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    12 views9 pages

    Trigonometry Theory 23-Jan-2020 08-55-20

    Uploaded by

    satyajitadrija

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    1. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION Measure of an angle is the amount of rotation of a revoluing line with respect toa fixed line, If the rotation is in clock-wise sense, the measure of the angle is negative and it is positive if the rotation is in anti-clockwise sense. ‘There are three systems of measuring an angle viz. {i) Sexagesimal system or English system i) Circular system (iil) French system First two of these three systems are commonly used. In sexagesimal system, a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts, called degrees. Further, each degree is divided into sixty equal parts called minutes and each minute is divided into sixty equal parts called seconds. Thus, 1 right angle = 90 degrees (90°) 1" = 60 minutes (60°) Y = 60 seconds (60”) Incircularsystem the unit of measurementis radian, Oneradian is the angle made by an arc of length equal to radius of a given circle at its centre. Relation between degree and radian : If Dis the degree measure of an angle and Ris its measure in radians, then D_R 90 ~e = 1 radian = 78° degrees = 57°17’ 45" (approximately) and, I degree in radian 2. SOME BASIC FORMULAE (@ sin?A + cos*A = 1 (i) 14 tan?A = se2 A or, sec? A - tan? A = 1 1 x Seat an a’ where Anat (iit) 1 + coPA = cosec® A or, cosec*A - cof? A = 1 vwhere A # nm, or, secA+tan A = 1 or, cosec A+ cot A= Gg 3, DOMAIN AND RANGE OF TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS Domain Range sin A R bil cA R bul tanA —-R-((2n+1)n/2:ne Z) R cosecA R~ (unin Z) -1uf=) secA —- R-[(2n+1)n/2:meZ) -1ut, cotA = R- Inm:neZ) (Cae) =k Thus, |sinA | $1, | cosA|<1secA21 or, secAS-1 and,cosec A2 Lor, cosec A $-1. 4, SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULAE 1, sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos Asin B 2. sin (A ~ B) = sinA cos B - cos Asin B 3, cos(A + B) = cos A cos B ~ sin A sin B 4. cos (A - B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB . _tanA+tanB |) ,whereAenn+n/2, 5. tan(A+B)=7 "an A tan B | Benntx/2 tan A= tan B x 6, tan (A~B)= an ASAE [and At Bemnes got A cot B-1 . cot (A+ B)= SA CrB—L 7. cot (A+ B= eee ecotb | Where Atma, Benn _ cot cot B +1 cot A era | and At Benn 8, sin (A+B) sin (A~B)= sin? A — sin? B= cos? B- cos” A 9. cos (A +B) cos (A ~ B)= cos? A ~sin® B= cos* B~ sin” A 10. sin2@ = 2sin@cos@ = —28"9_ 1+ tan?@ 11, cos20 = cos?@ - sin’@ 0828 = 2cos?@ - 1 cos26 =1~2sin’@ 1 = tan?@ 0526 = a 1+ tan? 2. r, 5. 4. 15. 20. a. 24, 5. 4. A-B - sin A+ sin = 2an( 45-*) } cos A + on = 2 cs ( . tan Attan B= og |, where A,Benn+= 1 + cos20 = 2cos*@, 1 - cos20 ; = 2sin?o + c0s20 eo J = costo, 1= 60820 _ 2g tan26 75’ where @ # Qn + ne 1 - cose Q Sing = 285! where @ 4 2nx 1+ cos@_ 8 cing 7 Cty’ Where @# Qn +1) cos @ Trene7 tan? where 8 # (2n +1) Pe ces8 = co, where © # 2nn sin3@ = 3sin6 ~ 4sin?