf njhopw;ngaupy;
te;jJ vd;gu;. Rthkpehjk;> ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J 1. fhyk; Njhd;Wk; njhopw;ngaUk;
E}w;ghtpidj; jOtp> ,e;E}y; njhopw;ngau;f;F tpsf;fk; (tpidahyizAk; ngau;)
jUfpwJ. 2. fhyk; Njhd;wh njhopw;ngau;
vd ,Utiffspy; mikjiyf; fhzyhk;.
“Kjdpiyapd;wpAe; njhopw;ngau; csthk; ,JNghyNt NrdhtiuaUk; ,dk;g+uziug; Nghd;W
,e;E}w;gh ciuapy; njhopw;ngaupy; fhye;Njhd;Wk;
<wpyhj; njhopw;ngau; vr;rK(k;) Kw;WkhFk;” (R.eh.51) njhopw;ngau; (tpidahyizAk; ngau;)> fhye;Njhd;wh
njhopw;ngau; vd ,Utifapy; miktijf;
,yf;fzf; nfhj;J $wpa tpsf;fj;Jld; Fwpg;gpLthu;. er;rpdhu;f;fpdpaUk; E}w;gh ciuapy;>
njhopw;ngau; nganur;rkhfTk;> Kw;whfTk; gad;gLk; “ngau;f;fpstp– ngau;g;ngauhfpa nrhy;Yk;>
vd;w Gjpa fUj;jpid vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ ,e;E}y;. rhd;W: epiyf;fpstp– mg;ngauJ epiyapNy epw;wiy
1. nghUs; nray; tif vd;w njhlupy; nghUs; cilar; nrhy;Yk;>
nra;Ak; tif vd;gjhy; njhopw;ngau; nganur;rkhf fhyk; Njhd;wh– fhyk; Njhd;whtha; epw;Fk;>
te;Js;sJ.
njhopy;epiy xl;Lk; xd;wyq;filNa - xU
„nka;aPW vy;yhk; Gs;spnahL epiyay;‟ nghUsJ Gilg;ngau;r;rpaha;f; fhye;Njhd;Wjw;Fg;
(njhy;.104)
nghUe;Jk; xU $w;Wj; njhopw;ngau; my;yh ,lj;J ”
vd;w njhlupy; „epiyay;‟ vd;w njhopw;ngau; vd;fpwhh;. NkYk; ,sk;g+uzUk;> NrdhtiuaUk;
tpidKw;whf te;Js;sJ. jkpo;E}y; tpidKw;wpidg; ngaupy; ,uz;L tif ,Ug;gjidf; $w>
Nghy; Ie;njhif fhl;LtJ xd;Wk; ,y;yhky;> er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau;> njhop;w;ngaupy; ,uz;L tif
vr;rtpidNghy; tpid KjdpiyNahL nghUnsQ;rp ,Ug;gjidAk; tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
epw;wy; ,d;wp> njhop;y; jd;ikia MnshL rhu;j;jhJ
Rl;LtJ njhopw;ngau; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jidg;> “Gilg;ngau;r;rp khj;jpuk; czu;j;jp epw;Fk;
cz;;ly;> jpd;wy; vd tUk; tpidg;ngaUk;> g+ry;>
“Kw;W tpidNghy; Ie;njhif apd;wp Ntl;il vd;whw; Nghyg; Gilg;ngau;r;rpia tpsf;fhJ
epw;Fk;; tpidg;ngaUk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; $w;wpd;
vr;r tpidNghy; vr;rg; glhky; %ykhfj; njhopw;ngaupy;>
1. tpidj; njhopw;ngau;
2. nghUs; njhopw;ngau;
njhopiy kl;Lk; Rl;Lk; njhopw;ngau;.” vd ,uz;L tiffs; ,Ug;gjid mwpa KbfpwJ.
(j.E}.62) ,tUf;F mLj;J te;j fy;yhlu; er;rpdhu;ff ; pdpau;
jkpo;ff
; hg;G ,ak; vt;tifg;gl;l nghUs;fshapDk; fUj;jpid xl;bNa ciu vOjp cs;shikiaf;
mtw;wpd; tpidia czu;j;Jk; ngaNu njhopw;ngau; fhzKbfpwJ. “ngau;jhk; ngau;g;ngaUk;>
vd tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ. njhopw;ngaUk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. ngau;g;ngauhtd
rhj;jd;> nfhw;wd; vd xU njhopyhy; ngau; md;wp
“vt;tifg;gl;l nghUs;fspd; tpidia mt;tg; nghUl;L ,LFwpaha; tUtd. ,it
fhye;Njhd;wh” vd ciur;Rl;Lthu;.
czu;;j;Jk; ngaNu njhopw;ngau; MFk;” njhopw;ngauhapd; Njhd;Wk; njhopw;ngau; jhKk;
(j.fh.,.62) njhopypd; Nky; epd;w njhopw;ngaUk;> nghUs;Nky;

