CS |i, EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK ECM a CONVENTION EUROPEENNE DE LA CONSTRUCTION METALLIQUE KS N EUROPAISCHE KONVENTION FUR STAHLBAU —— mom Recherches A PrRoFLAPeBED In @ ‘STEEL RESEARCH Design Handbook for Braced or Non-Sway Steel Buildings according to Eurocode 3 FIRST EDITION 1996 N° 85Authors : CHANTRAIN Ph. , Project Manager SCHLEICH J.B. , Ingénieur Principal CONAN Y. and MAUER Th. , Ingénieur-Techniciens Service Recherches et Promotion technique Structures ProfilARBED-Recherches 66, rue de Luxembourg L-4201 Esch / Alzette Luxembourg ‘The present handbook has becn translated from English to several European languages by the following Civil engineering Experts : Name Company Language Ir, H.M.G.M. Steenbergen ‘TNO-Bouw Dutch Delft Ing. Y. Galéa * CTLCM. French Saint-Rémy-les-chevreuse Prof. Dr.-Ing. J, Falke Universitit-GH-Siegen German Siegen Ing. M. Bandini SIDERCAD S.p.A. Taian Genova Prof. Dr.-Ing. F. Millanes. | IDEAM / Univ. Pol. Madrid Spanish Mato Madrid * re-readerECS for non-sway buildings Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 PRELIMINARIES Oa Foreword Ol Generalities 0.2.2 Objective of this design handbook 0.0.3 = Waring 0.0.4 How to read this design handbook 0.a.5 Acknowledgements Ob References Oc Symbols and notations 0.1 Symbols 0.c.2 Convention for member axes 0.c.3 Dimensions and axes of rolled steel sections 0.0.4 Notations in flow-charts 0d Definitions and units 0.4.1 Definition of special terms 0.42 Units 1 INTRODUCTION La _Basis of design Lal Fundamental requirements Lad Definitions La2.1 Limit states 1a22 Actions 1a23 Material properties La3 Design requirements Ta3.1 General 1a32 — Serviceability Limit States 1a.3.3 Ultimate Limit States 1b General flow-charts about elastic global analysis Lb. Flow-chart -Blastic global analysis of steel frames according to EC 3 Lb.l.1 Flow-chart I: general Lb.1.2 low-chart I: details Lb.1.3 Comments on flow-chart I Le Content of the design handbook Tel Scope of the handbook Led Definition of the braced frames and non-sway frames Le3 Summary of the table of contents Le4 Checks at Serviceability Limit States les Checks of members at Ultimate Limit States page u 3 13 13 3 4 14 15 16 16 16 16 7 19 19 19 2 23 23 23 23 24 ory 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 31 36 36 37 39 39 40ECS for now sway buildings - Table of contents w STRUCTURAL CONCEPT OF THE BUILDING Structural model Geometric dimensions Non structural elements Load bearing structure Joints Profiles Floor structure Material properties ‘Nominal values for hot rolled steel Fracture toughness Connecting devices 1h3.1 Bolts ILh3.2 Welding consumables ILh.4 Design values of material coefficients a LOAD ARRANGEMENTS AND LOAD CASES Ula — Generalities Ib Load arrangements TLb.1 Permanent loads (g and G) TILb2 Variable loads (q, Q, w and s) IL.b.2.1 Imposed loads on floors and roof (q and Q) Tl.b.2.2. Wind loads (We,i, Fw) 11.b.2.2.1 Wind pressure (We) 11L.b.2.2.2 Wind force (Fy) IILb.2.3. Snow loads (s) Tle Load eases IiLc.1 Load cases for serviceability limit states Ic.2 Load cases for ultimate limit states Iv DESIGN OF BRACED OR NON-SWAY FRAME IV.a Generalities Val Analysis models for frames 1V.a2 _ Flow-chart IV : Elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway steel frames according to Eurocode 3 1V.a.2.1 Flow-chart IV general 1V.a.2.2 — Flow-chart IV details 1V.a.2.3 Comments on flow-chart IV IV.b Static equilibrium IV.c Load arrangements and load cases IVc.1 Generalities IV.c2 Frame imperfections IV.d Frame stability IV.c First order elastic global analysis TV.e.l_ Methods of analysis 45 47 47 47 47 48 50 50 50 50 Sl 53 33 54 54 55 7 60 60 61 64 64 65 65 66 67 69 69 n n 1 14 15 16 16 16 71 78 78EC 3 for non-sway buildings Table of contents IV.e.2 Effects of deformations 1V.e.3 Elastic global analysis IV.f Verifications at SLS IV.£1 —_Deflections of frames IV.g Verifications at ULS IV.g.1 Classification of the frame IVg.l.l Hypothesis for braced frame IV.g.12 — Hypothesis for non-sway frame IV.g2 —_ ULS checks v CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS-SECTIONS V.a Generalities V.b Definition of the cross-sections classification V.c Criteria of the cross-sections classification V.c.l_ Classification of compression elements of cross-sections V.c2 Classification of cross-sections V.c.3 Properties of class 4 effective cross-sections V.d Procedures of cross-sections classification for different loadings V.d.1 Classification of cross-sections in compression V.d.2 Classification of cross-section in bending V.d.3 Classification of cross-sections in combined (NM) vI MEMBERS IN TENSION (Niension) Via — Generalities VLb General verifications at ULS VLb.1 Resistance of gross cross-section to Nieasion VLb2 Resistance of net cross-section to Nicasion Vic Particular verifications at ULS for angles connected by one leg Vic.1 Connection with a single row of bolts Vic2 Connection by welding val MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION (Ncompression) ViLa Generalities VILb Classification of cross-sections VIL — General verifications at ULS Viec.1 Resistance of cross-section to Neompression Vilc.2 Stability of member to Ncompression Vic.2.1 Resistance to flexural buckling VILc.2.2. Resistance to torsional buckling and to flexural-torsional buckling VIld Particular verifications at ULS for class 4 monosymmetrical cross-section VIId.1 Resistance of cross-section to Neompression VILd.2 Stability of member to Neompression Vile Particular verifications at ULS for angle connected by one leg Vile.1 Connection with a single row of bolts B p p 80 80 80 80 80 80 81 83 86 88 88 88 89 90 90 1 1 103 105 108 108 109 110 110 112 113 115 118 19 119) 119 11g 123 124 124 124 125 125ECS for non-sway buildings - Table of contents Vile.1.1 Resistance of cross-section to Neompression Vile1.2 Stability of member to Neompression Vile.2 Connection by welding Vile.2.1 Resistance of cross-section to Neompression Vile2.2 Stability of member to Neompression VIL MEMBERS IN BENDING (V ;M; (V, M)) Vila Generalities VILl.b Verifications at SLS VIILb.1 _Deflections VIILb.2 Dynamic effects - vibrations Ville Classification of cross-section VIILd Verifications at ULS to shear force Vsq VIIId.1 — Resistance of cross-section to Vsq VUld.2 — Stability of web to Vz sa Ville Verifications at ULS to bending moment Mq Ville.1 Resistance of cross-section to Mga Ville.2 Stability of member to My,sa VULf — Verifications at ULS to biaxial bending moment (My sa, Mzsa) VIILE1 Resistance of cross-section to (My sd. Mzsa) VULE2 Stability of member to (My sa, Mz.sa) VIll.g Verifications at ULS to combined (Va; Msa) Vill.g.1 Resistance of cross-section to (Vsa, Msa) VIILg.1.1 Shear force Vsq and uniaxial bending Msq VIII.g.1.2 Shear force Vsq and biaxial bending moment Msq VI.g2 — Stability of web to (Vzsa, Mya) IK MEMBERS WITH COMBINED AXIAL FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT ((N, M) ; (N, V; M)) Xa Generalities Xb Verifications at SLS IXb.1 — Deflections IXb2 Vibrations TX Classification of cross-section IX.d Verifications at ULS to (N,M) IXd.1 Resistance of cross-section to (Nsa. Msa) TX.d.1.1 Uniaxial bending of class 1 or 2 cross-sections TX.d.1.2 Biaxial bending of class 1 or 2 cross-sections TX.d.1.3 Bending of class 3 cross-sections TX.d.L.4 — Bending of class 4 cross-sections IXd2 Stability of member to (Nsa.Msa) TX.d.2.1 Stability of member to (Niensiom My.$d) 1X.d.2.2 Stability of member to (Neompression: Ms) 125 125 125 125 125 27 129 134 134 136 136 137 137 139 1. 141 142 146 146 146 146 146 147 148 148 151 153 159 159 159 159 159 159 159 162 162 163 163 163 164ECS for non-sway buildings - Table of contents Xe Verifications at ULS for (Nsa .Vsa) IX.e1 Resistance of cross-section to (Nsa,Vu) IX Verifications at ULS to (Nsa .VsaMsa) IX.£1 Resistance of cross-section to (Nsa,Vsd.Msa) TXf1.1 Uniaxial bending of class 1 or 2 cross-section IX£1.2 Biaxial bending of class 1 or2 cross-section IX£.1.3 Bending of class 3 cross-section IX£1.4 Bending of class 4 cross-section TX.£2 Stability of web to (Nz.sa, VzSd My.se) x ‘TRANSVERSE FORCES ON WEBS (F ; (F, N, V, M)) Xa Generalities Xb Classification of cross-section Xc —_ Resistance of webs to (F,N,V.M) Xcel Yield criterion to (F.N,V.M) X.c.2 Crushing resistance to F Xd Stability of webs to (F; (F, M)) X.d.1 Crippling resistance to (F; (F, M)) X.d.1.1 Crippling resistance to F X.d.1.2 Crippling resistance to (FM) X.d.2 Buckling resistance to F Xe Stability of webs to compression flange buckling XI CONNECTIONS XIa Generalities XL.b Bolted connections XLb.1 Positioning of holes XLb.2 Distribution of forces between bolts XLb.3 — Prying forces XLb4 Categories of bolted connections XLb5 Design ULS resistance of bolts XLb5.1 Bearing resistance XLb52__ Shear resistance XLb.5.2.1 General case XLb5.2.2 Long joints XLb53 Tension resistance XLb5.4 Punching shear resistance ‘XLb5.5 Shear and tension interaction XLb.6 ULS resistance of element with bolt holes XLb6.1 Net section ULS resistance XLb6.2 —_ULS resistance of angle with a single row of bolt XL.b.6.3 Block shear ULS resistance X1Lb.7 High strength bolts in slip-resistant connections at SLS XLe Welded connections XIc1 Type of weld XIc2 Fillet weld 169 169 170 170 im 173 173 174 175 w7 179 180 180 180 182 183 183 183 183 184 185 187 189 189 189 189 191 191 192 192 194 194 194 195 195 195 196 196 196 196 196 197 197 197ECS for non-sway buildings - Table of convents XIc3 Design resistance of fillet weld XLc.3.1 Throat thickness X1c.3.2 Design resistance Xicd Design resistance of butt weld XLc5 Joints to unstiffened flanges XLd Pin connections XLe Beam-to-column connections XLf Design of column bases x DESIGN OF BRACING SYSTEM Xia Generalities Xl.a.1 — Flow-chart XILBlastic global analysis of bracing system according to EC 3 XiLal.l — Flow-chart XIl: general XILa1.2 — Flow-chart XU: details XiL.a.1.3 Comments on flow-chart XII XILb Static equilibrium XILc Load arrangements and load cases Xilc.1 Generalities ‘XIL.c.2 Global imperfections of the bracing sysiem XILd Bracing system stability Xie First order elastic global analysis XILf Verifications at SL XILg Verifications at ULS XILg.1 Classification of the bracing system XILg1.1 — Non-sway bracing system XILg.2— ULS checks APPENDIX A List of symbols APPENDIX B List of tables APPENDIX C List of flow-charts 198 198 199 199 200 200 200 200 201 203 203 203 203 206 209 209 209 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 215 223 226 APPENDIX D List of references to Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 related to all check formulas at ULS_ 227 100 EC 3 for non-sway buildings - Foreword PRELIMINARIES(Ref EC 3 for non-sway buildings - Foreword ] 0a Foreword 0.a.1 Generalities (1) The Eurocodes are being prepared to harmonize design procedures between countries which are members of CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2) Burocode 3 - Part 1.1 “Design of Steel Structures :General Rules and Rules for Buildings” has been published initially as an ENV document (European pre-standard - a prospective European Standard for provisional application), (3) The national authorities of the members states have issued National Application Documents (NAD) to make Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1 operative whilst it has ENV-status (ENV 1993-1-1). 0.2.2 Objective of this design handbook (1) The present publication is intended to be a design aid in supplement to the complete document Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1 in order to facilitate the use of Eurocode 3 for the design of such steel structures which are usual in common practice : braced or non-sway steel structures. (2) Therefore, the “Design handbook according to Eurocode 3 for braced or non-sway steel buildings” presents the main design formulas and rules extracted from Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1, which are needed to deal with : elastic global analysis of buildings and similar structures in stec!, checks of structural members and connections at limit states, in case of braced or non-sway structures, according to the european standard Eurocode 3 - Pari 1.1 (ENV 1993-1-1). a3 Warning (1) Although the present design handbook has been carefully established and intends to be self-sufficient it does not substitute in any case for the complete document Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1, which should be consulted in conjunction with the NAD, in case of doubt or need for clarification. (2) All references to Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1 are made in [...]. (3) Any other text, tables or figures not quoted from Eurocode 3 are considered to satisfy the ules specified in Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1. 13Ref. EC3 for non-sway buildings - Foreword, ] 0.2.4 Howto read this design handbook (1) Example of numbering of chapters and paragraphs ; VITT.a 1.2 Q) Layout of pages : (Ref EC for now-sway buildings - VI Members in tension 1 left column short tile ‘concerned chapter forreferences of the handbook eferences | | Main text with a following example about layout of chapters: STRUCTURAL CONCEPT OF THE BUILDING Material properties Connecting devices Welding consumables (3) In the left column of each page (Ref.): references to Eurocode 3 are always included between brackets [...]; the other references are specified without brackets; the word "form." means "formula" (4) References to Eurocode 3 are also given in the text between brackets [...] 0.a.5 Acknowledgements (1) Particular thanks for fruitful collaboration are addressed to: 15 engineering offices : Adem (Belgium), Bureau Delta (Belgium), Varendonck Groep/Steeltrak (Belgium), VM Associate Partner (Belgium), Rambgll, Hannemann & Hojlund (Denmark), Bureau Véritas (France), Socotec (France), Sofresid (France), CPU Ingenieurbiiro (Germany), IGB-Ingenieurgruppe Bauen (Germany), Danieli Ingegneria (Italy), Schrocder & Associés (Luxemburg), D3BN (the Netherlands), Ove Arup & Partners (United Kingdom), ECCS /'TC 11 (Germany), RWTH : Steel Construction Department from Aachen University with Professor SEDLACEK G. and GROTMANN D.. SIDERCAD (Italy) with MM. BANDINI M. and CATTANEO F,, CTICM (France) with MM. CHABROLIN B., GALEA Y. and BUREAU A. (2) Grateful thanks are also expressed to : the ECSC which supported this work in the scope of the european research n° P2724(contract n° 7210 - SA/513), the F6 executive commitice which has followed and advised the working group of the research, anyone who has contributed to the work: MM. CHANTRAIN Ph., CONAN Yves, MAUER Thierry, GERARDY J.C. 14[Ref ECS for non-sway buildings - References 1 0b References Ref. 1,1 Ref. 1,2-1 Ref. 1,2-3 Ref. 1,2-4 Ref. 2 Ref. 3 Ref. 4 Ref. 5 Ref. 6 Ref.7 Ref. 8 Ref. 9 in the left column of each page (Ref.): references to Burocode 3 are always included between brackets [..J; the other references are specified without brackets. references to Eurocode 3 are also given in the text between brackets [...] Eurocode 1, ENV 1991-1, Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Parts 1, Basis of design Eurocode 1, ENV 1991-2-1, Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Parts 2-1, Densities, self-weight and imposed loads Eurocode 1, ENV 1991-2-3, Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Parts 2-3, Snow loads Eurocode 1, ENV 1991-2-4, Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Parts 2-4, Wind loads Eurocode 3, ENV 1993-I-1, Design of steel structures Part 1.1 General rules and rules for Buildings (EC3) Eurocode 8, draft version, Design of structures for earthquake resistance (EC8) ECCS technical publication n°65, Essentials of Eurocode 3 Design Manual for Steel Structures in Building, 1991, First Edition Practical exercises showing applications of design formulas of Eurocode 3 : ECCS technical publication n°71, Examples to Eurocode 3, 1993, First Edition “Design handbook for sway buildings”, from Sidercad (Italy) Software for the check of main formulas in Eurocode 3:"EC 3 tools" (available for PC computer; Windows 3.1), from CTICM (France) Eurocede 3 Background Document 5.03 : "Evaluation of test results on columns, beams and beam-columns with cross-sectional classes | - 3 in order to obtain strength functions and suitable model factors", April 1989. Paper "Application de I'Eurocode 3 : classement des sections transversales en I", by Bureau A. and Galéa Y., (CTICM), Construction métallique, n° 1-191 15[Ref ta (167) 16 ECS for non-away buildings - Symbols and notations ] Qc Symbols and notations Oc.1 Symbols (1) See Appendix A for a list of symbols used in this design handbook. Those symbols are conform to Eurocode 3. 0.c.2 Convention for member axes (1) For steel members, the conventions used for cross-section axes are: . generally: xx along the member YY > __Gross-section axis parallel to the flanges, zz —~ _ cross-section axis perpendicular to the flanges or parallel to the web for angle sections: yy ~ axis parallel to the smaller leg ze - _ axis perpendicular to the smaller leg . where necessary: uu = —_ major axis (where this does not coincide with the yy axis) w * minor axis (where this does not coincide with the zz axis) (2) The convention used for subscripts which indicate axes for moments is "Use the axis about which the moment acts." 3) For example, for an I-section a moment acting in the plane of the web is denoted My because it acts about the cross-section axis parallel to the flanges. 