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IMPORTANCE OF WATER
*It has been proven that man can
survive for 3 months without food but
WATER SUPPLY cannot survive without water for 3
days.
SANITATION *The amount of water we consume is
equally important to the quality of our
drinking water

BRAIN
IMPORTANCE OF WATER 74.5%

*We need to compensate for the equal

amount lost in our body excreted in urine,
feces, sweat, skin and breath BLOOD HEART MUSCLE
*The cells of the human body are like 83%
82.7% 75.6%
small water tanks which absorb water for
its functions.

BONE
22%

WATER-RELATED DISEASES WATER AND DISEASE

• Water-borne diseases:
TYPHOID
DIARRHEA
FEVER • MICROBIC (caused by specific organism)
*bacterial (typhoid fever, bacillary
dysentery, cholera)
CHOLERA 80% URINARY *protozoan ( amoebic dysentery )
INFECTION
*helminthic (ascariasis)
*viral (poliomyelitis, hepatitis)
AMOEBIASIS GASTROENTERITIS
CANCER

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WATER AND DISEASE WATER IMPURITIES

• NON-MICROBIC (caused by the presence or
excess of certain chemical substances in
water)
*lead poisoning
*nitrate poisoning (methemoglobinemia)
*dental flourosis
*radioactivity in water
• PHYSICAL IMPURITIES - refer to the
inert suspensions of floating substances
that are carried by the water in its passage
through the hydrologic cycle
• CHEMICAL IMPURITIES - generally
dissolved or colloidal constituents of water
which account mostly for the color and
palatability of the water

WATER IMPURITIES WATER IMPURITIES

PHYSICAL IMPURITIES
CHEMICAL IMPURITIES
BACTERIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES
BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES
RADIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES
• BACTERIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES - are in the
form of bacteria that are either responsible for
the breakdown of complex substances, or are
parasitic or pathogenic or both.
• BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES - include
microscopic and macroscopic plant and animal
life other than bacteria present in waters
• RADIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES - radioactive
wastes

WATER IMPURITIES WATER IMPURITIES

• PHYSICAL IMPURITIES • CHEMICAL IMPURITIES
*Turbidity – caused by impurities in *pH *manganese
suspension *alkalinity *other metals
*Color – due to substances in solution *total solids *iron
*Taste *chlorine content *sulfate
*Odor *hardness *toxic substances

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CHEMICAL IMPURITIES CHEMICAL IMPURITIES

*pH – reaction of water (neutral pH = 7,
alkaline pH >7, acidic pH <7)
*alkalinity – represents the ability of water to
neutralize acids and thus measures its
content of such negative radicals as
hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates
*hardness – “soap consuming power”, soap
reacts with calcium and magnesium
present in water before bubbles can form
*chlorine content – remains practically
constant; any undue rise may be due to
sewage (urine) pollution. Excessive chlorides
may have purgative effect.
*iron –not necessarily undesirable, if present
above 1.0 ppm, it may cause staining.
*total solids – indicate total mineral content,
the higher the value, the more deposits will
be formed

CHEMICAL IMPURITIES WATER IMPURITIES

• CHEMICAL IMPURITIES (inorganic constituents)
SUBSTANCES MAX. ALLOW. CONC.(mg/l)
*other metals Antimony 0.02
Nitrates –the danger of nitrates to human health is Arsenic (As)
Barium (Ba)
0.05
0.70
limited to some infants under one year of age under Boron (B) 0.50
one year of age; the ingestion of water which contains Cadmium (Cd) 0.003
nitrates in excess of 50-100 mg/l may give rise to Chromium (Cr) 0.05
infantile methaemoglobinaemia Cyanide (CN) 0.07
Fluoride (Fl) 1.00
Fluorides – if present in drinking water in excess of 1- Lead (Pb)
Selenium (Se)
0.01
0.01
1.5 mg/l, may give rise to dental fluorosis in some Mercury (Hg) 0.001
children; if fluoride concentration in drinking water is Nitrate as NO3 50
less than 0.5 mg/l, a high incidence of dental caries in Nitrite as NO2 3
children is likely to occur

