Linear Algebra Sec.2.3: Characterization of Invertible Matrices Bishr Mamoun Iquelan Associate Professor Department of Mathematics, Blamic University of Gaza 2019-2020, Semester 2 hit ~~“ Invertible Transformations Definition A transformation T : R” + R" is invertible if there exists another transformation U: R” + R” such that To U(x) =x and Uo T(x) =x for all x in R”. In this case we say U is the inverse of T, and we write ees words, T(U(x)) =x, so T "undoes" U, and likewise U "undoes" T If T is oneto-one and onto, this means for every y in R”, there is a unique x in R” such that T(x) =y. Then T-1(y) =x. [TEP UES INE Sec.2.3: Charac. of imertible Matrices. 2 Semester, 2019-2020 2/7,Invertible Linear Transformations If TR” + R” is an invertible linear transformation with matrix A, then what is the matrix for T-1 ? Let B be the matrix for T~+ . We know To T~+ has matrix AB, so for all x, ABx = ToT 1(x) = Hence AB = In, so B= A+ hit ~~ The Invertible Matrix Theorem ‘The Really Big Theorem of Math 2341, Theorem (The Invertible Matrix Theorem) Let A be an nx n matrix. The following are equivalent. @ Ais invertible. @ANnI,. © A has n pivots. © Ax =0 has only the trivial solution. © The columns of A are linearly independent. © The linear transformation T : x -—> Ax is 1-1. @ For every b € IR", the equation Ax = b has at least one solution. @ The columns of A span R” © The linear transformation T : x —+ Ax is onto. @ 3C so that CA= Ih. ® 3D so that AD = In. ® AT is invertible. ‘$E0.2/3y" Chesraeev ot laveraste| MSEsRCcs ESIGN SE NTSC SO TTTThe Invertible Matrix Theorem Summary There are two kinds of square matrices: @ invertible (non-singular), and @ non-invertible (singular) For invertible matrices, all statements of the Invertible Matrix Theorem are true. For non-invertible matrices, all statements of the Invertible Matrix Theorem are false. Strong recommendation: If you want to understand invertible matrices, go through all of the conditions of the IMT and try to figure out on your own (or at least with help from the book) why they’re all equivalent. You know enough at this point to be able to reduce all of the statements to assertions about the pivots of a square matrix, Semester, 2019-2020 5/7 '$ec.2.3: Charac. of Invertible Matrices 2 Show that if AB is invertible, so is B. Proof Let W be the inverse of AB. Then WAB = / and (WA)B = I. By (10) of the IMT applied to B in place of A, the matrix B is invertible. Sec.2.3: Charac. of Invertible Matrices 284 Semester 2019.2020°/«6/7Determine if T is invertible. oR 2 gi og x+y 0 7:42 +R? ny 7([5]) = [547] + R2 eon = =| eels orn? +8 gry (']) = [252]. x1 x + 2x9 + 4x3 © T:R? — R3 given by T | |x. x1 + 3x2 + 6x3, x3 2x1 + 5x2 + 10x HW12: Sec.2.3 p117: # 1,2,4,5,7,11,13,14,15,16,17 @ YH $ec.2.3: Charac. of Invertible Matrices | 2%4 Semester, 2019-2020 7/7 Paar