0.c.3 Dimensions and axes of rolled steel sections (1) "bisymmetrical” (I and 6 ) and "monosymmetrical" ([ , T and L) rolled steel sections are shown in table 0.1.EC for non-sway bul {ings - Symbols and notations —] (.c.4 Notations in flow-charts (1) All the flow-charts appearing in the present design handbook should be read according to the following rules : reading from the top to the bottom, in general = the references to Eurocode 3 are given in [..] = "nf" means that the checks are not fulfilled and that stronger sections or joints have to be selected. - convention for flow-charts: flow-chart number (x) Criterion to check, condition, comparison other flow-chart number (y) the dotted line (-----) means that path has to be followed through the box 7[Ref EC3 for non-sway buildings - Symbols and notations: Table 0.1 Dimensions and axes of rolled steel sections[Ref ECS for non-sway buildings - Definitions and units ] 0.d Definitions and units 0.4.1 Definition of special terms 1421 (1) The following terms are used in Part 1.1 of Eurocode 3 with the following meanings: . Frame: Portion of a structure, comprising an assembly of directly connected structural elements, designed to act together to resist load. This term refers to both rigid-jointed frames and triangulated frames. It covers both plane frames and three- dimensional frames. = Sub-frame: A frame which forms part of a larger frame, but is treated as an isolated frame in a structural analysis. ‘Type of framing: Terms used to distinguish between frames which are either: Semi-continuous, in which the structural properties of the connections need ‘explicit consideration in the global analysis, Continuous, in which only the structural properties of the members necd — Consideration in the global analysis. imple, in which the joints are not required to resist moments. Global rn ‘The determination of a consistent set of internal forces and moments (N, V, M) in a structure, which are in equilibrium with a particular set of actions on the structure. First order global analysis: Global analysis using the initial geometry of the Hiucture and neglecting the deformation of the stucture which fnfluevces the effects of actions (no P-A effects). Second order global analysis: Global analysis taking into account the deformation of the structure which influences the effects of actions (P-A effects). Elastic global analysis: First-order or second-order global analysis based on the assumption that the stress-strain behaviour of the material is linear, whatever the stress level; this assumption may be maintained cven where the resistance of 2 cross-section is based on its plastic resistance (see chapter V about classification of cross-sections). System length: Distance between two adjacent points at which « member is braced against lateral displacement in a given plane, or between one such point and the end of the member. Buckling length: System length of an otherwise similar member with pinned ends, which has the same buckling resistance as a given member. + Designer: Appropriately qualified and experienced person responsible for the ‘Structural design. 0.4.2 — Units 115@) (1) For calculations the following units are recommenced in accordance with ISO 1000: Forces and loads t KN, kN/m , KN/m? Unit mass Unit weight Stresses and strengths Moments (bending ....) 19ECS for non-sway buildings -1 Introduction I INTRODUCTION[Ref EC 3 for non-sway buildings - I Introduction La Basis of design (1) The table 1.1 summarizes this chapter I.a providing the practical principles of design requirements. Details and explanations are given in the following sub-chapters I.a.1 to La. Lal Fundamental requirements 10) (1) A-structure shall be designed and constructed in such a way that: with acceptable probability, it will remain fit for the use for which it is required, having due to regard to its intended live and its cost, and + with appropriate degrees of reliability, it will sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution (i.e. the construction period) and use (i.e. the service period) and have adequate durability in relation to maintenance costs 2.1@} — @) A structure shall also be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like explosions, impact or consequences of human errors, to an extent disproportionate to the original cause. (2.14) — @) The above requirements shall be met by the choice of suitable materials, by appropriate design and detailing and by specifying control procedures for production, construction and use as relevant for the particular project. 1a2 Definitions 2.1 Limit states (1) Eurocode 3 is a limit state design code in which principles and rules are given for the verification Serviceability Limit States (SLS) and, Ultimate Limit States (ULS). @) The limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance requirements, (3) These limit states are referred to physical phenomena as for instance : (631 a) for SLS, problems which may limit the serviceability because of : deformations or deflections which adversely affect the appearance of effective use of the structure (including the proper functioning of machines or services) or cause damage to finishes or non-structural elements, vibration which causes discomfort to people, damage to the building or its contents, or which limits its functional effectiveness, .1(4)] __b) for ULS, problems which may endanger the safety of people and thus be regarded as ultimate limit because of: loss of equilibrium of structure or any part of it, considered as a rigid body, failure by excessive deformation, rupture, or loss of stability of the structure or any part of it, including supports and foundations. 23(Ret 221 (0) 22220) 2240) form. (2.1)] [form. (2.2)) 2.231 3) 1.2320), form. (23)] 24 (BCS for non-sway buildings - 1 Introduction 1 Ta22 Actions (1) Details about actions are provided in Eurocode 1 (2) An action (F) is: a force (Joad) applied to the structure (direct action), or an imposed deformation (indirect action); for cxample, temperatures cffects or differential settlement. (8) Actions (F) are classified as: permanent actions (G), e.g. self-weight of structures, fittings, ancillaries and fixed equipment. variable actions (Q), ¢.g. imposed loads (q), wind loads (w) or snow loads (s) accidental actions (A), e.g. explosions or impact from vehicles. (4) Characteristic values Fx of actions are specified: in Eurocode J or other relevant loading codes, or by client, or the designer in consultation with the client, provided that the minimum provisions specified in the relevant loading codes or by the competent authority are observed. (3) The design (factored) values Fa of an action (for instance Ga, Qu, Wa. Sa) is expressed in general terms as : Fa =F where Fy — is the characteristic (unfuctored) value of action. ‘Yr is the partial safety factor for the action considered - taking into account of, for example, the possibility of unfavourable deviations of the actions, the possibility of inaccurate modelling of the actions, uncertainties in the assessment of effects of actions and uncertainties in the assessment of the limit state considered (the values of 7 are given in chapter III: ¥g (permanent actions), ¥9 (variable actions)... (6) The combinations of actions respectively for ULS and for SLS are given in chapter II (1) Design values of the effects of actions : ‘The effects of actions (E) are responses (for example, internal forces and moments (Nga, Vsa, Msa), stresses, strains, deflections, rotations) of the structure to the actions. Design values of the effects of actions (Eg) are determined from the design values of the actions, geometrical data (ag) and material properties when relevant: Ea EP saa] 1a2.3. Material properties (1) characteristic values of material properties : Material properties for steel structures are generally represented by nominal values used as characteristic values (unfactored) (Xp). (2) design values of material properties : For steel structures, the design (factored) resistance Ra (for example, design resistance for tension (Naa), buckling (Naa), Shear (Vpq) , bending (Mra)) is generally determined Girectly from the characteristic (unfactored) values of the material properties (X) and geometrical data (ay) : Ra = RO, a4.) Ya where Yq _ is the partial safety factor for the resistance(the different yyq factors are explicitly introduced in the design formulas and their values are given in table [.2).(Ret EC 3 for non-sway buildings -1 Inuoduction ] L.a.3 Design requirements 1a.3.1 General [23.101 (1) It shall be verified that no relevant limit state is exceeded 23.1@1 (2) All relevant design situations and load cases shall be considered. 23.161 (3) Possible deviations from the assumed directions or positions of actions shall be considered. (23.161 (4) Calculations shall be performed using appropriate design models (supplemented, if necessary, by tests) involving all relevant variables. The models shall be sufficiently precise to predict the structural behaviour, commensurate with the standard of workmanship likely to be achieved, and with the reliability of the information on waich the design is based. 1.3.2 Serviceability Limit States [234()] (1) It shall be verified that : [form. (2.13)] [Ea $Caj or [Ea Sal where Eq — is the design effect of actions, determined on the basis of one of the combinations defined below, C4 is a nominal value or a function of certain properties of materials related to the design effect of actions considered. (2) Practical checks of SLS (see chapter Lc.4) in floors and frames for instance: where 5yq_is the design vertical deflection of floors (recommended limits 8y;na, = 1/250, --.) Sua is the design horizontal deflection of frames (recommended limits Sumax = 1/300 --) fa _ is the design natural frequency of floors (recommended limits fain Hy, ...) 1.a.3.3_ Ultimate Limit States (232.10) (1) When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a section, member or connection (fatigue excluded) it shall be verified that: [fom @.7)) [Sa = Ral where Sq is the design value of an internal force or moment (or of a respective vector of several internal forces or moments) Rg _ is the corresponding design resistance, associating all structural properties with the respective design values. (2) Practical checks of ULS (see chapter .c.5) in members for instance: I(Nsa.Vsa»Mgq) $ (Na, Vea-Mra)} condition concerning separate internal forces or moments or, interaction between them ((V.M), (N, M), ...) where (Nga, Vsd;Mge) are design internal forces and moments applied to the members, (Nras ris Mrs) are design resistance of the members. 25(Re {torm. (2.1)) Fa = YF where Fx is the characteristic value of actions ® is the partial safety factor for the considered action (see chapter p34ay) 32.12) [lorn. 2.3)} "ECS for non-sway buildings - 1 Introduction TableL1 Summary of design requirements 1) frame submitted to SLS and ULS combinations of design actions Fa (Ga, Qa, Wa. Ses 1m) 2) after global analysis of the frame - design effects of actions (e.g. deflections, frequencies) (for SLS): Ea (Ga, fa)) - design values of internal forces and moments (for ULS): =(Nsa, Vsa, Msa)) - for SLS checks (see chapter L.c.4): . in general : E, ULS checks of connections 2(Ref. EC for non-sway buildings -T Introduction Flow-chart 1 : Elastic global analysis of steel frames according to Eurocode 3. (Details) Determination of load arrangemenis (ECI and EC 8) Load cases: Loadcases for ULS_ [2334] for SLS_ [234 ot fulfilled Braced frame 60502 bu [5253.2] Global imperfections of the frame 52431] = 5 vot fi T> 0,5 [Ay / Nsa]?5 0° (524.2. @)1 FIRST ‘ORDER ANALYSIS | SECOND oe ANALYSIS! t ‘Non-sway mode buckling) Sway mode buckling Maisie es || lengih approach Tength approach 2 W262 ab262.M: || sasambilesas co} with sway moments sway moments |((5262;0)) [cos where] { coain all amplified by factor || amplified by factor 1,2 in members 1(1-VsaVex) 5.262.(3) ||" beams & connections mode Lb) (Non-sway mode Ls ‘not fulfilled (nf) Co Classification of eross-section (Chap. 53] _| ) |e s of the in-plane stability: members buckling [Chay rt fied (af) Po ( Checks of the out-of-plane stability: members and/or frame buckling (Chap. 55] ee “ a ( ‘Checks of resistance of cross-sections [Chap. 54] e » as a gl ( Checks of local effects (buckling and resistance of webs) [Chap. 6 axd 5. ee » I= — === ae ( Checks of connections (Chap. 6 and Annex J] ysl a 29(Ref. TEC for now-sway bulldings -1 Tntrodueton Lb General flow-charts about elastic global analysis, (1) Chapter 1.b.1 presents flow-chart I about elastic global analysis of steel frames (in general) according to Eurocode 3. (2) Chapter IV.a.2 presents flow-chart IV about elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway sicel frames according to Burocode 3. (3) Chapter XIl.a.1 presents flow-chart XII about elastic global analysis of bracing system according to Eurocode 3. Lb.1 Flow-chart I; Elastic global analysis of steel frames according to Eurocode 3 (1) The flow-chart I aims to provide a general presentation of elastic global analysis of steel frames according to Eurocode 3. (2) The present design handbook only deals with the path @ of the flow-chart I elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway frames (presented in Flow-chart IV in chapter IV). All the etails are given in chapters IT to XT of the handbook. (3) The elastic global analysis of sway frames is out of the scope of the present design handbook; the assumptions of the elastic global analysis of sway frames are briefly presented - just for information - in the paths @ to @ of flow-chart (4) The flow-chart I refers to flow-chart XII about elastic global analysis of bracing system according to Eurocode 3. The flow-chart XII and all the details about bracing system design are given in chapter XI. (S) The flow-chart I is divided in 3 parts: Lb.1.1 general part (1 page) Lb.1.2 demas (1 page) Lb.1.3 comments (6 pages) Lb.L1 Flow-chart I: general see the previous page Lb.1.2 Flow-chart 1: details see the second previous pageRe EC 3 for non-sway buildings -T Thtroduction I.b.1.3 Comments on flow-chart I * Generalities about Eurocode 3: - Allchecks of (ULS) Ultimate Limit States and all checks of (SLS) Serviceability ‘Limit States are necessary to be fulfilled. ~ According to the classification of cross-sections at ULS (row 14; chapter V of the design handbook) Eurocode 3 allows to perform: «plastic global analysis of a structure only composed of class 1 cross-sections when required rotations are not calculated (3:33 4] or, clastic global analysis of a structure composed of class 1, 2. 3 or 4 cross-sections sssuming Tor ULS checks, either a plaste resistance of cross-sections class T and 2) or, an elastic resistance of the cross-sections, without local buckling (class 3) or, with local buckling (class 4 with effective cross-section). 52.12] (5253) 15253 (5)] ~ In order to determine the internal forces and moments (N, V. M) in a structure Eurocode 3 allows the use of different types of elastic global analysis either: a) first order analysis using the initial geometry of the structure or, b) second order analysis taking into account the influence of the deformation of the structure - First order analysis (row 11) may be used for the elastic global analysis in the following cases (types of frames): “The first order elastic global analysis of the frame should take into account actions) the vertical | the horizontal | the global the member loads loads —_| imperfections of] imperfections types of ‘the frame frames (row 7) (row 12) 1) braced frames (| (path ©) x X ©) 2) non-sway frames (path ©) x x x 3) sway frames © (paths @ and @) x x x Noles: (a) braced frames are frames which may be treated as Tully supported laterally by a| bracing system. (b) only the part of horizontal loads which are applied to the frame but not assumet to be transmitted to the bracing system through the floors. (c) use of design methods which make indirect allowance for second-order effects. 31(Ref. be 20) 6.2453) [chap. 31 [Chap. 4) 32 EC3 for non-sway buildings - I Introduction ] - Second order analysis (row 11) may be used in all cases (types of frames) = The second order elastic global analysis of the frame should take into account actions] the vertical | the horizontal | __ the global the member Toads Toads | imperfections of the|_ imperfections types of frame frames ow) (row 12) 1) for sway frames (path ®) x x x (path ©) x Xx x Xa) 2 Tor frames in general (path ©) x x x x (a) members imperfections are introduced where necessary. Notes (b) the more complex possibility of second order global analysis of the frame (path ©) could be conservative because it allows the bypass of the "sway or non-sway frame" classification and consequently : - either the first order analysis might be sufficient, or, the introduction of member imperfections would not be necessary in all members. On the other hand, particular care shall be brought to the introduction of member imperfections (¢9,¢) which would be imposed for the global analysis, in the realistic directions corresponding to the deformations of the members for the failure mode of the frame; that failure mode of the frame is related tothe combination of applied external loads; otherwise, with more favourable direction of member imperfections, the second order global analysis might overestimate the bearing capacity of the frame. ~ in the flow-chart I from path @ to path © (from left to right) the proposed methods for global analysis become more and more sophisticated. * owl: EC 1: Draft Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures EC 3: ENV 1993-1-1 Eurocode3 Design of steel structures, Part 1. general niles and rules for buildings. EC 8: Draft Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance * rows 2, -ULS means Ultimate Limit States -SLS means Serviceability Limit StatesRe M216) EC for noa-sway buildings -T Introduction ] row. This flow-chart concems structures using pinned and/or rigid joints. In the case of semi-rigid joints whose behaviour is between pinned and rigid joints, the designer shall take into account the moment-rotation characteristics of the joints (moment resistance, rotational stiffness and rotation capacity) at each step of the design (predesign, global analysis, SLS and ULS checks). The semi-rigid joints should be designed according to chapter 6.9 and the Annex J of Eurocode 3. For SLS checks, the deflections should be calculated making due allowance for anysecond order effects, the rotational stiffness of any semi-rigid joints and the possible occurrence of any plastic deformations. 