WATER IMPURITIES WATER IMPURITIES

• CHEMICAL IMPURITIES (organic constituents)
SUBSTANCES MAX. ALLOW. CONC.(μg/l) • CHEMICAL IMPURITIES
Aldrin & Dieldrin* 0.03
Chlordane* 0.2 SUBSTANCES PERMISSIBLE EXCESSIVE
DDT* 1 Total D. Solids 500 mg/l 1500 mg/l
Endrin* 0.60
Heptachlor and 0.03 Iron (Fe) 1.00 mg/l 1.00 mg/l
Heptachlor epoxide* Manganese (Mn) 0.4 mg/l 0.4 mg/l
Lindane 2 Copper (Cu) 1.00 mg/l 1.50 mg/l
Methoxychlor 2
Petroleum oils & grease nil Zinc (Zn) 5.00 mg/l 15.0 mg/l
Toxyphane 5 Calcium (Ca) 75.0 mg/l 200 mg/l
2,4 – D 30
2,4,5 - T 9 Magnesium (Mg) 50.0 mg/l 150 mg/l
*Banned Sulfate (SO4) 250 mg/l 400 mg/l
Chloride (Cl) 200 mg/l 600 mg/l
pH range 6.5-8.5 <6.5 or >9.2

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STANDARD VALUES FOR PHYSICAL AND STANDARD VALUES FOR PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL QUALITY CHEMICAL QUALITY
Constituent Maximum Level (mg/l) Constituent Maximum Level (mg/l)
or Characteristic or Characteristic
Taste Unobjectionable Hardness 300 (as CaCO3)*
Odor Unobjectionable Hydrogen Sulfide 0.05
Color 10 / 5 CU Iron 1
Turbidity 5 NTU Manganese 0.4
Aluminum 0.20 pH 6.5-8.5
Chloride 250 Sodium 200*
Copper 1 Sulfate 250
Zinc 5* Total Dissolved Solids 500

STANDARD VALUES FOR DISINFECTANTS

AND DISINFECTANT BY-PRODUCTS WATER IMPURITIES
Constituents Maximum Level (mg/L) • BACTERIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES
Chlorine 0.20-0.50
*BACTERIA
Bromate 0.025
Chlorite 0.2 *VIRUSES
2,4,6 trichlorophenol 0.2
*PROTOZOANS
Formaldehyde 0.9
Phenolic substances .001 *HELMINTHS
Bromoform 0.1
Dibromochloromethane 0.1
Bromodichloromethane 0.06
Chloroform 0.2

BACTERIAL INTESTINAL VIRAL ORGANISMS

PATHOGENS
• Strains of Salmonella • Poliovirus • Gastroenteritis type
• Echovirus Norwalk
• Shigella • Rotavirus
• Coxsackie Virus A
• Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli • Coxsackie Virus B • Adenovirus
• Vibrio cholerae • New enterovirus
types 68-71
• Yersinia enterocolitica
• Hepatitis type A
• Campylobacter fetus

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PROTOZOANS HELMINTHS
• Giardia • Dracunculus medinensis
• Cryptosporidium spp • Schistosoma japonicum
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Balantidium coli
• Naegleria
• Acanthamoeba

MINIMUM FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING MINIMUM FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING

FOR DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Source and Population Minimum Frequency Source and Population Minimum Frequency
Mode of Supply Served of Sampling Mode of Supply Served of Sampling
Level I 90-150 Once in every 3 mos. Bottled Once every 2 mos.
Level II 600 Once in every 2 mos. Drinking Water
Level III <5000 1 sample monthly Emergency Before delivery to
5000- 1 sample/5000 Supplies of users
100000 monthly Drinking Water
>100,000 20 samples plus 1
sample per 10,000
monthly

WATER REQUIREMENT WATER IMPURITIES

The minimum requirement as to
bacteriological quality of drinking water
should be as follows:
*Water must be free from E.coli or
thermotolerant (fecal) coliform
organism
• BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES
*Algae – small chlorophyll-bearing, generally
one-celled plants which live in water. When
present in large numbers they may cause
turbidity in the water and an apparent color.
*Protists – one-celled animals and are the
lowest and simplest forms of animal life. Their
effect is similar to algae.

