Analysis vector

VECTOR ANALYSIS

1.1 SCALARS AND VECTORS

1.2 VECTOR COMPONENTS AND UNIT VECTOR
1.3 VECTOR ALGEBRA
1.4 POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTOR
1.5 SCALAR AND VECTOR PRODUCT OF
VECTORS
 1.1 SCALARS & VECTORS
• A scalar quantity – has only magnitude
• A vector quantity – has both magnitude and
direction

electric field intensity

 1.2 VECTOR COMPONENTS & UNIT
VECTOR

• A vector R in Cartesian Coordinates
maybe represented as


R  Rx , Ry , Rz 
Or

R  Rxa x  Rya y  Rz a z
VECTOR COMPONENTS & UNIT VECTOR
(Cont’d)

The vector R has three component vectors,
which are R , Ry and
x Rz
VECTOR COMPONENTS & UNIT VECTOR
(Cont’d)

• Each component vectors have magnitude

which depend on the given vector and they
have a known and constant direction.

• A unit vector along R is defined as a
vector whose magnitude is unity and
directed along the coordinate axes in the
direction of the increasing coordinate values
VECTOR COMPONENTS & UNIT VECTOR
(Cont’d)

Any vector R maybe described as

R  Rxa x  Rya y  Rz a z

The magnitude of R written R or
simply R given by

R  Rx  Ry  Rz
2 2 2
VECTOR COMPONENTS & UNIT VECTOR
(Cont’d)

Unit vector in the direction of the vector R
is:
 
R R
aR  
Rx  Ry  Rz
2 2 2 R
EXAMPLE 1

Specify the unit vector extending from the

origin toward the point

G2,2,1
 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1

 Construct the vector extending from

origin to point G

G  2a x  2a y  a z

 Find the magnitude of G

G 2
2
  2   1  3
2 2
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1 (Cont’d)

 So, unit vector is:


G 2 2 1
aG   ax  a y  az
G 3 3 3
 0.667a x  0.667a y  0.333a z
 1.3 VECTOR ALGEBRA
 
• Two vectors, A and B can be  added
together to give another vector C
  
C  A B
 
• Let 
A  Ax , Ay , Az  
B  Bx , By , Bz 

 
C   Ax  Bx a x  Ay  By a y   Az  Bz a z
VECTOR ALGEBRA (Cont’d)

Vectors in 2 components
VECTOR ALGEBRA (Cont’d)

• Vector subtraction is similarly carried

out as:
    
D  A B  A ( B )

 
D   Ax  Bx a x  Ay  By a y   Az  Bz a z
VECTOR ALGEBRA (Cont’d)

• Laws of Vectors:

 Associative Law A  (B  C)  (A  B)  C
 Commutative Law A  B  B  A
 Distributive Law a(A  B)  aA  aB
 Multiplication by Scalar
(r  s)(A  B)  r(A  B)  s(A  B)  rA  rB  sA  sB
EXAMPLE 2

If A  10a x  4a y  6a z

B  2a x  a y


Find: (a) The component of A along a y
 
(b) The magnitude of 3 A  B
 
(c) A unit vector along A  2 B
 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 2

(a) The component of A along a y is

Ay  4
 
(b) 3 A  B  310,4,6  2,1,0
 30,12,18  2,1,0
 28,13,18
 28a x  13a y  18a z
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 2 (Cont’d)
 
Hence, the magnitude of 3 A  B is:

3A  B  282
  13  18  35.74
2 2

  
(c) Let C  A 2 B
 10,4,6  4,2,0
 14,2,6
 14a x  2a y  6a z
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 2 (Cont’d)

So, the unit vector along Cis:


aC 
C

14,2,6
C 14   2  6
2 2 2

14 2 6
 ax  ay  az
15.36 15.36 15.36
 0.911a x  0.130a y  0.391a z
1.4 POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTOR

• A point P in Cartesian coordinate

maybe represented as
Px, y, z 

• The position vector rP (radius vector)
of point P is as the directed distance
from the origin O to point P is

rP  OP  xa x  ya y  za z
POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTOR
(Cont’d)


rP  3a x  4a y  5a z
 POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTOR
(Cont’d)

• If we have two position

 
vectors, r and r ,
P Q
the third vector or
“distance vector” can be
defined as:
  
rPQ  rQ  rP
EXAMPLE 3

Point P and Q are located at 0,2,4

and  3,1,5 . Calculate:
(a) The position vector P
(b) The distance vector from P to Q
(c) The distance between P and Q

(d) A vector parallel to PQ with magnitude
of 10
 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 3

(a) r  0a  2a  4a  2a  4a
P x y z y z
  
(b) r  r  r
PQ Q P
  3,1,5  0,2,4 
 3a x  a y  a z

(c) Since r
PQ is the distance vector, the
distance between P and Q is the
magnitude of this distance vector.
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 3 (Cont’d)