15253) * row 6: [52.43] braced frame unbraced frame The frame is bracedit: [By $0,284] where 6p horizontal displacement of the frame with the bracing system &y horizontal displacement of the unbraced frame, according to first order clastic global analysis of the frame either with hypothetic horizontal loads or with each ULS lozd case. Note: in the case of simple frames with all beam-column nodes nominally pinned, the frame without bracing would be hypostatic, hence 8, is infinite and thus the condition 3» 0,2 5, is always fulfilled. *row7: global imperfections of the frame initial sway imperfections of the frame equivalent horizontal forces could be applied Fi inthe formof 4p, bets(Re ECS for non-sway buildings = Iniroduction J] (5252) * row 8: classification of sway or non-sway frame: A frame may be classified as non-sway if according to first order elastic global analysis of the frame for each ULS load case, one of the following criteria (see row 9) is satisfied: either, a) in general: 2827 , condition which is Ger = 10 equivalent to where Vsq_ design value of the total vertical load Yer elastic critical value of the total vertical load for failure in a sway mode (= x21 /L2 with L, buckling length for a column in a sway mode; Ver of a column does not correspond necessarily to Ver of the frame including that column) (te; coefficient of critical amplification or coefficient of remoteness of critical state of the frame or, b) in case of building structures with beams connecting each columns at each storey level: (82320) BV _ avi + Va hH (A, +H.) < 0,1] where H, V total horizontal and vertical reactions at the bottom of the storey. 8 relative horizontal displacement of top and bottom of the storey. h height of the storey. H, V, 5 are deduced from a first order analysis of the frame submitted to both horizontal and vertical design loads and to the global imperfections of the frame applied in the form of equivalent horizontal forces (see comments on row 7). Note - A same frame could be classified as sway according to a load case (Vsq1 for instance) and as non-sway according to another load case ( Vsa2 for instance). - For multi-storeys buildings the relevant condition is Vsa raximan Yt condition which is equivalent to or= minimum (Ger), where (4) OF Gc are related to the storey i. 34(Ref. 1524200) 152.45] ECS for non-sway buildings -T Tatroduction 1 * row9: Members imperfections may be neglected except in sway frames in the cases of members which are subject to axial compression and which have moment resisting connections, 5 Af. X>0,5|—*| | condition which is equivalent to Nsa or equivalent to le>= where X non-dimensional slenderness ratio calculated with a buckling length equal to the system length fy yield swength A. area of the cross-section Ngg_ design value of the compressive force Ng, elastic critical axial force (= x2EI/L?, with L = system length) IN, EL © — factor with L = system length) .2¢4) * row 10: According to the definition of cicr introduced in comment on row 8: V; 1<—S4< 0,25 Ole , 4E OG < 10 condition which is equivalent to * row IT The actions to be considered in first order clastic global analysis and in second order elastic global analysis are listed in the “generalities about Eurocode 3” (see the first comments on flow-chart 1) in function of the type of frame, * rows 12, 13,1 path @: Sway moments amplified by factor 1,2 in beams and beam-to-column connections and not in the columns. The definition of "sway moments" is provided in (5.2.62 6). -paths © and@®: the introduction of member imperfections e0.4 should be considered equivalent to the introduction of distributed loads along the members : e 04 Ns Q=4.Neu.loa/L Note: the equivalence of eg. and (q, Q) loading is proposed here for a practical point of view but it is not included in Eurocade 3 wi =B.Ngy.€og / 1? Ns 4, refer to comment on row 8. For the meaning of the ratio 35,(Ref. [Amex E] (5513 6) ECS for non-sway buildings -1 Introduction ] *row1S: — Ly, buckling length of members for sway or non-sway mode ‘The classification of cross-sections have to be determined before all the ULS checks of members, cross-sections and webs (rows 17 to 20). ‘The sequence of the Ultimate Limit States checks is not imposed and it is up to the designer to choose the order of the ULS checks which are anyhow all necessary to be fulfilled. On the contrary, the sequence of steps to select the type of analysis is well fixed and defined in rows 5 to 10. ‘When the member imperfections eo,s are used in a second order analysis (paths © and ©), the resistance of the cross-sections shall be verified as specified in chapter [54] but using the partial safety factor 77 in place of YM. Le Content of the design handbook Le.l Scope of the handbook (1) Actions (load arrangements) on buildings to be taken into account in the design are presented as described in Eurocode 1, Ref. 1. (2) The load cases for SLS and for ULS to be considered in the design are defined as prescribed in Eurocode 3 Part 1.1, Ref. 2. 3) The elastic global analysis of steel structures in braced or non-sway buildings according to Eurocode 3 Part 1.1, Ref. 2 is assumed to be carried out : a) by elastic global analysis of the structure to determine: the vertical deflections of beams, the horizontal displacements of frames and vibrations of floors and, the internal forces and moments (N, V, M) in the members and, b) by check of requirements for the Servicoability Limit States and, ©) by check of requirements for the Ultimate Limit States : c.1) by check of the resistance of cross-sections and, ©2) by check of the buckling resistance of members and, .3) by check of local effects (buckling and resistance of webs) and, cA) by check of joints and connections,(Ref. EC 3 for no-sway buildings - I Tntroduction for all members characterised by a class of cross-sections at ULS : . ¢lasses 1 and 2, which assume a full plastic distribution of stresses over the cross- scetion at the level of yield stength or, . class 3, which is based on an elastic distribution of stresses across the cross- section with the yield strength reached at the extreme fibres or, class 4, which makes explicit allowances for the effects of local buckling appearing in the cross-section, (4) The elastic global analysis of steel bracing system according to Eurocode 3 Part 1.1, Ref. 2 is assumed to be carried out with the same hypothesis than for steel structures but with specific actions ; loads and effects of global imperfections : «from the bracing system itself and, + from all the frames which it braces. (6) This design handbook deals with the analysis of braced or non-sway steel structures subject to static loading. Eurocode 3 (Ref. 2) and Eurocode 8 (Ref. 3) should be consulted for the following problems which are not considered here: fatigue, resistance to fire, dynamic analysis or seismic analysis, 1.14) (6) No fatigue assessment is normally required for building structures except in the following eases : a) members supporting lifting appliances or rolling loads, b)_ members subject to repeated stress cycles from vibrating machinery, c)_ members subject to wind-induced oscillations, d)_ members subject to crowd-induced oscillations. For those fatigue problems the chapter 9 of Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 (Ref. 2) should be consulted. 1c.2 Definition of the braced frames and non-sway frames {525.100} (1) All structures shall have sufficient stiffness to resist to the horizontal forces and to limit Jateral sway. This may be supplied by: a) the sway stiffness of the bracing systems, which may be : + triangulated frames = Tigid jointed frames shear walls, cores and the like b) the sway stiffness of the frames, which may be supplied by one or more of the following : triangulation stiffness of the connections cantilever columns {Amex 1] Semi-rigid connections may be used, provided that they can be demonstrated to provide sufficient reliable rotational stiffness (see (69.1}) to satisfy the requirements for sway-mode frame stability (see (52). 7(Rel_ECF for non-sway buildings = 1 Trtvoduction 1 (2) Framing for resistance to the horizontal loads and to sway. Two examples are given in table 13: 52531) a). typical example of a frame with "bracing system’, which could be sufficiently stift : for the frame to be classified as a "braced frame” . and, to assume that all in-plane horizontal loads are resisted by the bracing system. 5253 2) ‘The criterion of classification as braced or unbraced frames is explained in chapter T.g.1.1. 52520) b) example of an unbraced frame which could have sufficiently stiff moment-resisting joints between the beams and the columns : . for the frame to be classified as a "non-sway frame" . and, to neglect any additional internal forces or moments arising from in-plane horizontal displacements of the nodes of the frame. 15252)0) ‘The criteria of classification as sway or non-sway frames are detailed in chapter Vg.12. (Anes | Pable 13 Definition of framing for horizontal loads 1) With bracing system : TTT W — te — SZ] —- it _*, i a, = — 2 Sy — + — — tb ican —_— —- (Zab a pail La —_ — FRAMEWITH BRACING = BRACEDFRAME + BRACING SYSTEM it it 38Ret EC 3 for non-sway buildings Introduction Le.3 Summary of| chapter I the table of contents - Limit States (SLS, ULS), design requirements; ‘ flow-chart about elastic global analysis of steel frames according to EC 3. . Scope, definitions; * tables of SLS and ULS checks; chapter: complete set of data of the structure chapter II ; determination of load arrangements and load cases for chapter LV : - Ultimate Limit States and, + Serviceability Limit States . frame design and, « SLS checks for frames (see chapter I.c.4), - ULS classifications of frames _. braced frame condition and, chapterV: cl chapter VI to IX: non-sway frame condition lassification of cross-sections at Ultimate Limit States SLS checks for beams (see chapter .c.4). - ULS checks of members (beams and columns, ...) submitted to internal forces and moments (N, V, M) considering the resistance of cross- sections, the overall buckling of members (buckling, lateral-torsional buckling) and local effects (shear buckling of webs (V)): see chapter Le.5. chapterX : . ULS checks of local effects: resistance of webs to transverse forces F (yield criterion, crushing, crippling, local buckling, flange induced buckling): see chapter L.c.3 chapter XI ULS and SLS checks of connections. chapter XI: design of steel bracing system Le.4 Checks at Serviceability Limit States (1) The table 1.4 presents the different checks which shall be fulfilled by beams and frames at Serviceability Limit States with references to the design handbook: Table 1.4 Checks at Serviceability Limit States ‘Type of checks| Vertical deflections Horizontal ‘Vibration of floors of beams. deflections of frames Beams Chapter VIILb.1 - Chapter VILb.2 L_Frames Chapter VIILb.1 Chapter IV.f.1 Chapter VIILb.2 39(Ref. EC3 for non-sway buildings -T Introduction } LeS — Checks of members at Ultimate Limit States (1) The following tables define the different checks which shall be fulfilled at Ultimate Limit States: ~ byall the members of frames submitted to internal forces and moments (N,V,M), ~ by all webs of cross-sections submitted to transverse forces F. Table LS © Member submitted to internal forces, moments and transverse forces v | FIR v )_ Neompression : M ee Neompresson Mion uh Fite sale, @ es B,DandE) C3: Areas without obstacles for 5.0 40 ‘moving people, C4: Areas with possible physical 5.0 79 activities C5:_Areas susceptible to overcrowding, | __5.0 40 Di: Ateasin general retail shops, 5.0 40 D__ | Shopping areas oe a 70 i ‘Areas for storage use including E | Areas susceptible to | librairies. ‘The loads defined beside accumulation of goods, | shall be tzken as minimum loads including access areas unless mote appropriate loads are 6.9 10 éefined for the specific case. THLb.2.2 Wind loads (We, Fy) Ref. 1, 24 6101) (1) The wind forces acting on a structure or a structural component may be determined in two ways: = as a summation of pressures acting on surfaces provided that the structure or the structural component is not sensitive to dynamic response (cq < 1,2), = or, by means of global forces. Ref. 1,24 92(1) (2) It is proposed in this handbook to present the simple procedure which may be used for buildings less than 200 m tall provided that the value of cy is less than 1,2. For values of dynamic factor cq sce the figure given hereafter. In all other cases the detailed method of Eurocode 1, (Ref. 1, 2-4, Annex B) may be used. 200 150 h 100 rolof : bn practical wm > inlerest f wi 50 Heigth h [m) 2» Breadth b {| 10 5 10 20 50100 61Re EC 3 for non-sway buildings - 1M Load arrangements and load cases 1 T1.b.2.2.1 Wind pressure (we,i) Ref. 1,24 34) (1) The met wind pressure across a wall or an clement is the difference of the pressures on each surface taking due account of their signs (Pressure is taken as positive, when directed towards the surface and is negative when represents a suction) (see table II.3). Fig. 5 TableUL3 Pressures on surfaces Ret. 1,24 - 52 (2) The wind pressure acting on : the external surfaces of a structure, We, shall be obtained from : form. (5.1) We = Gret Ce (Ze)-Cpe 53 the internal surfaces of a structure, wi, shall be obtained from : form. (52) Ww) = ret-CeC%4)-Cpu Rel.1,24,71 where qr — is the reference mean wind pressure determined from : Ref. 1.24, form. (7.1) Ret 1,24, form. (7.2) Ret1,24, 85 where ce(ze) Rot. 1,24, form. (8.8) 62 where Cpe where Ze ee = Vins where p _ isthe air density (generally = 1,25 kg/m?) , vet is the reference wind velocity taken as follows Voot = CDiR-CrEM-CALT Vref where Vrer9 basic value of the reference wind velocity at sea level given by the wind maps of the countries (Annex 6.A of Ref. 1), cpm direction factor to be taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified in the wind maps, Crem temporary (seasonal) factor to be taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified in the wind maps, Car altitude factor to be taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified in the wind maps. is the exposure coefficient for z =z, is defined by Ce(2—) = €7(2).c2 (2) + TK yp (2).c4 (2) where K,, ¢,(z), ¢; (z) are given for more details in (EC1, 2-4, section 8] For flat terrain (ie. upwind slope < 5% in the wind direction) , cy =1,0. For such conditions the exposure coefficient ce is given in the table 111.4, is the external pressure coefficient which depend on the size of the effected area A and the shape of the building (see table IIL6). is the reference height appropriate to the relevant pressure coefficient (see table ILS).[Ret ECS for now-sway buildings -Ill Load arrangements and load cases 1 Ref, 1, 2-4, 10.2.2(1) ¢) Buildings whose height h is greater than 2b shall be considered to be in Ref. 1, 2-4 ‘Table8.t Ref. 1,24 Fig 81 Ref. 1,24 Fig. 10.2.2 multiple parts, comprising: a lower part extending upwards from the ground by a height equal to b for which ze = b; and a middle region, between the upper and lower paris, divided into as many horizontal strips as desired and for which ze is the height of the top of each strip. and where cy; _is the internal pressure coefficient. For a homogeneous distribution of openings the value ci = - 0,25 shall be used. TableIIL4 Exposure coefficient c, as a function of height z above ground Terrain Category: T Rough open sea, lake shores with at least 5 km fetch upwind and smooth flat country without obstacles. Tl Farmland with boundary hedges, occasional small farm structures, houses or trees. IIT Suburban or industrial areas and permanent forests. IV Urban areas in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with buildings and their average height exceeds 15 m. Table ILS — Reference height z, depending on h and b wre % b =1,0 -08 0,5] +0,8/+06 | -03 For different shapes of the buildings, the values of cpe are given Ref. 1,Part 2-4, Section 10, IILb.2.2.2 Wind force (Fy) Ref. 1.2.4 61@) (1) The global force, Fy, shall be obtained form the following expression: form. (61) Fu = rat -Co(Ze)-Cf-Aret-Ca where qwrt — is the reference mean wind pressure (see I11.b.2.2.1), ce(ze) is the exposure coefficient for z = ze (see IIl.b.2.2.1), Ze is the reference height appropriate to the relevant pressure coefficient (see L.b.2.2.1), cy __ isthe force coefficient derived from Ref. 1, 2-3, Section 10, if available, Art isthe reference area for cr, ca is the dynamic factor. IILb.2.3 Snow loads (5) Ref1,23 (1) The snow loads are given by: form. (6.1) S=Hice-C1-5y where |; is the snow load shape coefficient, sk isthe characteristic value of the snow load on the ground (kN/mm?), ce _is the exposure coefficient, which usually has the value 1,0, ¢, isthe thermal coefficient, which usually has the value 1,0. 