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WATER IMPURITIES EXAMINATION OF WATER

• BIOLOGICAL IMPURITIES
*Fungi – non-chlorophyll plants and may
therefore grow in the absence of light. When
they die, the decomposition of their bodies will
cause disagreeable tastes and odors
*Actinomycetes – related to both bacteria and
fungi, these are responsible for earthy, musty
odors in water
• PHYSICAL EXAMINATION – to find out the
physical attributes of water: turbidity, color,
taste and odor
• CHEMICAL EXAMINATION – to measure
the amount of chemical impurities; enables
to assess the behavior of water in the pipes
and in the human body

EXAMINATION OF WATER PD 856 Section 11

• BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION – to find • INITIAL EXAMINATION

out if the water is potentially dangerous and
whether or not the kind and number of bacteria
present constitute a health hazard
• BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION – to determine
the kind and amount of microscopic life
• RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION – to
determine the radioactive contaminants in
water
The physical, chemical and bacteriological
examinations of water from newly
constructed systems or sources are
required before they are operated and
opened for public use. Examination of
water for possible radioactive
contamination should be done initially

PD 856 Section 11 EXAMINATION OF WATER

Examination Volume Storage Preservation Frequency
• PERIODIC EXAMINATION Bacteriological 100 ml 30 hrs Ice Daily for waters
Water from existing sources is subject to coolers requiring treatment
bacteriological examination as often as possible Chemical 2 li 72 hrs Ice Every 3 months
coolers
but the interval shall not be longer than six
months, while general systematic chemical Physical 2 li 72 hrs Ice Every 3 months
coolers
examination shall be conducted every 12
Biological 500ml (min) 1 hr 3-5 Weekly if seasonal
months or oftener. Examination of water sources
2 li (max) ml/100ml growths of planktons
shall be conducted yearly for possible are regularly occurring
formalin
radioactive contamination
Radiological 1 li Once every 3 months