® c0s3.0 = 4cos*@ ~ 3cos® Stan @ — tan?@ 1 = 3tan?@ tan30 = cos Acos 2A coe 2A... cos t-1A = BA "sind 1 sin 0 sin (60° - 0) sin (60° +6) = Gsin3@ 4 . cas 8 c0s (60° 8) cos (60° +8) =} cos 38 tan 6 tan (60 ° ~ 8) tan (60° +6) = tan 30 ‘SUM AND DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCTS 2 2 2 A+B) .,(A=8 *)=(*5") A-B con ~ cos = -2sin( 45-#) sal ) a A+B . sin A - sin B = 2ain( 4 2) uo(43) 2 sin(A+B) 2 sin(A-B) tan A-tan B= 20 A cos |/ "EZ sin (A+B) asin B sin (B-A) cot aco = = cot A+ cot B | where A,Benn, ne Z 6. PRODUCT INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE 2sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A ~ B) 2cos Asin B = sin(A + B) - sin(A ~ B) 2cos Acos B = cos (A + B) + cos(A ~ B) 2sin Asin B = cos (A ~ B) - cos(A + B) 7. T-RATIOS OF THE SUM OF THREE OR MORE ANGLES 1. sin (A+B+C) = sin Acos BcosC + cos A sin Bos C + cos A cos BsinC ~ sin A sin BsinC 2 or, sin(A+B+C) = cos A cos Bcos C (tan A + tan B+tanC ~ tan A tan B tan ©) 2. c0s(A +B +C) = cos A cos B cos C ~ sin A sin B cos C = sin A cos Bsin C ~ cos A sin Bsin C on, cos (A+B+C) = cos A cos B cosC (I ~ tan A tanB = tan B tanC ~ tanC tan) simu ono aimnarmalinc anAen ban 4. sin (Ay + Ay + ous + Ay) = C08 Ay 605 Ay «. C08 Ay (Sy ~ S3 + $5 - 5. cos(Ay + Ay +m + Ay) = C05 Ay 05 Ay .. COS Ay (1 ~ Sp + Sy ~ Sp + Ss ‘ 7 +o) 3 + Ss 2 + Sy 6 tan(A, + Ay +... Ay) where S, = tanA, + tan, +... + tan, = Sum of the tangents of the separate angles, S_ = tan Ay tan Ay + tam A, tan Ay + = Sum of the tangents taken two at a time, Sy = tan Ay tan Ap tan Ay + tan Ay tan Ay tan Ay + ... Sum of the tangents taken three ata time, and so on. IA, = Ay n= A, we have S, = ntanA, S, = "C, tan? A, S3="C; tan? A, Therefore, we have 7. sinn A=cos" A ("C, tan A~"C, tan?A+"C, tan? A-...) 8. cosm A=cos" A (1-"C, tan? A+"C, tant A+...) 9. tann A = — CUR A="Cy tan? A+"Cs tan? A ... Tyan? A "Cy tant AMC ans 10. sinn A + cosnA = cos" A + "Cy tan A~"Cy tan? A-"Cy tan? A + MC, tant A+"Cs tan A-"Ctan® A—"Cy tan” A+ ML. sinn A-cos nA 03" A(-14"C; tan A+"C3 tan? A ="C3 tan’ A-"Cy tan’ A +"Cs tan? A +"C, tan® A 12. sina + sin (a+) +sin (+28) +... + sin a+ (n-1)B] in fa + (n - 1) 8h sin 2B sofa = 8h aol 8 sin B/2 13. cosa + cos (a+ B) + cos (a +2 B) +... + cos {a+ (n—1) 2 com {aren § |i ain 8, TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF SOME IMPORTANT ANGLES 2 cosis = Sst 3. tan 15" = 2 - YB = cot75" 4. cotiS' = 2 + V3 = tan75° 5. small =1(V) 15, cos 36" ~ cos 72" 16. cos36" cos 72" = 8. EXPRESSIONS OF sin 4 and cos 4 IN TERMS OF sin A Weave, Aso, Ay coe e Fsin(4e2 sin} + coo =F an( F | ‘The RHS of this equality is positive if nA annc +4 caneDx me nA an ie if Inn F< 5 <2nn tp sel! 3 seaftetJocafoned) Thus, we have in ecos4), it(an-} ncAc(4ne2 (ind sc (oe Jacacfned ivan’ = -(o 4 cos 3); otherwise 2 F882 Similarly, we have 4 coo), it(an+? 