64Ret (23220) Ref. table 2.3 EC for non-sway buildings - 1 Load arrangements and Toad cases ] Ic Load cases (1) The following load cases are related to the general procedure to study structures submitted to actions (see flow-chart III.1 and comment (4) in chapter III.) all load cases are defined by relevant combinations of characteristic (unfactored) values of load arrangements (Fj). For each load case, design values (Eg, Sq) for the effects of actions shall be determined from global analysis of the structure submitted to the design values of actions (Fy = ‘Ys F,) involved by combination rules as given: - — in table IIL7, for SLS - in table IIL.8 and table ITL9, for ULS (2) In the case of the particular procedure defined in flow-chart FC 3.2 (see also comment (5) in chapter Illa), the characteristic (unfactored) values for the effects of actions (Ex, Sx) are obtained from global analysis of the structure submitted to each single characteristic (unfactored) value of load arrangement (Fx). For each load case, design values (Eg, Sq) for the effects of actions shall be determined from combination rules defined in tables IlI.7 to 11.9 where values of load arrangements (Fk =Gr, Qk, g, q, $, W, P) are replaced by the characteristic values for the effects of actions (Ek = (8y,8n, fk; Sk= (Ny Vy M, 0,.-)i0s For instance, in the case of the third example in table III.9, the general load case 1. (1.35.8 + 1.50 wx) should be replaced by the following particular load case |. considering the clemeats or the cross-sections with their worst effects of actions (for columns: axial force (N)y; for beams: shear force (V)and bending moment (M)x) and, their worst combined effects of actions (for beam-columnns: (N)k + (M)k; = max N=1,35 (N)j(due to gy) + 1,50.(N)emax(due to WE), = max V=1,35 (V)K(due to gx) + 1,50.(V)k max(due to WK), = max M=1,35 (M),(due to gy) + 1,50.(M)kmax(due to wy), - max N+ associated M, - max M +associated N, (3) In the following chapters IlI.c.1 and Ill.c.2, the proposed combinations of actions are simplifications adapted to building structures (for SLS, (2.34 (5)| and for ULS, (233.1 6). (4) If the limitations imposed at SLS and at ULS are difficult to be respected, more favourable combinations of actions could be used instead of the respective simplified proposals of table IIL7 (then see (2.3. (2)] of EC 3) or tables I1L8 and TIL) (then see [232.12] of EC3). Ifl.c.1 Load cases for serviceability limit states Table IL7 — Combinations of actions for serviceability limit states Qe- variable actions, e.g. imposed ES Le Qe loads on floors, snow loads, wind with all unfavourable variable actions (Qy) Toads 2 Vx +09 Q, Qemae the variable action which causes Eidod satibatiticns be eptitidered: Gy- permanent actions, eg. self only the most unfavourable variable actions (Qkemax): weight the largest effect The Toad combination which gives the largest effect (i.e. deformations, deflections) 1s decisive 65[Rel EC for non-sway buildings — I Lead arrangements and Toad cases HLc2 _Load cases for ultimate limit states Ret4 |Table IIL8 Combinations of actions for ultimate limit state table 2.1 Load combinations to be considered: G- permanent actions, e.g. self with only the mos? unfavourable variable weigtt actions (Qkmax): Q- variable actions, e.g. imposed ‘ cS loads on floors, snow load, wind Yo-ZGx #10-Qk max oaks L_135'.2G, +150" Qe mex - Qkmax the variable action which causes with all unfavourable variable actions (Q,): the largest effect YE DG +0999 DQ Yo- partial safety factor for permanent actions 2. 1,35. DG, +135". LQ “If the dead load G counteracts the variable action Q(meaning a favourable effect of G): f= 1,00 CEEPFEEEY windioadQ CETTE TE) ceadloadG “If the variable load Q counteracts the dominant} loading (meaning a favourable effect of Q) YQ- partial safety factor for variable actions Toad combination which gives the largest effect (ve internal forces or moment) is decisive Ret.4 |Table 1.9 Examples for the application of the combinations rules in table II1.8. table 2.2 All actions (g, q, P,§, w) are considered to originate from different sources cet tiidd s Toad cases _| combinations of actions teeter a 1 1,35.¢ + 1,50.q Etre i dy e 2 1,35.¢ + 1,50.s a a 3. 135.(g+q+5) oo 34 | 1 |135¢+1504 s 2. 1,35.g + 1,50.P*) (ayer rei ye. 2 1.35.8 + 1,50.s xX Ss @ 4. 1,35.(e+q+s+P") a CTT TT} 4 1 1,35.¢ + 1,50.w wy, HEE 2 135g +150.q 3. 1,35.g + 1,50.s E 4, 1,35.(g+q+wts) 5 dead load or imposed load P. Point load *) assuming P is independent of gq, sand w = snow load w wind load 66IV TEC for non-sway buildings - IV Design of braced or non-sway frame DESIGN OF BRACED OR NON-SWAY FRAME 67RE (5.120) 15120), Ret. 4 EC 3 for non-sway buildings - IV Design of braced or non-sway frame ] IV DESIGN OF BRACED OR NON-SWAY FRAME 1V.a Generalities (1) Frames shall be checked : at Serviceability Limit States: - for horizontal deflections (see chapter IV.f.1) , at Ultimate Limit States: - for static equilibrium (see chapter IV.b) , ~ for frame stability (see chapter IV.) - for resistance of cross-sections, members and connections (see chapter [V.g) . (2) When checking the resistance of cross-sections and members of a frame, each member may be treated as isolated from the frame, with forces and moments applied to each end as, determined from the frame analysis. The conditions of restraint at each end should be determined by considering the member as part of the frame and should be consistent with the type of analysis and mode failure, TV.a.1 Analysis models for frames (1) In general spacial frame structures may be separated into several plane frames that may be considered as laterally supported at the spacial nodes (see table IV.1, part 1.). In the first step for the inplane loading of these plane frames out-of-plane deflections between the lateral supports are neglected and only the inplane monoaxial action effects are determined. In the second step the individual members of the plane frame between the lateral supports, i.e. the beams and the columns, are separated from the plane frame, to consider lateral buckling and lateral-torsional buckling, under monoaxial bending and compression. Members which are common to two different frames, e.g. columns, may be verified for biaxial bending and compression (see table IV. 1, part 2. (2) Table IV.2 shows the modelling of connections in the global analysis depending on their rotational stiffness. TableIV.2 Modelling of connections ‘Type of connection | Symbols in the analysis | Designed for _| Design or detail criteria Pinned connection tension, ‘Small restraint t0 compression _| sufficient rotations or shear only ae — Rigid connection moment, shear, | Small rotations, cadets sufficient elastic moment Compression | and shear strength froman elastic | [~~~ or plastic global analysis 1 ' ca For semi-rigid connections see Eurocode 3, Part 1.1 (Ref. 2) @) Guidance on assumptions for reliable simplified modelling of buildings is provided in the Annex H of Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 (Ref. 2) whici is in preparation: "Modelling of building structures for static analysis" 69Re ECS for non-sway buildings - IV Design of braced or nom-sway frame TableIV.1 Modelling of frame for analysis, 1. Separation of plane frames from the spacial frame. idual members from plane frame: hq mana FRAME 1 Isolated beam Isolated column Pave 70Re ECG for now-sway buildings -IV Design of braced or non-sway fame IV.a.2__ Flow-chart IV : Elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway stecl frames according o Eurocode 3 (1) The flow-chart IV aims to provide a general presentation of the subject dealt in the present design handbook: elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway steel frames according to Eurocode 3. All the details are given in chapters II to XI of the hiandbook. (2) The flow-chart IV refers to other flow-charts: - _ flow-chart I about elastic global analysis of steel frames in general according to EC 3 (the flow-chart I is provided in chapter I). = flow-chart XII about elastic global analysis of bracing system according to EC 3 (the flow-chart XII and all the details about bracing system design are given in chapter XT) and, (3) The flow-chart IV is a part of flow-chart I which gives a general presentation of: ~ elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway frames (= flow chart IV = path @ of flow-chart I) and, - elastic global analysis of sway frames which are out of the scope of the present design handbook (= paths @ to © of flow-chart IV). (4) The flow-chart IV is divided in 3 parts: 1V.a.2.1 general patt (1 page) 1V.0.22 detail (1 page) TV.0.23 comments (4 pages) 1V.a.2.1_ Flow-chart IV general see the following page 1V.a.2.2 Flow-chart IV details see the second following page n(Ret TEC for non-sway buildings - IV Design of braced or non-sway frame Flow-chart IV ; Elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway steel frames according to EC 3 mu (General) Actions SLS checks and Classification of the frame . for ULS F (braced or non-sway frame) ULS global analysis of the frame a to determine the internal forces and moments (N, V, M) ULS checks of members submitted to internal forces and moments (N, V, M) ULS checks of local effects 72Re EC 3 for non-sway buildings - IV Design of braced or non-sway fame Flow-chart IV : Elastic global analysis of braced or non-sway steel frames according to EC 3 me (Details) Assumptions of the frame modelling Determination of load arrangements (ECI ard EC 8) ULS checks (Chap. 5) SLS checks (Chap. 4] Load cases for SLS [2341 Predtsign of members: beams & columns => Sectipns with pinned and/or rigid connections. | First order elastic global analysis of the frame => by, bn f, Frame with bracing system First order clastic global analysis of the frame submitted to hypothetic horizontal loads 1) with bracing system — => 8s 2) without bracing system => a ‘Choice of criterion of sway /non-sway, frame and Horizontal & vertical loads Braced frame\ $0.2 0 (5253.21 Global imperfections of the frame => equivalent horizontal loads (5.2.43) First order clastic global analysis of the frame for each ULS load case Non-sway frame Non-sway frame [5.2.52 zy Ysa 201 o YS cor how Ver First order elastic global analysis of the frame for all concerned ULS load cases: ‘either, laterally supported if braced frame f, without special lateral boundary conditions ifnon-sway frame wo Design of not fulitied 0 fulflied ¥ ot fulfilled ‘Checks of local effects (buckling and resistance of webs) [Chap.5.6ad3.7 anid Checks of connections (Chap. 6 end Annex setselthes 2BRet EC3 for non-sway buildings - IV Design of braced or non-sway frame J 1V.a2.3 Comments on flow-chart IV * Generalities about Eurocode 3: - All-checks of (ULS) Ultimate Limit States and all checks of (SLS) Serviceability Limit States are necessary to be fulfilled. ~ According to the classification of cross-sections at ULS (row 16; chapter V of the design handbook) Eurocode 3 allows to perform: plastic global analysis of a structure only composed of class 1 cross-sections when required rotations are not calculated (8.33 (4) oF, elastic global analysis of a structure composed of class 1, 2, 3 or 4 cross-sections assuming for ULS checks, either a plastic resistance of cross-sections (class I and 2) or, an elastic resistance of the cross-sections, without local buckling (class 3) o, with local buckling (class 4 with effective cross-section). (5212 (DI) _ In order to determine the intemal forces and moments (N, V, M) in a structure Burocode 3 allows the use of different types of clastic global analysis either: a) first order global analysis using the initial geometry of the structure or, &) second order global analysis taking into account the influence of the deformation of the structure (5212@l|- First order global analysis may be used for the elastic global analysis in the cases of braced or non-sway frames (row 15). [Senex H] 14 Assumptions of the frame modelling: examples are provided in the present chapter TV.a.1 and more details are presented in the [Annex H] of Eurocode 3 ("Modelling of building structures for analysis”). see chapter I.b.1.3 ; comments on row 1 of flow-chart I sce chapter .b.1.3 ; comments on row 2, 4 of flow-chart I, see chapter I.b.1.3 ; comments on row 3 of flow-chart I. see chapter I.b.1.3 ; comments on row 6 of flow-chart I. see chapter I.b.1.3 ; comments on row 7 of flow-chart 1. see chapter I.b.1.3 ; comments on row 8 of flow-chart I. * row 15: step of the ULS checks procedure the type of frame is defined as - braced frame and the first order elastic global analysis of the frame should be carried out for all ULS load cases, - oF, non-sway frame and the first order elastic global analysis of the frame might have already been done for all concemed ULS load cases when the criterion syVv hyA has been chosen (rows 9 to 13).Ref. (52533) 15253.) 3.24) TEC for non-sway buildings - IV Design of braced or non-away Frame: 1 The load cases should consider specific actions in case of braced or non-sway frames as provided in the table below. The global analysis of the frame determines the internal forces and moments (N,V,M) in the members. ‘The first order elastic global analysis of the frame should take into account actions| the vertical the horizontal the global loads loads imperfections of the types of frame frames (row 12) 1) braced frames (*) x xo 2) non-sway frames (°) x x x (@)_ braced frames are frames which may be treated as fully supported laterally by Notes: abracing system. (b) only the part of horizontal loads which are applied to the frame but not assumed to be transmitted to the bracing system through the floors. (c) no special lateral boundary conditions are considered in the frame modelling. * row 16: The classification of cross-sections have to be determined before all the ULS checks of members, cross-sections and webs (rows 18 to 21). *row17: see chapter L.b.1.3 ; comments on row 17 of flow-chart I * rows 18, 19, 20, 21, 22: see chapter I.b.1.3 ; comments on row 18 to 22 of flow-chart I. IV.b Static equilibrium (1) For the verification of static equilibrium, destabilizing (unfavourable) actions shall be represented by upper design values and stabilizing (favourable) actions by lower design values. (2) For stabilizing effects, only those actions which can reliably be assumed to be present in the situation considered shall be included in the relevant combination. (B) Variable actions should be applied where they increase the destabilizing effects but omitted where they would increase the stabilizing effects (7q = 0, in table IIL). (4) Account should be taken of the possibility that non-structural elements might be omitted or removed. (5) For building structures, the normal partial safety factor given in table HIL8 of chapter III apply to permanent actions (¥¢ = 1,0 if favourable actions). (© Where uncertainty of the value of a geomettical dimension significantly affects the verification of static equilibrium, this dimension shall be represented in this verification by the most unfavourable value that it is reasonably possible for it to reach. 15Ret 152534) (524.1 (0) 5.243 (1)) 16 ‘ECS for non-sway buildings - IV Design of braced or non-sway frame ] IV.c Load arrangements and load cases W.el Generalities (1) Load arrangements which may be applied to buildings are provided in chapter IL. (2) Load cases (see chapter IlI.c) may be established according to two procedures to study structures submitted to actions: - ageneral procedure presented in flow-chart [11.1 or, = a particular procedure presented in flow-chart I11.2 which is applicable for braced or non-sway buildings because such structure may be studied by first order elastic global analysis. (3) Two types of load cases shall be considered: - load cases for Serviceability Limit States and, = Toad cases for Ultimate Limit States. where differences are related to combination rules: - see table IIL.7 for SLS combinations of actions, - see table IIL8 for ULS combinations of actions. IV.c2__ Frame imperfections (1) In case of braced frame global imperfections are not necessary for the design of the braced frame itself but they shall be taken into account in the design of the bracing system (see chapter X11). (2) In case of non-sway frame global imperfections are needed for the design of the frame. (3) Appropriate allowances shall be incorporated to cover the effects of practical imperfections, including residual stresses and geometrical imperfections such 2s lack of vertically, lack of straightness duc to welding or lack of fit and the unavoidable minor eccentricities present in practical connections. (4) The effects of imperfections shall be allowed for in frame analysis by means o! = an equivalent geometric imperfection in the form of an initial sway imperfection 9 or, ~ equivalent horizontal forces according to table IV.3, either method is permissible, (S) As shown in table IV.3 the initial sway imperfections of a frame are directly proportionate to the relevant applied vertical loads of each load case. Therefore global imperfections of a frame should be calculated for each load case.