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International Journal of Linguistics and Computational Applications (IJLCA) ISSN 2394-6385(Print)
Volume 1, Issue 1, October - December 2014 ISSN 2394-6393(Online)

epd;w njhopw;ngaUk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;

njhopypd; Nky; epd;wdTk; fhye;Njhd;wh. mit vz; njhopw;ngau; tpidahyizAk; ngau;
czy;> jpdy; vdg; nghUsJ Gilg;ngau;r;rpia njhopYf;Nf njhopYila fUj;jhTf;Fg;
mwptpj;J epw;Fk; vd;gJ. ,tw;iwg; G+ir> Ntl;il 1. ngauha; tUk; ngauha; tUk;
vd;whw; Nghy;td tpidr;nrhw;F mbaha;g; Ntw;Wik Ntw;Wik cUgpid Vw;W
Gilg;ngau;r;rpia tpsf;fhJ ngau;g;ngaNu Nghy; 2. cUgpid tUk;
epw;gdTk; cs vd;gJ” vd ciu jUthu;. Vw;fhJ
nja;tr;rpiyahUk; ngau; epiyikAila glu;f;ifapy; %tplj;jpYk; tUk;
3. kl;Lk; tUk;
nrhy;> fhyk; Njhd;wh. njhopy; epiyNahL xl;b
epw;Fk; ngaUk; xU tifay;yd fhyk; Njhd;wh vdf; 4. ngUk;ghYk; fhyk; fhl;Lk
$wp njhopw;ngaupy; ,U tiffs; cs;sikiaj; fhyk; ;fhl;Ltjpy;iy
njspTWj;Jthu;. vdNt> njhy;fhg;gpa ciufhuu;fspd; 5. ik>J> tpFjp vy;yhg;ngaUk; fhyk;
ngw;w ngaNu fhl;Lk; fhyk; fhl;Lk;
topj; njhopw;ngau;fs;> tpidapd; tpidapd; mbahfg;
1. fhyk; czu;j;jpa njhopw;ngau;fs; 6. mbahfg; gpwg;gd
gpwg;gd
2. fhyk; czu;j;jhj njhopw;ngau;fs; my;> jy; jdpj;j tpFjpfs;
7. tpFjpfisg; fpilahJ tUk;.
vd ,U tiffs; cs;sikia czuyhk;. ngw;W
K.tujuhrdhu;> “njhopy; epfo;jiy czu;j;jhJ>
njhopiyNa ,d;dnjd;W czu;j;JtJ njhopw;ngau;” vdNt ,yf;fzpfs;> ciufhuu;fs;>
nkhopapayhsu;fs; Nghd;Nwhupd; fUj;Jf;fspd; topj;
vd tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh; (nkhopE}y;> 1947> g.223). njhopw;ngau;fs; vd;gd.
M.NtYg;gps;is tpidg;gFjpfNshL tpFjpia
1. njhopiy czu;j;Jtd
Nru;f;Fk; NghJ njhopw;ngau; tbtk; Njhd;Wk;” vdf; 2. glu;fi
; f ,lj;jpw;F cupad
Fwpg;gpLthu; (jkpo; tuyhw;wpyf;fzk;> 1966> g.30). 3. fhyk; fhl;Lk;> fhyk; fhl;lhjd vd
r.Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];> ngau;fis tpidabfNshL ,Utiffspy; miktd.
tpFjp Nru;e;Njh> NruhkNyh ngwg;gLk; ngau;fSf;Fj; 4. tpidapd; mbahfg; Gwg;gd.
njhopw;ngau; my;yJ tpidg;ngau; vdg;gLk;3 vd 5. Ntw;Wik cUfpid Vw;fhjd
tpsf;fk; jUfpwhu; (nrhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;> 2001> g.63). 6. my;> jy; tpFjpfisg; ngw;W tUtd
mwpQu; Nkh. ,ruNay;> njhopw;ngau;fs; tpidapd; 7. njhopYf;Nf ngauha; tUtd
jd;ikapy; rpytw;iwg; ngw;Wk;> gad; tifapy; njhy;fhg;gpak; njhopw;ngah;fs; Fwpj;J ,yf;fzk;
ngUk;ghd;ikapy; ngaiuNa xj;J nray; Gupfpd;wJ Rl;lhj NghJk;> njhopw;ngah;fspd; tUif Kiwfs;
vd tpsf;fk; mspg;ghu; (,yf;fz Ma;T ngah;r;nrhy;> Fwpj;J vOj;jjpfhuj;jpYk;> nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpYk; gjpT
1976> g.72). nra;fpwhh;. ,jid mbj;jskhff; nfhz;L gpd;dhy;
xU tpidapypUe;J te;j ngaNu njhopw;ngauhk; te;j ,yf;fz E}w;fs; njhopw;ngaUf;fhd
vd tpsf;fk; jUthu; Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu; (,dpa ,yf;fzj;ij mikj;J mjd; mikg;G Kiwfs;>
jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> 1965> g.42). nrh. gukrptk; „xU tUif Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; khw;wj;jpidAk;
njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ngau;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk;> ghy; tsh;r;rpapidAk; Kd;itj;jd. ,yf;fzf;fhuh;fs;>
Mfpad Njhd;whJ nghJthf tUtd vdf; ciuahrphpah;fs;> nkhopapayhsh;fs; $w;Wg;gb
Fwpg;gpLthu; (ew;wkpo; ,yf;fzk;> 2000> g.238). njhopw;ngah; vd;gJ tpidabahfg; gpwe;J> njhopiy
nrs.kjhu; ikjPd; „xU nraYf;Fg; ngauhfr; czh;j;jp> glh;f;if ,lj;Jf;F chpajhf tUtJ
Rl;lg;ngWgit@ my;> jy;> if Nghd;w tpFjpiag; vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
ngw;W tUk; glu;f;if ,lj;jpw;F kl;LNk cupaJ.
fhyk; fhl;lhJ (gad;Kiwj; jkpo;> 2000> g. 123) vdf; JizE}w; gl;bay;
Fwpg;gpLthu;. vdNt> njhopw;ngau;fs; vd;gd>
1. njhopiy czu;j;Jk; ngau;fshf tUtd. [1] ,ruNay;.Nkh.> ,yf;fzMa;T - ngau;r;nrhy;> rpe;jhkzp
2. glu;fshf ,lj;jpw;Nf cupad. ntspaPL>kJiu> 1976.
3. fhyk; fhl;Lk; fhl;lhjd vd ,U tiffspy; [2] ,ruNay;.Nkh.> ,yf;fzMa;T - tpidr;nrhy;> rpe;jhkzp
miktd. ntspaPL> kJiu> 1976.
4. jy;> my;> if tpFjpfis Vw;gd [3] ,sk;g+uzu;.> njhy;fhg;gpa ciu - vOj;jjpfhuk;> fof
vdf; fUJtu; nkhopapayhsu;fs;. NkYk; ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1964.
njhopw;ngau;fs;> tpidahy; mizAk; ngau;fspypUe;J [4] ,sk;g+uzu;.> njhy;fhg;gpa ciu - nrhy;yjpfhuk;> fof
ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1963.
NtWgl;L tUk;. ,tw;wpw;fpilNaahd NtWghLfs; [5] ,stuR.Nrhk.> ed;D}y; - vOj;jjpfhuk;> Rlu; gjpg;gfk;>
fPo;ff
; z;lthW mikfpd;wd. rpjk;guk;> 1987.

