RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

M. EUSEBIO AVENUE, BRGY. MAYBUNGA, PASIG CITY

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING:

“CERAMICS”

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Cagalitan, Neil Engr. Paul Adrian C. Manalang
Legaspi, Andrei
Mandapat, Leizyl

Section:
PCEIT-29-301P

Schedule:
S / 10:30AM-1:30PM
CERAMICS

 Compounds between metallic and non-metallic elements

 They are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides
- An oxide is a chemical compound made up of oxygen combined with at least
one other element
- Nitrides used in ceramics consist of nitrogen atoms bonded to elements such
as silicon and boron
- Carbides describe a compound composed of carbon and a metal
 The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics
that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass.
 Ceramic materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat,
and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals
and polymers.
 With regard to mechanical behaviour, ceramics are hard but very brittle.

Brief History of ceramics

26,000 B.C. Early man discovers that clay, consisting of mammoth fat and bone mixed
with bone ash and local loess, can be molded and dried in the sun to form brittle, hear
resistant material. Thus begins Ceramic art

6,000 B.C. Ceramic firing is first used in Ancient Greece. The Greek pottery Pithai, is
developed and used for storage, burial, and art itself.

4,000 B.C. Glass is discovered in ancient Egypt. This Primitive glass consisted of
silicate glaze over a sinite red quarts body and was primarily used for jewelry. The use
of ceramic coating continues today in many things from bathtubs to tail pipes of jet
aircraft.

50 B.C – 50 A.D. Optical glass (lenses and mirrors), window glass and glass blowing
production begins in Rome and spreads around the world with the Roman Empire.

600 A.D Porcelain, the first ceramic composite is created by the Chinese. This durable
materials is made by firing clay along with field spar and quartz. Porcelain is used in
everything from electrical insulator to dinnerware.

1870’s Refractory materials (able to withstand extremely high temperatures) are

introduced during the industrial revolution. Materials made form lime and MgO are used
for everything from bricks from building to lining the inside of steel making furnaces.

1877 The first example of high tech materials research is directed by inventor Thomas
Edison. Edison test a plethors of ceramics for resistivity, for the used in his newly
discovered carbon microphone.
1899 The American Ceramic Society was founded by Elmer E. Gorton, Samuel
Giejsbeek and Colonel Edward Orton Jr., The primary goal of this society is to continues
to be unlocking the mysteries of high tech ceramics

1960 With the discovery of the laser and the observation that its light will travel through
glass, a new field called Fiber Optic opens. Fiber optic cables allows light pulsed to
carry large amounts of information with extremely low energy loss.

1965 The development of Photo-voltaic Cells with convert lights into electricity opens
a new way to access solar energy.

1987 Scientist discover a Superconducting ceramic oxides with a critical temperature

if 92K surpassing the old metallic super-conductor’s critical temperature by over 60K. A
potential application of ceramic superconductors is in integrated circuits in new high
speed computers.

1992. Certain ceramics known as Smart materials are widely publicized. These
materials can be sense and react to variable surface condition much like a living
organism. For example, air bags in car are triggered by “Smart” sensor which intercepts
a pressure signal when the car is hit and transforms it into an electrical impulse that
inflated the bag.

Ceramic Crystal Structure

 Broader range on chemical composition than metals with more complicated

structures
 Contains at least 2 and often 3 or more atoms.
 Usually compound between metallic ions called cations and nonmetallic ions
called anions
 Boding will usually have some covalent character but is usually mostly ionic.
Classification of ceramic based on application

Traditional Ceramics

 White wares
 Structural Clay Products
 Brick and Tile
 Abrasives
 Refractories
 Cements
Advance Ceramic

 Electroceramics

- Electronic Substrate, Package Ceramics

- Capacitor Dielectric, Piezo Ceramics
- Magnetic Ceramics
- Optical Ceramics
- Conductive Ceramics

 Advance Structural ceramic

- Nuclear Ceramics
- Bioceramics
- Tribological (Wear-Resistant) Ceramics
- Automotive Ceramics

Traditional Ceramics

Made from three basic components: clay, silica (flint), and feldspar.

The clay in traditional ceramic provides workability of the material before firing
hardens and constitutes the major body materials

The silica has a high melting temperature and is the refractory components of
traditional ceramics

Potash feldspar, has a low melting temperature and makes glass when the
ceramic mix is fired. Its bonds the refractory components together.

A type of ceramic used in traditional applications such as construction, earthenware,

and glassware.

White wares

Made form components of clay, silica and feldspar for which the composition is
controlled.

Example: Electrical porcelain, Dinner china, sanitary ware

Structural Clay Products

Made of natural clay, which contains all three basic components

Example: Building brick, Sewer pipe, Drain tile, Roofing tile, Floor tile.
Brick and Tile

Structural clay products, manufactured as standard units, used in building construction.

A small building unit in the form of a rectangular block, formed from clay or shale of
mixtures and burned (fired) in a kiln, of oven, to produce strength, hardness, and heat
resistance.

Abrasives

Is a material, often a mineral that is used to shape of finish a work piece through
rubbing which leads to the part of the work piece being worn away.

A material often mean polishing it to gain a smooth, reflective surface which can also
involve roughening as in satin, matte or breaded finishes.

Refractories

Is one that retains its strength at high temperature.

Example: Klin linings, gas fire radiants, steel, glass naking crucibles.

Cements

Is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other
materials together; used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic
or non hydraulic; The most important uses of cement are as an ingredient in the
production of mortar in masonry, and of concrete, a combination of cement and
aggregate to form a strong building material.

Reference/s:

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering (5 th Ed.) by William Callister Jr.

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