(Re for non-sway buildings - IV Design of raced ornon-away Fame J TableIV.3 Global imperfections of the frame Initial sway imperfections 9 of the frame equivalent horizontal forces Red able 55 Fo oF Fi or Ett t ~ ~ O+F) 6(Fi+P) {52.43(4)] (6) The initial sway imperfections 6 apply in all horizontal directions but need only be considered in one direction at a time. The table IV.4 gives the numerical values for 4: (form. 6.29] d= ke ks Go] ieee where ° 200, = ]05++ $10 and , Ne k,=,/0.24++ < 1,0 where nis the number of columns per plane n, is the number of storeys {52430 (7) Only those columns which carry a vertical load Ngq of at least 50% of mean value of the vertical load per column in the considered plane, shall be included in ne. (5.2.43()] (8) Only those columns which extend through all the storeys included in ng shall be included in ng . Only those floor or roof levels which are connected to all the columns included in Ng Shall be included when determining ns. Iv.d Frame stability (52.61(1)] (1) Alll frames shall have adequate resistance to failure in a sway mode. However, where the frame is shown to be non-sway, no further sway mode verification is required. {5.2.6.1 (2)] (2) All frames including sway frames, shall also be checked for adequate resistance to failure in non-sway modes. 15261] () A check should be included for the possibility of local storey-height failure mode. 152.61 (4) (4) Frames with non-triangulated pitched roofs shall also be checked for snap-through buckling. 1Ret Ref. table 5.6 [2.1] B ECS for non-sway buildings -1V Design of braced or nom-sway frame 1 Table IV.4 Values for the initial sway imperfections number of columns} "=? ne=3 Te inplane number of storeys 1/200 1/220 1/230 1/240 1/280 Ts 1/240 1/260 1/275 1/285 1/335 n= 1/215 1/300 | 1/3is | 1/325 1/385 n= 1/300 | 1/325 1/345 | 1/355 1/420 a j 1/445 | 1/490 | 1/515 1/535 1/630 Ie First order elastic global analysis IV.e.l Methods of analysis (1) The internal forces and moments in a statically determinate structure shall be obtained using statics. (2) The internal forces and moments in a statically indeterminate structure may generally be determined using either: clastic global analysis plastic global analysis (3) Elastic global analysis may be used in all cases. IV.e.2 Effects of deformations (1) The intemal forces and moments may generally be determined using either: first order theory, using initial geometry of the structure, - second order theory, taking into account the influence of the deformation of the structure, (2) First order theory may be used for the global analysis in the following cases: braced frames, non-sway frames, design methods which make indirect allowances for second-order effects. (3) Second order theory may be used for the global analysis in all cases.[Rok ECS for non sway buildings IV Design of braved or non Sway fame ] TV.e.3 Elastic global analysis {52.13} (1) Elastic global analysis shall be based on the assumption that the stress-strain behaviour of the material is linear, whatever the stress level. (2) This assumption may be maintained for both first-order and second-order elastic analysis, even where the resistance of a cross-section is based on its plastic resistance (see chapter V about classification of cross-section). (3) In order to determine the internal forces and moments (N, V, M) in braced or non-sway frames, first order elastic global analysis may be uscd. (4) Following a first order elastic global analysis, thc calculated bending moments may be modified by redistributing up to 15% of the peak calculated moment in any member,provided that: ~ the intemal forces and moments in the frame remain in equilibrium with the applied loads and, = all the members in which the moments are reduced have class 1 or 2 cross-sections (see chapter V). (5) The load cases should consider specific actions in case of braced or non-sway frames as provided in table IV.5 (issued from comments on row 15 in flow-chart FC 4). TableIV.S Specific actions for braced or non-sway frames ‘The first order elastic global analysis of the frame should take into account actions} the vertical the horizontal _ | the global imperfections types of loads loads of the frame frames 1) braced frames ®) x xo 2) non-sway frames ©) x x x (52.53.n] Notes : (a)braced frames are frames which may be treated as fully supported laterally by the bracing system. (5.2.53 (5)]] (b)only the part of horizontal loads which are applied to the frame but not assumed to be transmitted to the bracing system through the floors. (c)no special lateral boundary conditions are considered in the frame modellin| (©) In case of first order elastic global analysis the principle of superposition is applicable because the effects of actions (E, S) are linear functions of the applied actions (F = G, Q, ) (no P-A effects and used material with an elastic linear behaviour). The principle of superposition allows to consider a particular procedure to study structure submitted to actions. This procedure illustrated in flow-chart FC 3.2 could be more practical because it should simplify the decision of which load case gives the worst effect (see chapter III). For each single characteristic (unfactored) value of load arrangement (Fi) the global analysis of the structure determines characteristic (unfactored) values for the effects of actions : Ex = (Syn, fk 3 Sk = (N,V, My Oy Dk Alll load cases are defined by relevant combinations of the characteristic (unfactored) values for the effects of actions (E,;5;). All these load cases directly furnish the design values for the effects of actions (Eq = Sy,5h, f,.. ; Sd =, V, M, 6,...) which shall be checked at SLS (Cg limits) and at ULS (Rg resistances). Ive Verifications at SLS (1) The limiting values for vertical deflections and vibrations of beams are given respectively in chapters VIILb.1 and VIILb.2 (in chapter VIII about members in bending). 19Re EC 3 for non-sway buildings - IV Design of braced or nor-sway fame IV.£.1 ——_Deflections of frames [4220] (1) The limiting values for horizontal deflections of frames given in table [V.6 are illustrated by reference to the multi-storey and single-storey frame. wee43 [Table IV.6 Recommended limits for horizontal defections Multi-storey frame Single storey frame 81g 48 ha a ho Bishi /300 lu - Portal frame without 82

Class 4 element Class 4 element Class 4 element u with local buckling, swith local buckling (with local buckling Mae seo ble V3 (es) see table V.4 4(Ref. 0 u ECS for non-sway buildings - V Classification of cross-sections Flow-chart V.2_ : Calculation of effective cross-section properties of Class 4 cross-section Approximate method assuming all elements of the cross-section at Ultimate Limit States: the maximal compressive stress in each clement is equal to yield strength (1h). Type of loading on cross-section aN eae, Pion, ~~" Combined N+ Mt! Compression | “Bending ‘Nesp. | M. Leos We. | axial load and bending moment |"; ts (web and/or flanges) increas Ofly class. elem have effe Calculate effective section arca Aen (from table V.8) Caleulate of centroidal axis. eyy (with Aer from table V.8) ‘Bisymmetrical cross-section? 7 Calculate effective moment of inertia Ter Calculate the lowes effective section modulus Wet additional bending moment Combined (N+M) Toading(M ¥ 0)? ~for Nor (N,M) loading: Aefttt; tyy i ene ~ for Mor (N.M) loading: Wery : Wettz 0 " 85(Ree EC 3 for non-sway buildings - V Classification of cross-sections ay Vib Definition of the cross-sections classification 533) (1) Four classes of cross-sections are defined, as follows: + Class 1 cross-sections are those which can form a plastic hinge with the rotation capacity required for plastic analysis. + Class 2 cross-sections are those which can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have limited rotation capacity. « Class 3 cross-sections are those in which the calculated stress in the extreme compression fibre of the steel member can reach its yield strength, but local buckling is liable to prevent development of the plastic moment resistance. Class 4 cross-sections are those in which it is necessary to make explicit allowances for the effects of local buckling when determining their moment resistance or compression resistance, @) Table V.1 recapitulates the characteristics of each class of cross-section in case of simply- supported beam. @) The ultimate resistance of cross-sections and of members submitted to bending and/or compression, depends on class of cross-sections and is based on the following properties Gee table V. Distribution of stresses Cross-section properties | ULS partial across the section for ULS check formulas _| safety factors B34 % dase i ; Class 1 or 2 | ” full plastic distribution plastic properties (Wp1) mo at the level of yield strength 6346) - elastic distribution Class 3_| - with yield strength reached | clastic properties (Wei) Mo in the extreme fibres 633) ~ elastic distribution across the effective section taking Class4 | into account local buckling effective properties YM - with yield strength reached Ceti er Wer) in the extreme fibres. (4) When clastic global analysis is used, particular exemptions to these rules may be made for the following specific cases: 534) - when yielding first occurs on the tension side of the neutral axis, 153415) ~ when the cross-section is composed of class 2 compression flange and class 3 web. ‘Those exemptions are not considered in the handbook and reference may be made to Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 (Ref. 2). 86(Ref. ECS for non-sway buildings ~ V Classification of eross-sections Definition of the classification of cross-section P 9 9 ‘opt Global eee analysis Available of rotation | structures Class} Behaviour model | Design resistance | capacity of plastic hinge PLASTIC wat - acres full section ae 1 ea fy important or, oly f plas PLASTIC across full section 2 f fy limited Slastic ELASTIC across full section 3 y fy none elastic ELASTIC M across effective section r % none clastic 87(Ret. 15326) 15320) 15326)) 15326) 13320) 88 EC 3 for non-sway buildings - V_Classificalion of cross-sections 1 Vic Criteria of the cross-sections classification Vel Classification of compression elements of cross-sections (2) The elasiionion ofa crnse-secton depends onthe proponions f each ofits compression elements (width-over-thickness ratios of web or flange), on the yield strength of the material and on the applied loading. (2) Compression elements include every element of a cross-section which is either totally or partially in compression, dve to axial force and/or bending moment, under the load combination considered. (3) In case of combined actions (Nsg and Mgq), the limiting proportions for classification of elements are related to the position of plastic or elastic neutral axis (parameters ot or y in tables V.3 and Y.4); that position depends on the stresscs distribution across the section in equilibrium with the applied design values of (NSd, MSd). Therefore the classification of an element or a cross-section may be different according to the considered combination of actions (N, M). (4) In case of elements submitted to tension (Nteasion) local buckling is not expected and the concerned elements shall be class 1. Vuc.2 Classification of cross-sections (1) The various compression elements in a cross-section (such as a web or a flange) can, in general, be in different classes. (2) A cross-section is normally classified by quoting the highest (least favourable) class of its ‘compression elements. (3) Alternatively the classification of a cross-section may be defined by quoting both the flange classification and the web classification. For instance, the compression flange of an I-section may be class 1 and its web may be class 3. Then this I-section is class 3. But this I-section may also be defined by quoting its class | compression flange and its class 3 web. ) The determinant dimensions of cross-sections for classification are provided in table V.2. (5) In case of I or H cross-sections, T-sections and channels ( [ ), the limiting proportions for classification of elements (webs and flanges) are given : - in table V.3, for class 1 and 2 - in table V4, for class 3 © In case of rectangular and square hollow sections the limiting proportions for classification of internal flanges are given in table V.6 for class 1, 2 and 3. For classification of webs of these sections reference may be made to tables V.3 and V.4. (1) In case of angles and tubular sections the limiting proportions for classification of elements are given in table V.7 for class 1, 2 and 3.Re 153.206) (53.46) 63201 53.) EC3 for non-sway buildings - V_ Classification of cross-sections ] V.c.3 Properties of class 4 effective cross-sections (1) An element of a cross-section (as such a web or a flange) which fails to satisfy the limits for class 3 should be taken as class 4. The limiting proportions for class 3 compression elements should be obtained from tables V.4, V.6 or V.7. (@) When any of the compression elements of a cross-section is class 4 the cross-section shall be designed as a class 4 cross-section. @) Effective widths may be used in class 4 cross-sections to make the necessary allowances for reductions in resistance due to the effects of local buckling, @) The effective cross-section properties of class 4 cross-sections (Aers en, Wetty, Wertz) shall be based on the effective widths of the compression elements. The flow-chart V.2 presents an approximate method to determine the effective cross-section properties assuming all elements of the cross-section at Ultimate Limit States : the maximal compressive stress in each element is equal to yield strength, fy. (S) The effective properties of class 4 cross-sections may be obtained from table V.8 or from Eurocode 3 (Ref. 2) for other cases. (©) In general the determination of the effective width of a class 4 element may be carried out as fellows (see (53.53) of EC3) : a) determination of buckling factor kg corresponding to the stress ratio y (see [table 332] and (ubie3.3.3) of EC3), b) calculation of the plate slenderness 2p ; given by : inwhich t_is the relevant thickness of the elements, ke is the buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio V, eo = ovin fy in Nimm?), Vy bis the appropriate width as follows : for webs, for internal flange elements (except RHS), + 3t for flanges of RHS, for outstand flanges, bth for equal-leg angles, B=hor 2th for unequal-leg angles. ©) calculation of reduction factor p with the following approximation (fonts (5.11)) of EC3) : when Ap <0,673: |. when Xp >0,673: p= d) determination of the effective width bert. 89[Ref Ref. 53.565) 53.50) 35m) (310) 90 1EC3 for non-sway buildings - V_ Classification of cross-sections ] (7) For cases proposed in table V.8 the effective cross-sectional data may be determined as follows : a) calculation of Zpaccording to table V.8, b) calculation of p according to the formula given in V.c.3(6) ¢), ¢) determination of effective zones of class 4 clements according to table V.8. (8) It is important to mention that only class 4 compression elements (web and/or flange) shall have effective width. For instance, HEA 500 cross-section in $ 460 steel grade subject to uniform compression, has a class 1 flange and a class 4 web; therefore the effective area (Acgi) issued from table V.8 is composed of full flanges and an effective web. (9) Where the stresses Gsg from effective cross-sectional data are less than fy, the plate slenderness Xp may be decreased by » which may cause an increase of the effective width. (10) Generally the centroidal axis of the effective cross-section will shift by a dimension € ‘compared to the centroidal axis of the gross cross-section. ‘This should be taken into account when calculating the properties of the effective cross-section. Examples are given in table V.10. (11) When the cross-section is subject to an axial force, the method given in chapter IX.d.1.4 ‘should be used to take account of the additional moment AM given by : AM=Ney where ey is the shift of the centroidal axis when the effective cross-section is subject to uniform compression (single N), N__ispositive for compression. vd Procedures of cross-sections classification for different loadings (1) Because elastic global analysis is used for braced or non-sway frames (see chapter IV.c), any class of cross-section may be used for the members, provided that the design of the members takes into account the possible limits on the resistance of cross-section due to local buckling (sce table V.1). (2) The class of a cross-section may specifically be determined according to the applied loading : = for cross-sections subject to compression, see chapter V.d.1, = forcross-sections subject to bending, see chapter V.d.2, = for cross-sections subject to combined (N, M), see chapter V.d.3. Vid Classification of cross-sections in compression (1) For cross-sections submitted to uniform compression (Nx,sd) two steps are required for classification: 1) if using the plastic compression resistance of the cross-section, the limiting proportions for class 3 sections shall be met for class 3 flange and web submitted 10 single Neompression? See tables V.4, V.6 or V.7; the cross-sectional area A shall be used.