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$ & % '" ( ")


* !!
>> " ( ")* +

,- .# "

-$

• /-
"
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*

- * '" +

• $ "

τ <<
δ / - δ / -
δ
, / -= "
τ
1
2 ( τ "
2 3 '

−4
& %5
* *
−4
≈ 4%%6 ≈ % / " 7 6 -
= % −4 4
/ τ = %− 5 4
-
δ ≈
3 " !! !
* 8 / τ
( % 4-

9 −4
& %
*
≈ 4%%6 ≈ % / " -
δ ≈ %5
3 ! ' δ ≈ %: "

!! " ! τ <<
' !! +
* " "
'" "
1
" (
/ %4 ; 4
- <( "" = τ= 4
* !
(

4- " +

/ -

τ
δ / - + δ / /- "
'# ! >

" " ! τ / ' -


" "
. " " >>
! << θ << , δ / -
δ
. = = / -
τ
δ

3 * '" + =∞
?- @" " "

# ( /- / 0- ( / - / -
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• .
8 * '" " τ << τ >> 4

,- A " (
-$ "(

• $"!
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.#
/ " ( - ( #
'
= γ

$ ( τ <<
γ = = τ
∈ τ

$ "( =
τ

2
γ B

2 3 "( ( = / -
2 = τ
2 . " " + 2
• .#
2 A ( =ρ τ
∈ τ

2 $ " =ρ τ
∈ τ

2 $ "( " ( = τ
∈ τ

• $ "
$ " =

= = = ρ
τ τ

4
-$ " ! #

• $"!
/1-
C C " !# /1-

δ " ( " "+


( " / 8 "+ " !
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1
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( !
# / ( + -
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2 " = / -
• D "

δ = ±γ
(

!
E ( ( + "

= ⋅


γ = γ
+ ∈ τ τ
+

τ
" !

=− ⋅

− ⋅ ⋅
−γ = −γ = γ

∈ τ τ ∈ τ τ
− −

:
, δ = γ ⋅ = ⋅
∈ τ τ
$ τ= γ
∈ τ

1
( τ= γ
∈ τ

3* τ= γ
∈ τ

• "!"
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2 A"
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F

3 " ! " ( "


+ C ' " + " C ( F
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" ( F
, δ =δ F+ ω ⋅
⋅ = F ⋅ F + ω⋅
$ = F + ω / = F ' 8 ! -
2 A"
/1- /1'- ' * '

= F +ω
$
τ= F τ+ γω
∈ τ
τ

• .#
2 $ " ! #
τ=
∈ τ

∈ τ
( + =
∈ τ
τ=
∈ τ

$ = ∈ τ

τ
2 $ " ! #
τ=
∈ τ

= =

=ρ = / + = = -

#
=ρ +ρ = +

?- A " !
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• $"!

! Σ ( / -
=
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3 " ! ( + ' * >>


+∞
δ / - =δ
−∞
+ ! >>
+∞
δ = =
−∞
+∞
, =
−∞

= δ/ -
/ ≈ # × -
• G " "
2 D! !! (
2 3 + 8 !!

9
-$ " ! #

• $"!
Σ

* *Σ
δ = ⋅

• $ ( !
Σ
δ

δ = δ
+∞ +∞
δ = ⋅δ = ⋅ δ
−∞ −∞
! >> δ ≈
+∞
$ δ = ⋅
−∞
+∞
, =
−∞

/ ≈ # × -

4- 1" !

τ = τ τ= γ
∈ τ

G δ = ⋅ τ= γ
∈ τ

= = γ
Σ ∈

δ = ⋅ = γ
! ∈

,- $"!
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3 " " ! ! " '


!

H
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= # ∪ "
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5
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δ ( = ⋅ / ( + -
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Σ

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4- / !! -

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@ + " ( τ /'
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! ! " !# + " +
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δ δ δ
= + I ( * ' ("
δ
#" (

J
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δ
• "
δ
= σ τ
σ / - ' # ( "
"!"
τ

#→"
" = #

# ( #
∂ # ∂ #
2 1" δ = τ $ σ =
∂ ∂
#

2 , (" " #
δ
• ! #
Σ

δ = ⋅
$ δ =− ( Σ
⋅ ) / M ! '
" -
δ
, =− ⋅
Σ

δ " "!"
• @ +
= σ τ− ⋅
Σ

4- ?

∂ / -
= τ= / - τ = τ
"

. ⋅ = ∇⋅ τ /! @ ;-
Σ

, τ+ ∇⋅ τ= σ τ

' ( + ( ' ( +

τ $ +∇⋅ =σ

%
1
2 ' +
2 3 ! " Σ

2 σ " /1- ∇ ⋅ " $ " /

-

:- ( (

• $"!
δ
' σ ≡% F 2*2 =
• ?

+∇⋅ =%

• .#
2 3 / M
0-
δ
δ = ⋅ $ = = ⋅
ρ "(
∂ρ
+∇⋅ = %

2 3 / " -

,- . '" +
-. +

* '" +
2 " // - / / -
2 ≡% *

-. " +

' (" ! " #


/ " # -

4- . +

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:- " '"( '

• # τ
! + ! '"
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• " ( +
+ ( " θ >> τ
3 < ) =* '" +
θ << τ ) +"

! ( +
! ( ' )
! ( ( +
" + " / " ' -

?- ! "( + "( +
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! #→ "
3 ! "( + ! (
+
• ! (
2 "→#

2 →− / ! # ( "-
• + " ! (
.# "
α β

" " α β
=
# α = β =% → " α =% β =
3 ! ( +
=9
# α =9 β =% → " α =4 β=4
3 ! ( ) +

# α & % 4
β =% → " α = β =
3 ! ( + ++ " ! +
" +

- @" "

3 "( + " ' ++ / ! !


"→# ++ " + -

4- "( + "

• D "
<! = ! #→ " / ' (
! #-
3 ! "* ' ( + +
.#

, ! /! # - (
' 8 , ' ( ( * ' !
* +
• A "
' " '"(
, → F= − 8 "
.#

θ θ
=− θ− 3 ! ' "( +
' !

E ! < +" = * '# $


∂ ∂
! / $ - (" ! '" − =% "( +
∂$ % ∂

4
+ " # * # "
!!" '" +

3 " (" ! '"



= &∇ B ! "( +

:- 3 "( + " +

.#
( !! + % → "( + "( +
/ "( + -
∇ '

* ' (
∇ '

+ ! # 8
" ! ' !
/ -( / + -
/ "( + -
% +δ
% +δ % + δ

! *( ! "( +
E ! "( + " !
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- ! '" +

! "( +
O * '" + ( #"

9- ' "( + "

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:
• " / (
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∇ $

3 " ( "" ( 2 8
"" ! "
(
• 1" '+ ( B
'!! "
• " * " " /C " C-
. " !
. " + ! " " " 0
P "" # '
( "( + "/ !
# ( + -

H- 3' "( + "

!! % →
! +
" / - ! Q "( +
! Q !
"( +

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