Distance, d

d  rPQ   3 2
  1  1  3.317
2 2


(d) Let the required vector be A then

A  Aa A

Where A  10 is the magnitude of A
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 3 (Cont’d)
 
Since A is parallel to PQ , it must
 
have same unit vector as rPQ or rQP

 rPQ   3,1,1
 aA  
rPQ 3.317

So,    3,1,1
A  10
3.317
 1.5 SCALAR AND VECTOR PRODUCT
OF VECTORS
SCALAR PRODUCT OF
VECTORS
 A cos  AB
A B  A B cos ( A, B)
B
 AB
 AB cos  AB
 AB
Enclosed Angle  AB
A
 B cos  AB
A BB A
 BA cos BA
 AB cos  AB A B
cos  AB 
A B
cos  AB   c os   AB  A B
 AB  arccos  
 A B 
 VECTOR PRODUCT OF VECTORS
C
Surface

B S AB

 AB

C  A×B
C  A B sin ( A, B) and /
 AB CA and C  B
und
 AB sin  AB
 S AB
 VECTOR PRODUCT OF VECTORS
(Cont’d)
ex ey ez
A×B  Ax Ay Az Add the first two Columns

Bx By Bz
ex ey ez ex ey
Sarrus Law
 Ax Ay Az Ax Ay [Pierre Frédéric Sarrus, 1831]
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regel_von_Sarrus

Bx By Bz Bx By
 ( Ay Bz  Az By )e x
+ (Az Bx  Ax Bz )e y
( Ax By  Ay Bx )e z
VECTOR PRODUCT OF VECTORS
(Cont’d)

Properties of cross product of unit

vectors:

ax  a y  az , a y  az  ax , az  ax  a y
Or by using cyclic permutation:
EXAMPLE 4

Determine the dot product and cross

product of the following vectors:


A  2a x  3a y  4a z

B  a x  5a y  6a z
 SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 4

The dot product is:

 
A B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
 (2)(1)   (3)(5)   (4)(6) 
 41
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 4 (Cont’d)
The cross product is:

ax ay az ax a y az
 
A B  Ax Ay Az  2 3 4
Bx By Bz  1  5 6
 (3)(6)  (4)(5)a x
 (2)(6)  (4)(1)a y
 (2)(5)  (3)(1)a z
 2a x  8a y  7a z
 Resistors in an AC Circuit, final
•The graph shows the current through
and the voltage across the resistor.
•The current and the voltage reach their
maximum values at the same time.
•The current and the voltage are said to
be in phase.
•For a sinusoidal applied voltage, the
current in a resistor is always in phase
with the voltage across the resistor.
•The direction of the current has no
effect on the behavior of the resistor.
•Resistors behave essentially the same
way in both DC and AC circuits.
Section 33.2
 Phase Relationship of Inductors in
an AC Circuit
•The current is a maximum
when the voltage across the
inductor is zero.
– The current is
momentarily not
changing
•For a sinusoidal applied
voltage, the current in an
inductor always lags behind
the voltage across the inductor
by 90° (π/2).
Section 33.3
 Phasor Diagram for an Inductor
•The phasors are at 90o
with respect to each
other.
•This represents the
phase difference
between the current
and voltage.
•Specifically, the
current lags behind the
voltage by 90o.
Section 33.3
 More About Capacitors in an AC
Circuit
•The current reaches
its maximum value one
quarter of a cycle
sooner than the
voltage reaches its
maximum value.
•The current leads the
voltage by 90o.
Section 33.4
 Phasor Diagram for Capacitor
•The phasor diagram
shows that for a
sinusoidally applied
voltage, the current
always leads the
voltage across a
capacitor by 90o.

Section 33.4
 The RLC Series Circuit
•The resistor, inductor,
and capacitor can be
combined in a circuit.
•The current and the
voltage in the circuit
vary sinusoidally with
time.

Section 33.5
i and v Phase Relationships – Graphical
View
•The instantaneous voltage across the
resistor is in phase with the current.
•The instantaneous voltage across the
inductor leads the current by 90°.
•The instantaneous voltage across the
capacitor lags the current by 90°.

Section 33.5
Vector Addition of the Phasor Diagram
•Vector addition is used to combine the
voltage phasors.
•ΔVL and ΔVC are in opposite directions,
so they can be combined.
•Their resultant is perpendicular to ΔVR.
•The resultant of all the individual
voltages across the individual elements is
Δvmax.
– This resultant makes an angle of
φ with the current phasor Imax.

Section 33.5
 Total Voltage in RLC Circuits
•From the vector diagram, ΔVmax can be
calculated

 
2
Vmax  V  VL  VC
2
R

 ( Imax R )  Imax X L  Imax X C 

2 2

Vmax  Imax R   X L  XC 
2 2

Section 33.5