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International Journal of Linguistics and Computational Applications (IJLCA) ISSN 2394-6385(Print)
Volume 1, Issue 1, October - December 2014 ISSN 2394-6393(Online)

[6] ,stuR.Nrhk.> ed;D}y; - nrhy;yjpfhu ciu> Rlu; gjpg;gfk;> ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1994.
rpjk;guk;> 1987. [15] jkpoz;zy;> njhy;fhg;gpak; - vOj;jjpfhuk;> fof
[7] fy;yhldhu;.> njhy;fhg;gpa ciu nrhy;yjpfhuk;> fof ntspaPL>nrd;id> 1964.
ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1964. [16] jkpod;. j.r.> jkpo;E}y;> jkpod; gjpg;gfk;> jpUth&u;> 1972.
[8] Nfhtpe;jrhkpgps;is.> Rthkpehjk;> jkpo; rq;f ntspaPL> [17] nja;tr;rpiyahu;> njhy;fhg;gpa ciu-nrhy;yjpfhuk;> fof
nrd;id> 1924. ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1963.
[9] fhRkhd;. kP.> jkpo;f;fhg;G,ak;> fhRkhd; gjpg;gfk;> [18] er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau;.> njhy;fhg;gpa ciu-nrhy;yjpfhuk;> fof
khu;j;jhz;lk;> 2005. ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1962.
[10] rz;Kfk;.nr.it.> nrhy;ypyf;fzf; Nfhl;ghL (2) midj;jpe;jpa [19] gukrptk;.nrh.> ew;wkpo; ,yf;fzk;> gl;Lg;gjpg;gfk;>nrd;id>
jkpo; nkhopapaw; fofk>; nrd;id> 1986. 2000.
[11] Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu;.> ,dpa jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> ftpjh [20] Kj;JtPucghj;jpahau;.> Kj;JtPupak;> fof
gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id. ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1972.
[12] Rgh\;re;jpuNgh];.r.> nrhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;> nka;ag;gd; [21] tujuhrd;.K> nkhopE}y;> fof ntspaPL> nrd;id> 1958.
jkpoha;tfk;> nrd;id> 2000. [22] NtYg;gps;is.M.> jkpo; tuyhw;wpyf;fzk;>
[13] Rthkpehj Njrpfu;.> ,yf;fzf;nfhj;J> fyhuj; ghupGj;jfg;gz;iz> nrd;id> 1979.
ehfuk; gjpg;gfk;> jQ;rht+u;> 1990. [23] itj;jpaehj Njrpfu;> ,yf;fztpsf;fk; - vOj;J>
[14] Nrdhtiuau> njhy;fhg;gpa ciu - nrhy;yjpfhuk;> fof nrhy;yjpfhuk;> fof ntspaPL> kJiu> 1973.

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