(Ref. ECS for non-sway buildings VW Clas 2) Vaz of cross-sections if an element of the cross-section fails to satisfy the limits for class 3 it should be taken as class 4, The occurence of local buckling in that element should be considered in calculating the effective cross-sectional area : Aegr (See table V.8). In the case of class 4 monosymmetrical cross-section the shift of the relevant centroidal axis (ey) should also be calculated. Classification of cross-section in bending (1) For cross-sections submitted to bending moments (My.sa, M;.sa) three steps are required for classification : 1) 2) 3) v3 (1) For cross-sections submitted to comt if using the plastic moment resistance of the cross-section, the limiting proportionsfor class 2 sections shall be met for class 2 flange and web submitted to bending moments (single My.sa and/or single M,,sq) : see tables V.3, V.6 or V.7; the plastic section modulus W,y shall be used. if using the elastic moment resistance of the cross-section, the limiting proportions for class 3 sections shall be met for class 3 flange and web submitted to bending ‘moments (single Mysa and/or single M; sq) : see tables V.4, V.6 or V.7; the clastic section modulus Wai shall be used. if an element of the cross-section fails to satisfy the limits for class 3 sections it should be taken as class 4. The occurence of local buckling in that element should be considered in calculating the effective section modulus of the cross-section when subject only to bending moment about the relevant axis (Weery from single Mya; Wettz from single M, sa) (see table V.8). Classification of cross-sections in combined (N,M) ied axial load (Nx sa) and bending moments (My.sd, Mr,sq) three steps are required for classification: y 2) 3) if using the plastic moment resistance of the cross-section, the limiting proportions for class 2 sections shall be met for class 2 flange and web submitted to combined axial load and bending moments ((Neampresion OF Neetion) and (My.sq and/or M, 54)) : see table V.3, V.6 or V.7; the cross-sectional area A and the plastic section modulus Wi shall be used. if using the elastic moment resistance of the cross-section, the limiting proportions for class 3 sections shall be met for class 3 flange and web submitted to combined axial load and bending moments ((Neompression OF Nrevtin) and (My sa and/or M, sa)) : see table V.4, V.6 or V.7; the cross-sectional area A and the clastic section modulus Way shall be used. if an element of the cross-section fails to satisfy the limits for class 3 sections it should be taken as class 4. The occurence of local buckling in that element should be considered in calculating the effective section properties (see table V.8) : - Aerr: the effective area of the cross-section subject to uniform compression (single Nx.sa): - en (Seny, end: the shift of the relevant centroidal axis when the cross- section is subject to uniform compression (single Nx.sq); in the case of class 4 monosymmetrical cross-section - Weer (=Weity, Wertz) : the effective section modulus of the cross-section when subject only to bending moment about the relevant axis (single My.sa, single Mz sa). 1[Ref 2 "ECG for non-sway buildings - V Classification of cross-sections ] (2) Difficulties are met to determine immediately the class of an element submitted 10 combined (N, M) loading because the classification depends on the design values of the applied axial load Nsq and the bending moment Mga which are obtained from global analysis of the structure. The limiting proportions for classification are related to the position of plastic or elastic neutral axis (parameters ot or y); that position depends on stresses distribution across the section in equilibrium with those design values of (Nsq, Mga). Therefore the classification of an element or a cross-section may be different according to the considered combination of actions (N, M). ‘Then assumptions of class should be tried and verified with the results issued from the global analysis. (3) The class of cross-section submitted to combined (Ngd, Mga) loading could simply be determined in taking into account more severe loading which allows an easier evaluation of the elements class. If the limiting proportions are met and correspond to a satisfying class, complex calculations (positioning of neutral axis) should have been avoided, Two examples illustrate this proposal : - in case of web submitted 0 Neompression and My,sa, it is easier to classify firstly the web submitted to Neompression.(See tables V.4, V.6 or V.7), - _ in case of web submitted to Nyension and My,sq, it is easier to classify firstly the web submited to single My.sq.(see tables V.3, V.4, V.6 or V.7). (4) In case of I or H-sections submitted to bending about major axis (My,sq) and axial load (Nx-sa)s the classification of the web may be determined with table V.9 by comparison of the applied design axial load (Ns. sq) with the given limiting axial load (in compression or in tension). ‘The table V.9 should be used (Ref. 9) + firstly by check of the limiting ratios between the applied axial load Nx.sq and the plastic load of the web (= Ay.f), to determine if the web is class 1 or class 2 (in this case the ultimate limit state is based on plastic distribution of stresses across the section); - and if limits for class 2 are not met, by check of the limiting ratios between the applied axial load Nx.Sd and the plastic load of the full section (= A.fy), to determine if the web is class 3 or class 4 (in this case ultimate limit state is based on elastic distribution of stresses across the section).(Ref. EC 3 for now-sway buildings - V Classification of cross-sections Table V.2___Determinant dimensions of cross-sections for classification + Webs (internal elements perpendicular to axis of bending)(see tables V.3 and V.4) : _axisot_. [Ta cy ~ Qutstand flanges (see tables V.3, V4 and V.5): ope ey eg TL Ci ‘, tJ = Internal flange elements (internal elements parallel to axis of bending)(see table V.6) : + Circular tubes and angles (see table V.7) : + h t a 4 i totpe ve | Uah-3 (= 4= 9) bending => Eb} Rolled sections Welded sections Rolled sections ‘Welded sections ebay ¥ Anis ot _{ hu elf, bending Rolled sections Welded sections * #) Fora welded section the clear web depth dis measured : . between welds for section classification + between flanges for shear calculations (see chapter VIII) For welded sections the outstand dimension c is measured from the toe of the weld. 93[Ref 94. ECG for non-sway buildings - V_ Classification of cross-sections Table V.3 Classification of cross-section : limiting width-to-thickness ratios for class 1 & class 2 I cross-sections submitted to different types of loading Types ‘Stresses. Class 1 Class 2) of distribution for ‘Web | Flange [Web | Flange loading class 1 & class 2 GS) eS | ws) les R| le R lle Neompression 33e sie 9 W]e R) 10e R| Ie My 128 832 Wo 9 W) 10e R] 1e Ri Me M, 2 a 9e WwW) We 120505]R]} Ide |12a>05]R] Ie 396€ 4568 co a-1 |)" 9% | Ba-1; Mj} le ae My |0] . y Ymo where Nya is the design ultimate resistance of the cross-section, A is the cross-sectional area of the angle (sec table VI.4) : ~ if unequal-leg angle welded by its smaller leg then A = the gross cross- section area of an equivalent équal-leg angle of leg size equal to that of the smaller leg, ~ or, in other cases (equal-leg angle or unequal-leg angle welded by its larger leg): A = the gross cross-section area of the angle, is the yield strength (see table 11.4), is a partial safety factor (see table 1.2).EC 5 for non-sway tuildings VII Members in compression VIT_ MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION (Ncompression) 113[Ref EC3 for non-sway buildings - VII_ Members in compression Vit MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION (Ncompression) Vila Generalities. (1) For each load case (see chapter III) the global analysis of the frame (see chapter IV) determines the design value for the following internal force which is applied to members in compression and which shall be checked at ultimate limit states: Zz Q) The flow-chart VII presents the general procedure to check members in compression at ultimate limit states (see the following page). (3) The table VIL.1 provides a list of the checks to be performed at Ultimate Limit States for the member submitted to axial compression (Neonpession)» A member shall have sufficient bearing capacity if all the checks (from (1) to ()(9)) are fulfilled. Several checks (from GB) to ©(9)) concern particular cases with specific conditions. All the checks have both references to Eurocode 3 and to the design handbook. 115(Re "ECS for non-sway buildings - VII_ Members in compression Flow-chart VI : Members in compression (Neempression) wate: Determine ULS load cases 3 4 5 | Class 1, 20r 3 en {Class 4 cross-section! é Calcllate the design compression 7 resisténce of the cross-section: NeRa, ‘Aett_and ratio Ba = Actt/ A ’ Bisymmetrical ’ cross-section? 7 0 n Calculate the shift e of centioidal axis: en, : 8 (Determine additional bending moment] AM=N. i to be checked with (N.M) interaction a oo . 1s 1 Class 1, 2.0r 3 cross-section | 1Class 4 cross-section! EE STEN PqRET aE 6 Calculate the non-dimensional stenderhess ratio Aol the member for each buckling anis: hy, Ae a 3| 9 : Determinelthe reduction factor x for each buclling axis: x,,%, i ow Ho fe the design buckling resistance/of the z ‘membe} Nore for each buckling axis: Noy.e, Nowra 3] 2 “Maltiply Noy.a and Nox ra by Ba Nsa $ min(Noy Ra, Niz.kd) 7 116(Ret. (544(1 [55.1.1] [Aanex G] [Annex G) [94.832] (554(5)) 15520) 55.46) 1652300) ECS for non sway buildings - VII Members in compression @) @ ©) (6) Table VILL List of checks to be performed at ULS for the member in compression Neompression) @ Axial compressive force xsa References ** General cases: (1) Resistance of cross-section to Nxsa: Nxse $ Nera (design compression resistance of the cross-section) VILec.1 (1) (2) Stability of member to Nusa? Nasa $Noge (design enue bucking resistance of the member) Vil.e.2.1 (2) and, Nxs¢ 0,4 (potential lateral-torsional buckling): interaction (Nxsa» AMy.ss, Mz) £1 where AMsg =Nx.su-€n (© additional moment duc to the eccentricity of the ‘centioidal axis of the effective cross-section, en) Resistance of net cross-section to Nxsa if angle connected by a single row of bolts in one leg: Nase & Nuke otign ubimateresitance of tenet eos sectin, Ana) considering the following cases for determination of Ape: ~ either, if unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg: Ager is the net section area of an equivalent equal-leg angle of leg size equal to that of the smaller leg, = or, in other cases (equal-leg angle or unequal-leg angle connected by its larger leg) : Ane _ is the net section area of the angle (checks ar © to be continued) VIL.d.1 (1) ‘VI.d.2 (1) VIlLe.2 (3) VILLd.2 (2) Vile.1.1(1) 7[Ret ECS for non-sway buildings - VII Members in compression Table VILL List of checks to be performed at ULS for the member in compression (Neompression) (© Axial compressive force Nx.sa * Particular cases: (continuation) (7) Stability of member to Nysa if angle connected by a single row of bolts inone leg: 165.230) NxsaS Noa sign texuat bocking resistance of die member considering te | Vil-e.1.2 (1) oss cross sectional aren of the ange, A) with Nyra S Napa (esign ultimate resistance of the net cross-section presented in @6)) (8) Resistance of cross-section 10 Nxsq if angle connected by welding in one leg: (6.6.10), ney Nusa & Nua (Gosign ulimate resistance of the erost-ssction, A) Vile.2.1 (1) considering the following cases for determination of A: = cither, if unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg: ‘A. is the gross cross-section area of an equivalent equal-leg angle of leg size equal to that of the smaller leg, = or, in other cases (equal-leg angle or unequal-leg angle connected by its larger leg) : A is the gross cross-section area of the angle ©) Stability of member to Nusa if angle connected by welding in one leg: ixsa S Nora (osign desural busting resistance ofthe membse considering the 66.100) Nese SNect Geta oe ciie cena) : Vile.2.2 (1) VILb Clas ication of cross-sections (1) Atultimate limit states the resistance of cross-sections may be limited by its local buckling resistance. In order to take into account that limitation the different elements (flange, web) of the cross-sections shall be classified according to the rules defined in chapter V. @) For cross-seetions submitted to uniform compression (Nx,s4) the classification may specifically be determined according 1o the procedure defined in chapter V.d.1. 18,Re ECG for now-sway buildings - Vil Members in compression Vic General verifications at ULS VUl.c. Resistance of cross-section to Neompression (54.4()] (1) For members in axial compression, the design value for the compressive force N,.sa at each cross-section shall satist Nena depending on classes of eross-sectio [Gass 1,2 or3 class 4 {fom (6.16)] Nysa SN, N, ae Batty een i xSd S Nerd De —— um tuo Yui where Ney is the design compression resistance of the gross cross-section, Npcra i the design plastic resistance of the cross-section, A is the area of the gross cross-section, ‘Aci’ is the effective area of the cross-section (see chapter V), ty is the yield strength (see table IL.4), ‘Yor Ywi1__are partial safety factors (see table 1.2). [344(5) (2) Fastener holes need not to be allowed for in compression members, except for oversize and slotted holes. Vil.c.2 Stability of member to Neompression (1) The stability of members submitted to concentrical compressive force shall be checked according to the following buckling modes : flexural buckling, torsional buckling and flexural-torsional buckling. Vilc.2.1 Resistance to flexural buckling (1) The compression members shall be checked to flexural buckling mode (buckling by plane bending) according to both principal axes of the section (major axis: yy; minor axis: zz) with the appropriate buckling lengths (Ly, Ly). [53.140] (2) For members in axial compression the design value of the compressive force Nx sq shall satisfy: Nora depending on classes of cross-section: Class 1, 2 or 3 Class 4 Wy AF, %y Act f [torm. (5.45)} Nisa Nips == vee i! YM Yui AE Me Aart Nxsa $ Neer * ae Tha Yat where NoygasNozray Nora are the design buckling resistances of compression member about y and z axes, and in general, Yorke are the reduction factors for the buckling mode about y and zaxes, A is the area of the gross cross-section, Act is the effective area of the cross-section (see chapter V), £ is the yield strength (see table I1.4), MI isa partial safety factor (see table 1.2). 119[Ret ECS for non-sway buildings Vil Members in compression {5.5.12() (3) For constant axial compression in members of constant cross-section, the value of % (xy, %z) is related to the appropriate non-dimensional slenderness 7 (X,.X,): T fom, (5.46) Q) , but XS] ety where = ost +a(K- 2) +77] , & is an imperfection factor (see table VII.2), depending on the appropriate buckling curve. ‘The buckling reduction factor x is given in function of X and the appropriate buckling curve in table VIL6. When % 0,2 flexural buckling is not a potential failure mode. Table VII.2__ Imperfection factors Buckling curve 9 a b c d Imperfection factor] 0,13 0,21 0,34 0,49 0,76 (A) The appropriate buckling curve of a member depends on the type of cross-section. For hot-rolled I-scctions the buckling curve also depends on steel grades (see table VIL.4). (5) The non-dimensional slendemesses (I,,7,) shall be taken as: ame aa 5 y r= hy =a VBafandlt. = 3% Ba where 41 is the Euler slenderness for bucking (see table VII.3), Ba isa factor considering the effect of local buckling if class 4 cross-section: Ba Aer | » for class 4 cross-sections. Ber for class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections, (Aya) are the slendernesses of the member: Hformn.