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PD 856 Section 13
• To protect drinking water from contamination, the
ff measures shall be observed
 Washing clothes or bathing within a radius of 25
meters from any well or other source of drinking
water is prohibited
 No artesians, deep or shallow well shall be
constructed within 25 meters from any source of
pollution
 No radioactive sources or materials shall be
stored within radius of 25 meters from any well
or source of drinking water unless the radioactive
source is adequately and safely enclosed by
proper shielding
HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT
• Household Chlorination
• Ceramic Filtration
• Slow Sand Filtration
• Solar Disinfection – SODIS
• Flocculant / Disinfectant Powder - PUR
Purifier of Water™
CERAMIC FILTRATION
• Ceramic filters depend on mechanical
processes to remove contaminants.
• Users simply pour water through the
filters.
• Diarrhea reduction is 60-70% in
commercially manufactured filters in
conjunction with safe storage.
• Product cost is $0.034-0.14/liter treated.
• Benefits: user acceptability (ease-of-use),
long life if the filter remains unbroken, and
local production.
• Drawbacks: unknown effectiveness
against viruses, lack of residual protection
that can lead to recontamination, the need
for user education to keep the filter and
receptacle clean, and slow flow rates
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PD 856 Section 13
• To protect drinking water from contamination, the ff
measures shall be observed
 No person in charge with the management of a public
water supply system shall permit any physical
connection between its distribution system and that of
any other water supply, unless the latter is regularly
examined as to its quality by those in charge of the
public supply to which the connection is made and
found to be safe and potable
 The installation of a booster pump to boost water
direct from the water distribution line of a water
supply system, where low-water pressure prevails is
prohibited
HOUSEHOLD CHLORINATION
• Water treatment with chlorine solution at
the point-of-use, storage of water in a safe
container, and behavior change
communication.
• Users add one cap of solution to their
storage container .
• Diarrhea reduction is 22-84%.
• Product cost is US $ 0.01-0.05/liter
• Benefits : residual protection against
recontamination, acceptability to users,
ease-of-use, scalability, and low cost.
• Drawbacks: potential user taste and odor
objections, and lower protection against
some organisms and in turbid water
SLOW SAND FILTRATION
• The Slow Sand Filter (SSF) is a sand filter
adapted for household use. To use the SSF,
users simply pour water into the SSF, and
collect finished water out of the outlet pipe into
a bucket. Diarrhea reduction is 44-
47%. Product and program costs over a 10
year life span is 0.068 cents per liter treated in
one NGO program. Benefits include turbidity
removal, high flow rate, ease of use, long-life,
low maintenance requirements, and local
production. Drawbacks include unknown
effectiveness against viruses, lack of residual
protection that can lead to recontamination,
the need for user education to keep the filter
and storage container clean, and heavy
weight
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SOLAR DISINFECTION – SODIS
• SODIS uses increased temperature, UV
light, and oxidative chemistry to
inactivate disease-causing organisms.
• Users are trained to place bottles in the
sun for 6 hours-2 days, depending on
climate.
• Diarrhea reduction is 9-86%.
• SODIS is a zero-cost option.
• Benefits : acceptability to users (minimal
cost and ease-of-use); recontamination
is unlikely because water is consumed
directly from the bottles in which it is
treated.
• Drawbacks: need for pretreatment of
turbid water, limited volume of water that
can be treated at once, length of time
required to treat water, and the plastic
bottles supply required
HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT
OPTIONS
• Straining
• Aeration
• Storage and settlement (1 day)
• Disinfection by boiling (10-20 min)
The 21 Stages:
Multi Media Filter with Manual Control Valve (10”
dia x 54” L)
1. Traps Dirt and sediments from 200 down to
10micron.
2. Gravel Filter – filters solid particles of 200mic and
up.
3. Sand Filter – filter solid particles of 100mic and up.
4. Garnet Filter – filter solid particles of 50mic and up
5. Anthracite Filter – filter solid particles of 10mic
and up
Complete with tank riser and drain fittings.
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FLOCCULANT / DISINFECTANT POWDER -
PUR PURIFIER OF WATER™
• Procter & Gamble developed the
combined flocculant/disinfectant PUR® for
sale at no-profit to users and NGOs.
• Use one sachet added to 10 liters of water,
and stir, let the solids settle, strain the
water through a cloth, and wait 20
minutes.
• Diarrhea reduction is 16-90%.
• Product cost is 1 cent/liter treated.
• Benefits: high quality water due to dual
process treatment, residual protection
against contamination, and visual
improvement in the water.
• Drawbacks: multiple steps for correct use,
the need for users to have two buckets, a
cloth, and a stirrer, and the higher relative
cost per liter of water treated
21 Stages Water Purification System
3,000 GPD Capacity,
• Activated Carbon Filter with Manual Control
Valve.
6. Gravel Filter – filters solid particles of 200mic and
up
7. 10mic Micron Rated Carbon Filter
8. CTO- Color Taste and Odor absorption and
elimination thru backwashing.
9. Fine Carbon Silt – Removes residual chlorine
and organic matters.
10. Removes lead, mercury, chlorine, and organic
contaminants that cause foul color, taste and
odor.
• Lessen R.O. strain
• Help prevent R.O. biological fouling.
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Water softener with Manual Control Backwash and Brine Tank

(10” dia x 54” L)
11. Gravel Filter – filter Solid particle of 100mic and up.
12. Resin Beads attract hard mineral water and convert to
soft water.
13. Hard Mineral Absorption and elimination.
14. Gravel Filter – filter Solid particle of 100mic and up.
Ion Exchange – water conditioning in preparation for RO
process.
15. 20 Micron Sediments Filter – 20 Slim Blue Housing.
16. 10 Micron GAC Carbon Block – 20 Slim Blue Housing.
17. 05 Micron Sediments Filter – 20 Slim Blue Housing.
. removing any organic contamination during
18. Reverse Osmosis System.
* This stage is the heart of the purification
system.
* Eliminate 98% of hard minerals, retains 2%
good minerals.
* Produces potables drinking water with smooth
taste and color.
19. 5 Micron CTO Carbon Block Polishing Filter
* 20” Slim Housing Filter Cartridge Housing
* Assures the clarity, smell, & taste of water by
storage

20. 1.0 Micron Polishing Sediments Filter

* Ultra Fine Sediments Filtration that mechanically
separate particles larger than 1 micron.
* Assures that there are no suspended particles
presents prior to purified water dispensing.
*Assures the effectiveness of the UV Sterilization
Process.

21. UV System – 6 Gallon per minute (GPM)

* Stainless Steel Chamber
* Kills 99.99% bacteria, viruses and other micro-
organisms
*Final Process prior to dispensing.