5 (se 4-co8).u(seeg}ecac[ine Vi-sinA = -( 10. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES ‘As we have discussed in earlier sections that ~1Ssin x= 1, <1 scosr $1,-e sin 5 A ConA IB = AR sin Ssin 5 AgnS IC = aRsin F sin 11, _Eseribedcircles: The circle which touches sides BCand two sides AB and AC produced of a & ABC is called the esctibed circle opposite to the angle A. Its radius is denoted by 7). Similarly, rand r denote the radii of the escribed circles opposite to the angles Band C respectively. The centres of the escribed circles are called the excentres. The centre of the escribed circle opposite to the angle A is the point of intersection of the external bisectors of angles Band C and is denoted by 1. Similarly, 1, andl, denote the centres of cescribed circles touching sides CA and AB respectively. We have, One Apna ip tae A B ¢ (i) ry = stan Zr = stan 73 = stan > B Ee cos Beas S (iii) 1 c= 7 tanBsn$ cos cA ea n= eA B anSvun4 esd (iv) Area of I triangle LMN = 2 4 cos A cos B cos : ceva 4 cos (iv) Area of pedal triangle 0s Bos C pea eee (v) Radius of circumcircle of pedal triangle LMN = R/2 ? tan 4 stan cos (vi) Radius of incircle of pedal triangle LMN AR sin A/2.cos B/2.cos C/2 = 2Reos A cos BcosC Pee eaten (vii) The circumcentre a, orthocentre O' and centroid G of a 1 = AR cos A/25sin B/2.cos C/2 triangle are collinear and G divides OO’ in the ratio 1:2 ie 06:0G=1:2. eee Fae AR cos A/2 cos /2 siniG/2) (ili) OO" = RYT=Beas A cos Beos C nm n Ol = V2r* - 4R* cos A cos B cos C () Ah = +. ph - —_ ch, = er sin A72 00s B/2°h = SCA O1=VR=2Rr h r r (i) Al = —2 BL = —2 1, 2 1, = VRP+2Rr, cos A722 ~ Sin B72’ C2 ~ cos C7B , Oy = VREF IR ; 5 tee ieee gt (wi) Als = S722 * cos 7a’ = inca O'ly = VRE+2Rry -_4 Bee 2 (ill) Ih = aya"? = cos Bra" = cos cre OG? = ge eebed (ix) I fy=e cosee C/2, Ip Is =a cosec A/2, Ig h = b cosec B/2 sie ae a Area of 8100" = 2° sin B=© sin S=A sin A=B (%) Areaof A bly = 9 = 2Rs 2 2 ; in B= gin =A gin A=B 2h h ly = 8/2-A/2, Lh lly = 2/2-B/2, Area of A1O'G = 3 Rsin Zo sin <4 sin S*. Abhi e/2-Ca (js) If DEF is the triangle formed by joining the points of (xi) Radius of in-circle of contact of the incircle with the sides of A ABC, then AR cos A cos B cos C irs eect ee 4 bh = SappecosB/dseeCTh DE = 2Rcos $, EF = 2rcos 4, DF = 2rcos 12. Orthocentre: In a triangle ABC, altitudes AL, BM and CN A B Cc areconcurrent and their point of concurrenceis called the ZEDE = 90°-5, A ABCis right angled triangle. REMARK The graphs of the principal values of inverse trigonometric functions are generally known as their principal value branches. In case no branch of an inverse trigonometric function is mentioned, it will mean the principal value branch of that function. Function Domain Range Principal value branch sin} (-1,1] [-1/2,n/2] -n/2

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