(5.47)] where Lay, Ly» are the buckling lengths of the member about y and z axes, iy, i, are the radius of gyration about the y and z axes determined using the properties of the gross cross-section (Iy, fz and A), Table VIL3 Value of Euler slenderness Ay Steel grade s235_| s25s | s3s5_| sa | s460 Men. 93,91 86,81 76,41 10,25 67,12 120Ref ECS fornon-sway buildings - ViI_ Members in compression 531401] Table VIL4 Selection of buckling curve fora cross-section i Buckii Cross-section Limits Buckling for steel grades, is | $235 0 | aboutaxis | $233] $420 | S460 Rolled I-sections : | with h/b > 1,2 and +t) $40 mm yy a a FY b aw db a ag mea « 40 100 mm y 4 ‘ & Welded Tseetions: Vig t, <40 mm wy b Ea c f E YT it te 240mm yy c Ed d 2 z Hollow sections = . hot finished any a cold formed [+] 7 (asing fyy*)) any b Welded box sections: caaalyse mn 5 x (except as below) y a y-dte 4b y fn] thick welds and ee bite<30 yy c AL : it <30 a c tt. ‘Angles, channels, tees and solid sections : Fass * any c th iY T ff a) Ls 1 © Note: #) fy is the basic yield strength of the flat steel material before cold forming 121B15) 15515 @)) 583) 122 ECS fornon-sway buildings - VII Member compression © The buckling length Ly (Lp.y, Lp) of a compression member with both ends effectively held in position laterally may conservatively be taken as equal to its system length L; or alternatively, the buckling length may be determined using informative Annex E of Eurocode 3. Buckling lengths of columns in a non-sway mode are provided in table VIL.5 for different boundary conditions. Table VILS Buckling length of column: Ly Buckling Syste iia length Ly 2L L L. ~—_+ + }-—<—=p “ L = puoi Nya osL <--> ws (7) For angles in compression (Nx.sq) connected with appropriate fixity (at least two bolts if bolted) the eccentricities may be neglected if following effective slenderness ratios Xe are used to determine the design buckling resistance (Np,a) of compression angles. buckling about the vv axis: Ketey =0,35+0,72y Testy = 9,50 +0,7Ay buckling about the yy or zz axis: a a Tosa =0,50+0,7%, where 7y,Ay,2, are non-dimensional slenderness ratios respectively about vv axis, yy axis and zz. axis (axes are defined in table 0.1).Ret EC for non-sway buildings - VII Members in compression fae 5.2) = Table VIL6 Reduction factors = f(i) ft x % for buckling curve 20 a b c d 0,2 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 03 0,9859 0.9775 0.9641 0.9491 0.9235 0.4 0,9701 0,9528 0,9261 0.8973 0,8504 0,5 0.9513 0,9243 0,8842 0.8430 0.7793 0.6 0,9276 0,8900 0,8371 0.7854 0,7100 0,7 0,8961 0,8477 0,7837 07247 0,6431 0.8 0.8533, 0.7957 0,7245 0,6622 0.5797 09 0,7961 0,7339 0,6612 0.5998 0,5208 10 0.7253 0,6656 05970 0.5399 0.4671 Ll 0.6482 0.5960 0,5352 0.4842 0.4189 12 0.5732 0,5300 0,4781 0.4338 0,3762 13 0.5053 0,4703 0,4269 0.3888 0,3385 14 0.4461 0,4179 0,3817 0.3492 0,3055 15 0.3953 0.3724 0,3422 03145, 0.2766 16 0,3520 0,3332 0,3079 0.2842 0,2512 17 0,3150 0,2994 0,2781 0.2577 0,2289 18 0.2833, 0,2702 0,2521 0.2345, 0,2093 19 0,2559 0,249 0,2294 02141 0,1920 2,0 0.2323 0.2229 0,2095 0,1962 0,1766 21 0.2117 0,2036 0.1920 0.1803 0.1630 22 0,1937 0,1867 0,1765 0.1662 0,1508 23 0.1779 01717 0,1628 0.1537 0,139 24 0,1639 0,1585 0,1506 0,1425 0,1302 25 0.1515 0,147 0,1397 0,1325 o,1214 26 0,1404 0,1362 0,129 0.1234 0.1134 27 0,1305 0,1267 0,121 0.1153 0.1082 28 0,1216 0.1182 0,1132 0,1079 0,0997 29 0,1136 0.1105 0,1060 0.1012 0,0937 3,0 0,1063 0,1036 0,0994 0.0951 0,0882 Vil.c.2.2 Resistance to torsional buckling and to flexural-torsional buckling {55.11@)] (1) In some cases the torsional or flexural-torsional buckling modes may govern. Reference may be made to the Annex G of Eurocode 3 which is not officially available yet. 123,Ref. ECS for non-sway buildings - VII_ Members in compression VILd _Particular verifications at ULS for class 4 monosymmetrical cross-section (1) This chapter concerns monosymmetrical cross-sections (channels ({), T-sections (T) and angles (L): see table 0.1) which are class 4 in uniform compression. (2) Monosymmetrical class 4 effective cross-section subject to uniform compression induces a shift of the centroidal axis ey (see chapter V). An additional bending moment AM due to that eccentricity of the centroidal axis en shall be taken into account: 8350) [AMsa = Nisa €n} (3) The criteria presented in this chapter VII.d may be used for uniaxial and biaxial bending. VILd.L Resistance of cross-section to Neompression [544@] (1) For members of class 4 monosymmetrical cross-section submitted to axial compression, the design values of the compressive force Nx sq combined with bending moment AMsq shall satisfy in each cross-section: (54.83) interaction (N,.s4,4My sa-4M,sa) $1 where the interaction formala is given in chapter IX.d.1.4,, AMy.sa = Nx.Sd €Ny « is the additional bending moment about major axis due to the cocentricity of the centroidal axis y (eNy) of the effective cross-section subject to uniform compression Ny sd, AM; $4 = Nx.sd Nz. is the additional bending moment about minor axis due to the eccentricity of the centroidal axis z (ez) of the effective cross-section subject to uniform compression N;.sd- VIL.d.2 Stability of member to Neompression (1) For members of class 4 monosymmetrical cross-section submitted to axial compression, the design value of the compressive force Nx sq combined with bending moment AMsq shall satisfy: 55.46) interaction where the interaction formula is given in table 1X.6 (see chapter [X.d.2.2) AMy sé = Nx.sa ey (see VILA.1), AMz. sé = Ny.Sd Nz (See VILd.1). 5520] (2) If there is an eccentricity of the centroidal axis about major axis y (eny), then it induces an additional bending moment about major axis (AMy sq). In that case, if the appropriate non- dimensional slenderness > 0,4} (see chapter VIILe.2), then lateral-torsional buckling is a potential failure mode and a supplementary check has to be taken into account as follows = 5540) interaction (N,.sa+AMy.sa,4Mzsa) $I where the interaction formula is given in table IX.7 (see chapter IX.d.2.2) , AMy sd = Nx sa eny (see VILG.1), AMzs¢ = Nx sd enz (See VILd.1). 124(Ref. 15430) [652.300 (6523@) (6.6.10 39) [6.10 (3) EC for nov-sway buildings - Vil_ Members in compression ] Vie Particular verifications at ULS for angle connected by one leg (1) In these particular cases the effects of eccentricities in the connections may be neglected thanks to the following considerations of chapter VII.c. Those considerations should also be given in a similar way to other types of sections connected through outstands such as T- sections (T) and channels ([). ViLe.. Connection with a single row of bolts ViLe.L.1 Resistance of cross-section t0 Neompression (1) Angles in compression (N;.sq) connected by a single row of bolts in one leg may be treated as concentrically loaded with the following requirements: INxsa $ Nua| where Nya is the design ultimate resistance of net cross-section (see chapter VL-c.1). ViLe.12 Stability of member to Neompression (1) For angles in axial compression connected by a single row of bolts in one leg , the design value of the compressive force Nx. su shall satisfy: Nasa © Noa} but [Nora £ Nuka| where Npra is the design buckling resistance of the compression angle (see chapter Vil.c.2.1 (2)), where the gross cross-sectional area of the angle (A) is used, Nuxa is the design ultimate resistance of net cross-section (see chapter VI.c.1), where the net area of the angle (Aned) is used. Vile2 — Connection by welding Vil.e.2.1 Resistance of cross-section t0 Neompression (1) Angles in compression (Nx.sq) welded by one leg may be treated as concentrically loaded with the following requirements: N, Nural where Nua is the design ultimate resistance of cross-section (see chapter VI-c.2). ViLe2.2 Stability of member to Neompression (1) For angles in axial compression welded by one leg , the design value of the compressive force Nx.$q shall satisfy: Nasa $ Nural where Npra is the design buckling resistance of the compression angle (see chapter Vil.c.2.1 (2)), where the gross cross-scctional area of the angle (A) is used. 125EC 3 fornon-sway buildings - VIII Members in bending, VIIT_ MEMBERS IN BENDING (V ; M ; (V,M)) 127Re TEC 3 for non-sway buildings VII) Members in bending vu MEMBERS IN BENDING (V ; M ; (V,M)) Villa Generalities (1) For each load case (see chapter III) the global analysis of the frame (see chapter IV) determines the design values for the following effects of actions which are applied to members in bending and which shall be checked at serviceability limit states and at ultimate limit states : - ForSLS: vertical deflections (8,), + vibrations () - For ULS: separate or combined shear forces and bending moments : Mzsa \ Q) The flow-chart VIII presents the general procedure to check I-section members in bending at SLS and at ULS (see the following page). @) The table VIII provides a list of the checks to be performed at Ultimate Limit States for the member in bending (V; M; (V,M)). A member shall have sufficient bearing capacity if all the checks are fulfilled according to the loading applied to that member. For instance, in the case of loading ar ©, all checks from @(1) to (3) have to be satisfied. Several checks in the table VIII.1 concern particular cases with specific conditions. All the checks have both references to Eurocode 3 and to the design handbook. ‘The table VLIL.1 proposes the following loadings applied to the member: @ Shear force Vsa : Vy.sa or Vese ® Uniaxial bending moment Mga; Mysa or Mesa @ Biaxial bending moments (My.sa, Muse) ; My.sa and M..sa @ Interaction of shear force and uniaxial bending moment (Vsq, Msq ): (Vzsaand M,,sa) or (Vysa and Mzsa) © Interaction of shear forces and biaxial bending moments (Vsa, My.sa Mz.sa) (Vesa and My,sa) and (Vyq and Mz sa) 129Re ECS for non-sway buildings - VIII Members in bending Flow-chart VII: Design of | membersin uniaxial bending (V2;M ‘4My)) or (VysMz(Vy.Mz)) Determine the design shear forces (Vzsa ; Vy.sé) Determine vertical deflections 4 ‘and design bending moments (M;.sa ; MzSe) and vibrations from the global analysis of the structure 5 Deflections ‘Vibrations < mits Calculate Via.2a shear buckling resistance of the web) Calculate design bending moment resistance of cross-section Meni forthe class of the cross-section Seleetsronger section (CCatculate Mey.ka for the class of the cross-section ye 3 10 2 Consider Mvty.xa) (Calculate Mvoy.Ra reduced ) | 27 equal 10 Mesa by shear buckling Mysas in(Mey.Ra: Mvby.ka yer Calculate Mora design lateral-torsional (buckling resistance moment ‘Adopt section if both series ULS and SLS checks are fulfilled 130(Ret 46) (652240) (65. a (5.6.10) (5630) (545.10) 1545.1) 5520) 55200) 154.81) (54.82) 54.83) 54D] 654) bs401 (5520, 6520) 552] b34@] (5344) 554) EC3 for non-sway buildings - VII Members in bending, Table VIII List of checks to be performed at ULS for the member in bending according to the applied internal forces and/or moments(V;M;(V,M)) @ Shear force Vsa : References (1) Resistance of cross section to Vgq : Vee S Vpira (sig plate sear esistance ofthe cosecton) viata (2) Resistance of cross-section 10 Vzsa, if web with a group of fastener| table VIG holes near the end of a beam : ‘Visa S Vesta (design value ofthe effective resistance to Hock shat) Vild.1 3) ) Stability of wed to V.sa, if dty > 698: table VILT Visa $ Voard (design sheurbocking resistance) Vild.2(5) @ — Uniaxial bending moment Msq : () Resistance of cross-section to Ms: MsaS Mera (design uniaxial bending momentresisiance ofthe cross-section) | VII.e.1 (1) Q) Stability of member to Mysa. if Tur > 040: Ville (3) MysaSMpa (design ateral-torional bucking resistance moment of themembar) | VIILe.2 (4) @ Biaxial bending moments (Mys¢, Mzsa): (1) Resistance of cross-section to (Mysa, Misa): VIILf.1 (1) interaction (My.s4, Mzsa)S1, for class | and 2 cross-section | 1X.d.1.2.2) for class 3 cross-section 1X.d.13 (1) for class 4 cross-section 1Xd.1.4 (1) (2) Stability of member to (Mysa, Mu): VUILE2 (1) interaction (Mysa, Mzsa) $1, for class 1 and 2 cross-section —_| table IX.4 for class 3 cross-section table IX.5 for class 4 cross-section table IX.6 @) Stability of member to Mysa if Tur > 04 VIlLe.2 (3) MysaSMbra (design Iteration buckling resistance moment ofthe memve)] -YqIT.¢.2 (4) (4) Stability of member to (My.sa, Mzsa), if Kir > 0,40 (potential! VIlLe.2 (3) lateral-torsional buckling) : VIILE.2 (2) interaction (My,sa, Mzsa)$1, for class 1 and 2 cross-section table IX.4 for class 3 cross-section table IX.5 for class 4 cross-section table IX.7 131[Ref 647) b47@)1 5460) [65.22(1)) 16522) 145. (1)) 1545.1 2) B52 520) 547) [5.6100] (567201 5.6720), (5672.8) 132 EC3 for non-sway buildings - VIII_Members in bending Table VILLI List of checks to be performed at ULS for the member in bending according to the applied internal forces and/or moments(V:M;(V,M)) @ _ Interaction of shear force and uniaxial bending moment (Vsq, Ma ): If Vs¢ < 0,5 Vpipa then interaction (Vsq, Msq ) is not considered and checks nr © and nr © of this table VIL shall be performed, with the following check nr @ (6). If Vsa > 0,5 Vpira then interaction (Vsa, Msa ) has to be considered and following checks shall be carried out : (1) Resistance of cross-section to Vsa! Vesa $ VpiRa (design plastic shea resistance ofthe cross-section) (2) Resistance of cross-section to holes near the end of the beam : ts if web with a group of fastener Visa S VettRa (design value of the effective resistance to block shear) (2) Resistance of cross-section to Msg: MseSMexa (design uniaxial bending monteat resistance of the eros-sestion) (4) Stability of member to Mysa, if Aur > 0,40 : MysaS Myra (design ineral-orsonal bucking resistance moment ofthe membe:) (5) Resistance of cross-section to (Vsq, Msd): Mse S Myra (design plastic resistance moment reduced by shear force) (© Stability of web t0 (V-.s4,Mysa), if dit > 698: One of the three following checks ((6.1), (6.2), (6.3) shall be fulfilled : (6.1) IfMysaSMprq (sign plastic moment resistance ofeross-sestion wilt the Manges only) then Vzsa$ Viaze (Ucsign shear buckling resisunce ofthe web) (62) If Myse> Mcruand Vzsa £055 Vou then Mysa Mayra (design uniaxial bonding moment resistance ofthe eerste) (6.3) If My.sa > Mera and V;.sa>0,5Vsare then My.sq design moment resistance reduced by shear buckling (interaction (V,.su, My.sa)) and, My.saSMey.ra and, Vzsa < Voare References: ‘VIILd.1 (1) VIILg.1 (1) }ViI.g.1.1 (1) ‘VIILd.1 (1) table VIIL6 VIL. (3) Ville.1 (1) Ville2 3) VilLe.2 (4) VIILg.1.1(1) table VOL Vill. g.2(3) A VIL.d.2 (5) 1. g.2(3) B Vitle.1 (1) VIIl.g.2@) C| /ViI.g.2(3) C| VIL.e.1 (1) /VIL.d.2 (5)[Ref EC 3 for non-sway buildings - VIII Members in bending ‘Table VIILI List of checks to be performed at ULS for the member in bending according to the applied internal forces and/or moments(V;M;(V.M)) ® _ Interaction of shear forces and biaxial bending moments References : (sas My.siy Masa) + (547) |{If Vsa<0.5 Vpire then interaction (Vsz, Myse Mz.sa) is not considered | yitid.1 (1) and checks nr © and nr @) of this table VIIL.1 shall be performed, with the following check nr © (7). VItLg.1 (1) 47) |]IVs¢ >0,5 Vprea then interaction (Vga, My.sa, Mzse) is to be |VIIEg.1.1 (1) considered and following checks shali be carried out : (1) Resistance of cross-section to V- sai 54.6() Vasé S Vpira (design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section) ‘VIILd.1 (1) (65220) |[(2) Resistance of cross-section to Vsa, if web with a group of fastener | table VIL6 holes near the end of a beam : 6522@ ‘Vsi S Vested (desig value ore effective resistance to block shear) VIIL.1 (3) 155201 1) Stability of member to Mysa if Aur > 040 Ville2 (3) (552()) My.saSMbp.Rd__(Gesign latera-torsional buckling resistance moment of the member) | VITL.e.2 (4) (4) Stability of member to (My,s4y Mesa): VIILE.2 (1) ss4cn interaction (My.sa, Mzs¢) $1, for class 1 and 2 cross-section table 1X4 BS4@) siass 9 crnss-secil ea for class 3 cross-section table IX.5 for class 4 cross-section table IX.6 52 |/(5)_ Stability of member to (My se, Mzsd, if Zur > 0,40 (potential | VIlLe.2 Q) lateral-torsional buckling) : VIILE2 (2) 554@) interaction (My.sa, Mzsa) $1, for class 1 and 2.cross-section table 1X4 bs4@) for class 3 cross-section table IX.5 554) for class 4 cross-section table IX.7 (6) Resistance of cross-section to (Vsa, My sa. Mesa): Vil g.1.2 4a) interaction (My,sa, Mzsa) $1, for class 1 and 2 cross-section VII. g.1.22) 15482] for class 3 cross-section VUL-g.1.23) 5483] for class 4 cross-section VOILg.1.28) where design resistance moments are reduced by shear forces but limited by appropriate values of moment resistance according to : SA7G1 Mura (Cesign plastic resistance moment reduced by shes force), Vii. 1.1 (1) 4510) with Myga S Mend (design uniaxial bonding moment resistance ofthe eros-section), | VIHI.e.1 (1) 5434 (2) in other words, with Muy.na S Mey.na and Myz.na Meera (checks nr © to be continued)| 133Re 66.10)) 6.6720) 6.72.2) 15672) 21 [422] 0 4220 134 TEC 3 for non-sway buildings - VIlI_Members in bending a Table VIII.1 List of checks to be performed at ULS for the member in bending according to the applied internal forces and/or moments(V;M;(V,M)) © _ Interaction of shear forces and biaxial bending moments References : (Continuation) (Vsa, My.sas Mesa): (1) Stability of web (Vzsa, Mys¢) if dlty > 69€: table VIL7 ‘One of the three following checks ((6.1), (6.2), (6.3)) shall be fulfilled : Mera (design plastic moment resistance of cross.seetion with |VITI.g.2(3) A. the flanges only) (1) TE Mysa then VzsaS VbaRd — (design shear buckling resistance of the web) VIU.d.2 (5) (7.2) IfMysa > Mrraand Vzsa $ 0,5VbaRe .2.2(3) B then MysaSMey.Ra(Gesignuniaail bending moment resistance of we | VITL.e-1 (1) cross section) (7.3) IfMy,sa > Mrraand Vz.54>0,5Voara VIL.g.2(3) C then Mysa $ design moment resistance reduced by _| VIII.g.2(3) C shear buckling (interaction (V;.54, My sa)) and, My,sa S$ MeyRa VILe.1 (1) and, Vzsi S ViaRd VIILd.2 (5) VIILb Verifications at SLS VIILb.1 Defleetions (1) Stee! structures and components shall be so proportioned that deflections are within limits agreed between the clients, the designer and the competent authority as being appropriate to the intended use and occupancy of the building and the nature of the materials to be supported. (2) The deflections should be calculated making due allowance for any second order effects, the rotational stiffness of any semi-rigid joints and the possible occurrence of any plastic deformations at the serviceability limit stat. (3) The values given in table VIIL.2 are empirical values. They are intended for comparison with the results of calculations and should not be interpreted as performance criteria. (@) The design values for the vertical deflections (8,) (see chapters I and IV) should be lower than the limiting values given in table VIII.2. Those limiting values are illustrated by reference to the simply supported beam shown in table VIII.3.(Ref. Ref. table 42 Rel4 ‘able 4.1 EC for non-sway buildings - VIII Members in bending Table VIII.2 _ Recommended limiting values for vertical deflections Conditions Limits Sena 2 roofs generally L200" | 1/250 roofs frequently carrying personnel other than for maintenance 1250 1/300 floors generally Lps0 1/300 floors and roofs supporting britile finish or non-flexible partitions) 1/250 1/350 floors supporting columns (unless the deflection has been] 1/400 1/500 included in the global analysis for the ultimate limit state) * where 8max can impair the appearance of the building L250 - L-= span of the beam; for cantilever beams twice cantilever span Discharge of rainwater: slope of the roof less than 5% check that rainwater cannot collect in pools slope of the roof less than 3% additional check that incremental collapse cannot occur due to the weight of water Table VIIL3 — Vertical deflections to be considered Bax is the sagging in the Bmax = 8 +82 8p final state relative to the straight line joining the supports, 8 is. the pre-camber (hogging) of the beam in the unloaded state (state 55 0, Sx | 51 iS _variation of the deflection of the beam due to permanent loads (G) immediately after loading (state 1), 82 is _variation of the deflection of the beam due to the variable loading (Q) (state 2). 135RE EC 3 for non-sway buildings - VIII Members in bending. J VIILb.2 Dynamic effects - vibrations is31 (1) The vibrations of structures on which the public can walk shall be limited to avoid significant discomfort to users. (2) The design values for the effects of actions (vertical deflections (8,) and natural frequency (®) (see chapters III and IV) should be limited by the values given in table VIIL.4, Those limiting values may be relaxed where justified by high damping values. net 4 |[ Table VIIL4 — Recommended limiting values for floor vibrations Df 8, <8; +8 ‘Type of floor jowest natural frequency | limited total deflection | fe [Hz] 8) + & [mm] Floors over which people walk regularly 3 28 (offices, dwellings, ...) Floors which are jumped or danced on in a rhythmical manner (gymnasium, 5 10 dance hall, ...) 1 o [EL | AXE tHe etm f. natural frequency E modulus of clasticity I second moment of area OL span -om mass per unit length = & _coeificient of frequency of the basis mode vibration L, L i L \ a =9,869 a= 2237 4=3,516 a= 15,418 Ville Classification of cross-section (1) Atultimate limit states the resistance of cross-section may be limited by its local buckling resistance. In order to take into account that limitation the different elements (flange, web) of the cross-sections shall be classified according to the rules defined in chapter V. (2) For cross-sections submitted 1o bending moments (My.sg, Mzsq) the classification may specifically be determined according to the procedure defined in chapter V.d.2. 136(Ref. EC 3 for non-sway buildings - VIN Members in tending VIIL.d Verifications at ULS to shear force Vsq VIIL.d.1 Resistance of cross-section to Vsq [54.6 (1) (1) For members submitted to shear force the design value of the shear force Vs¢ (Vzse Vy,sa) at each cross-section shall satisty : IV sa SV, Ayo —| [form (3.20)) 28d > Vpi2.Rd = vz . 3 two Vy sa SV, sha sa Vora.rd = Aw Te where Vprzra+Vp(yRa are the design plastic shear resistances about z and y axes, Rope Aey are the shear areas about z and y axes, given in table VIILS, Bi is the yield strength (see table II.4), Yo is a partial safety factor (sce table 1.2). [54.6(] (2) Fastener holes need not be allowed for in shear verifications provided that: fy form. (5.21)] Avnct S| = JAy} fy where Ay is the shear area (see table VIILS), fy isthe yield strength (see table 1.4), fy is the ultimate tensile strength (see table 11.4). When Ay ne: is less than this limit, an effective shear area of (fu/fy).Avne: May be assumed. (6522(1)) (3) Near the end of a member with a group of fastener holes in webs the "block shear" failure shall be prevented by using appropriate hole spacing. ‘The design value of shear force (V;,sq) applied to the web shall satisfy : 0,6 fy A et 4 form. (3 Visa, SE Be set Ref. 4 form. (5.18) 28d ‘eff.Rd IM? where Verrna is the design value of the effective resistance to block shear, Ave. is the effective shear area (see table VIIL6), f, is the ultimate tensile strength (see table I1.4), ‘v2 __ isa partial safety factor (see table 1.2).Ref. 64.62) 138 EC for non-sway buildings - VIII Members in bending Cross-sections Loading Table VIILS Shear area A, for cross-sections Ay Rolled Tand H Load parallel to web *) A-2btr + (ty + 2rtf Load parallel to flanges 2bte + (tw +1) bw sections Welded Load parallel to web Ava= (h- 2t) tw Load parallel to flanges A-(N-2t) ty *)| Rolled channel sections Load parallel to web Avz= * A-2bty + (tw + Dt Rolled rectangular hollow sections of uniform thickness Load parallel to depth Ava=| Ah beh *)| Load parallel to breadth Avy =| Ab bth *) Circular hollow sections and tubes of uniform thickness SD) Plates and solid bars Note: #) A is the total cross-sectional area *)Re Rel.4 table 5.34 15.6.1 (00) 15.6.1(4)] EC for non-sway buildings - VAT Members in bending ] Table VIIL6 Determination of Ay.ner for block shear resistance = 1 L = Lr ‘ tt at oot fa Lv lv Ly aT. nT. ut faz us a LAY] |@ = t (Ly+ Ly +L - (ado) =50do Sa Sdo Sap t= web thickness n= number of fastener holes on the block shear failure path do = hole diameter VIEL.d.2 Stability of web to V..sa ad (1) If webs are submitted to shear force V, sq and if their ratio |—| exceeds the limits given in table VIIL7 then they shall be checked for resistance to shear buckling and transverse stiffeners shall be provided at supports. Table VILL.7 Limiting width-to-thickuess ratio related to the shear buckling in web Profiles Potential shear buckling to be checked if webs have ) For unstiffened webs = >69e Ht ry Ty. Tt b) For stiffened webs : x, >30eVk, ‘The value of ke is defined in table VIIL9 fy (Nimm?) zs | 275 [| 355 | 420 | 460 TF, | © GE S40 mm) 1 092 | 081 | 075 [ O71 2 (f40mm12 f - fyw 0,9 = 1,5 — 0,625hw a he Ta 2B fans 0,625) BB Ie (©) The web slendemess Aw should be determined from where e€ = 4{235/f, , given in table VIIL7, kz is the buckling factor for shear given in teble VIIL.9, where a isthe clear spacing between transverse stiffeners. Table VIIL9 Buckling factor for shear k, ald <1 21 = ' ' at 5 | 534 Veal | ke a 34+ | 5,34 \ ais Shes 140(Reker non sway buildings - VOT Members a tending 1 VIII.e Verifications at ULS to bending moment Msa VIILe.1 Resistance of cross-section to Msa (1) For members in bending and in absence of shear force, the design value of the bending moment Mga (My sa; Mz sa) shall satisfy at cach section without holes for fasteners : Mere depending on classes of cross-section : class 1 or 2 class 3 class 4 Wory fy Wey f Wetty f ssasaay | MysaSMo.na |= Myrna =—22 |= Morya =—2 > |= Matty pg =o Ywo YMo YM Weir f, Mrsa¢Mecna le Merane ® Ymo where Mera is the design moment resistance of the cross-section, Mead Mezra are the design moment resistances of the cross-section about major (yy) and minor (72) axes, Mpcy.rds Mpcza are the design plastic moment resistances of the cross-section abouty and zaxes, Mety.Rd> Megara are the design elastic moment resistances of the cross-section about y and z axes, Maty.kés Metter are the design effective moment resistances of the cross- section about y and z axes, Wooys Woe are the plastic section modulus about y and z axes, Wety. Wetz are the elastic section modulus about y and z axes, Wertyy Wer, are the effective section modulus about y and z axes (see chapter V), ty is the yield strength (see table 11.4), ‘YM. Yet are partial safety factors (see table 1.2). Rei _(2) Inthe presence of holes for fastener the following simple approach is proposed : 5.213) ~ no deduction of holes in the compression zone and, - deduction of holes in tension zone. Otherwise Eurocode 3 should be consulted in [5.4.5.3]. 141Re 52] 155218) B52 {fom. 6.48)) 142 ECS for non-sway buildings - VIII_Members in bending, VilLe2 Stability of member to Mya (1) A beam with full restraint to the compression flange does not need to be checked for Jateral-torsional buckling. (2) 1 and H-sections, channels, angles, T-sections and rectangular hollow sections are susceptible to lateral-torsional buckling in respect of bending about their major axis (Mya) but not about their minor axis (Mzsa). (3) For members with appropriate non-dimensional slendemess [Aut $ 0,40] no allowance for lateral-torsional buckling is necessary, The value of Xr is defined hereafter. (4) For laterally unrestrained members in bending, the design value for the bending moment about major axis (My sq) shall satisfy : Mb.ra depending on classes of cross-section class 1 or 2 class 3 class 4 Mysa< Mua mur Wory fy | _ aur Wery fy | _ xur Wort Yu Yea Ym where Myxe is the design buckling resistance moment of members in bending, Xuz _ is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling, Wpty is the plastic section modulus about major axis (yy), Wety is the elastic section modulus about major axis (yy), Weiry is the effective section modulus about major axis (yy) (see chapter V), fy __ isthe yield strength (see table 11.4), yi isa partial safety factor (see table 1.2). (5) The value of zr for the appropriate non-dimensional slenderness ALT may be determined from : sat ur =f Ar: vere = .5[1-+epr(Rer ~0,2)+ Kir] tr _ is the imperfection factor for lateral-torsional buckling; (ty should be taken as : ~ for rolled section oy = 0,21 (buckling curve ain table VII.2) = for welded section oy = 0,49 (buckling curve c in table V1.2). ‘The reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling yz1 is given in function of Aur and the type of section in table VINI.10.(Ret ECS for non-sway buildings - VIM Members i Tending: ] (6) The non-dimensional slenderness Aut may be determined from: Zur depending on the classes of cros class 1 or2 class 3 (55.20) Tur where Wory, Wetys Weiry are respectively the plastic, elastic and effective section modulus about major axis (yy), fy is the yield strength (see table IL.4), Mer is the elastic critical moment of the gross cross-section for lateral-torsional buckling, (7) The elastic critical moment Me, for doubly symmetrical cross-sections with in plane end moment loading may be taken as [Annex F] T (form. .5)] where Ci is a factor which may be taken from table VIII.12 using also table Vitl.11, E is the modulus of elasticity, Ls is the second moment of area about minor axis (zz), G1 =KL is the effective length for out-of-plane (x2) bending (see table VUI.11), L is the length of the member between points which have lateral restraint, k is the effective lengih factor for out-of-plane (xz) bending (see table VILLI), Ky is the effective length factor for warping (see table VIII.11), lw is the warping constant, k is the torsion constant. (8) Ina member with a system length L, each portion f, between adjacent points with lateral restraint, or from one end to the nearest point with lateral restraint, can be checked separately (see table VIII. 12). (9) For other types of cross-section and for other loading conditions on the member, the Annex F of Eurocode 3 should be consulted. 143(Ref. Ret. 4 table 5.25, Ref. 4 ieble $23, 144 EC for non-sway buildings - VIII Members in bending Table VIILI0 Reduction factor 4 =f(hyr) for lateral-torsional buckling Tur rolled sections (curve a) |welded sections (curve c) 04 09528 0.8973 05 0:92.43 0.8430 0,6 0,890 0.7854 07 08477 0.7247 0,8 0,7957 0,662 09 0.7339 0.5998 1.0 0.6656 0.5399 1d 0.5960 0.4842 12 0.5300 0.4338 13 0.4703 0.3888 14 04179 0,3492 15 03724 03145 1,6 0.3332 0.2842 17 0.2994 0.2577 18 0.2702 0.2345 19 0.2449 02141 2,0 0.2229 0,1962 21 0.2036 0.1803 22 0,1867 0,163 2,3 0.1717 0.1537 24 0.1585 0.1425 25 0,1467 0.1325 2.6 0.1362 0.1234 27 0.1267 0.1153 2,8 0.1182 0,1079 2.9 0.1105 0.1012 3.0 0,1036 0,0951 Table VIILI1 Effective length factors : k, ky, for different out-of-plane (x2) for different warping bending end conditions end conditions k=1,0 ky = 1,0 yO u dl 4-——¥, | «0s |f-—_¥ “ 4[Ref EC 3 for non-sway buildings - VIN Members in bending: Table VII.12 Numerical values for Cy and defintion of y + 075 05 025 025 05 075 1 145[Ref EC for non-sway buildings - VI Members in ending oq VIL Verification at ULS to biaxial bending moment (My.sa; Mz.sa) VIILf.1 Resistance of cross-section to (Mya, Mz.sa) (1) For members submitted to biaxial bending moments, the design values of both bending moments shall satisfy in each cross-section : interaction (My sa, Masa) © where the interaction formula is given : in IX.d.1.2 (2) for class 1 or 2 cross-sections, in IX.4.1.3 (1) (using N,.sq=0) for class 3 cross-sections and, in IXd.1.4 (1) (using N,,sq = 0) for class 4 cross-sections. VIIL£2 Stability of member to (M,,sa, Mzsa) (1) For members submitted to biaxial bending moments the design values of both bending moments shall satisfy : interaction (My sa, Masa) = 1], where the interaction formula is given : in IX.d.2.2( 1) (table IX.4) (using Ny 5 in IXd.222 (1) (table IX.5) (using Nx sa in IX.d.2.2 (1) (table IX.6) (using Nx sa =0) for class 4 cross-sections. 0) for class 1 or 2 cross-sections, }) for class 3 cross-sections and, (2) If the appropriate non-dimensional slendemess [ALT > 0.40] (see chapterVIlLe.2) then lateral-torsional buckling is a potential failure mode and a supplementary check has to be taken into account as follows : interaction (My sa» Mzsa) 5 I], where the interaction formula is given in : in IX.d.2.2 (1) (table IX.4) (using Nx sa=0) for class 1 and 2 cross-sections, in 1X.d.2.2 (1) (table IX.5) (using Nx sa=0) for class 3 cross-sections, in IX.d.2.2( 1) (table TX.7) (using N,.sa=0) for class 4 cross-sections. VULg Verifications at ULS to combined (Vsa, Msa) VOI.g.1 Resistance of cross-section to (Ve, Msa) [547@] (1) If the design value of the shear force Vzse £015 Vorz.ra and, Vy.se £95 Vory.re where Vprzrds VplyRa are the design plastic shear resistance about minor (zz) and major (yy) axes (see table VIII.13), no reduction needs to be made in the resistance moments. With this condition the design value of bending moment Msj shall be verified according to chapter VIll.e or chapter VIL respectively in case of uniaxial bending or biaxial bending. 146Ret EC for non-sway buildings - VIM Members in bending VIML-g.1.1 Shear force Vsq and uniaxial bending Mya 54.7) (1) For the resistance of cross-section submitted to combined shear force (V;,sq or Vy sa) and uniaxial bending moment (My s¢ or M,,sa) if the design value of shear force [¥sa20.5 Vora] (high shear) then interaction between shear force and bending moment shall be considered. In this case the design value of bending moment Msa shall satisfy at each cross-section : [form, (5.2291 [MsaSMvag] but [Mvri SMerd where My,ga is the reduced design plastic resistance moment allowing for the shear force (see table VIIT.13), Mera is the design plastic moment resistance of the cross-section (see chapter Ville.1). Table VIII.13 Reduced design plastic resistance moment My,eg allowing for the shear force. Applied bending moment Ifhigh shear: Vg > 0,5 Vprra My s¢ ,for cross-section with equal flanges: My se, for cross-section with unequal flanges: ys ig 2 Vysa Avy =|2— 29-1) with y, se wrest) inten =F for shear arees (Ay2, Avy), see table VILL. tw is the web thickness & is the yield strength (sce table II.4) YM is a partial safety factor (see table 1.2). W, Mosq; for any cross-section: Mics =(-p, ante = Wor, for class 1 or 2 cross- sections Yoo f, but My.zg $M.pay= Wer—~, for class 3 cross-section Yo f = Weg —4, for class 4 cross-section Ym where Wpy__is the plastic section modulus of cross-section. 2 1 r ith V, Ava fy 2 =) 2-1) wit 2Rd = ni PeRE ToS 147Re EC3 for non-sway buildings - VIII_Members in bending ] VIILg.1.2 Shear force Vsq and biaxial bending moment Msg (1) For the resistance of cross-section submitted to combined shear forces (Vz.sq and Vy.sa) and biaxial bending moments (My sq and M,.sa), if the design value of the shear forces Vsa>0,5 Verna] (high shear) , it is proposed that following interactions between shear forces and bending moments shall be satisfied at each cross-section according to the class of cross-section, (2) For class 1 or 2 cross-sections , the proposed interaction formula is : Ret. 4 bie 5.15 where Mvyraand Mvpa are the reduced design plastic resistance moments allowing for shear forces (see table VIII.13), ct and B are constants, taken as follows : - for I and H sections : a=2,B=1 - for circular tubes : a=2,p=2 - for rectangular hollow sections: a = B = 1,66 - for solid rectangles and plates: @ = B= 1,73 (3) For class 3 and class 4 cross-sections, the proposed interaction formula is : Mysa_, Mzsa <1 Myyra_ Mvzra where Myy.gaand My..rg are the reduced design plastic resistance moments allowing for shear forces (see table VIII.13), VOg2 Stab of web to (Vz.sdy My.sa) (1) If webs are submitted to combined shear force V,sq and bending moment My sq and if d they have ratio |—| exceeding the limits given in table VIIL7 then they shall be checked for resistance to shear buckling. (2) The interaction of shear buckling resistance and moment resistance is shown in table VIIL14 according to the simple post-critical method. 148(Ref. EC3 for non-sway buildings - VIMt Members in bending ‘Table VILL14 Interaction of shear buckling resistance and moment resistance with the simple post-critical method (3) The web may be assumed to be satisfactory if one of the three following checks (A, B or C) (according to the loading level of V,.sa and My sq) shall be satisfied : A) Ifthe design value of bending moment My sa $ Mr.ral where Mag is the design plastic moment resistance of a cross-section consisting of the flanges only; proposal for cross-section with equal flanges : class 1,2 or 3 class 4 f, - f, Mixa |= bt; (ht, = -[[orraon" ££) -((0~bea) t en) Yo 2 Yr where b, th are flange width, flange thickness, height of profile (see table 0.1), bet is the effective width of the compression flange (see chapter V), em is the shift of the centroidal major axis (yy) when the cross-section consisting of flanges only is subject to My.Sd- then the design value of shear force shall satisfy: Vasa S$ VbaRal where Vpag is the design shear resistance buckling of the web according to simple post-critical method (see chapter VIIL.d.2). 149(Ref. EC:3 for non-sway buildings - VIM Members in bending —] B) Ifthe design values of bending moment and shear force Mysa > Mera} and [Vzsg 50,50 Viera] » then the bending moment shall satisfy : Myst SMey.ral where Myra is the design moment resistance of the cross-section depending on classes of cross-sections (see chapter VIII.e.1). C) Af the design values of bending moment and shear force and [psa 0.50 Vind then the bending moment and the shear force shall satisfy the #hree following checks: where Mpcyra is the design plastic moment resistance of the cross-section : 7 Woryt phykd = 1wo and, [Mysa ©Meyra] . and, |[V2sa = Veaa| 150