Pof. Dr.

Raid AlKateeb

•Free Settling:-
if the particle is at a sufficient distance from the walls
and from other particles so that its fall is not affected
by them, ratio of particle diameter to container is less
than (1/200) or if the particle concentration is less than
0.2 vol% in solution.
•Hindered Settling:-
Particles are crowded, the settle at lower rate, the
separation of a dilute slurry or suspension by gravity
settling into a clear fluid and a slurry of higher solid
content is called “Sedimentation” .
Factors affecting zone settling velocity:
1. Suspended solids concentration
2. Depth of settling column (or tank)
3. Stirring ( 0.5 – 2 rpm to prevent “arching”)
4. Temperature
5. Polymer addition ( affects matrix structure)
Pof. Dr.Raid AlKateeb
predict
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Equipment of settling and sedimentation

1- Simple gravity settling tank

2- Equipment for classification

The simplest type of classifier is one in

which a large tank is subdivided into
several section
 3- Spitzkasem classifier (Spitzkasten Chamber )
Consists of a series of conical vessels and increasing dia. in
the direction of flow Spitzkasten gravity

4- Thickener
• RECTANGULAR BASINS
Rectangular basins are commonly found in
large- scale water treatment plants.
Rectangular tanks are popular as they tend
to have:
High tolerance to shock overload
Predictable performance
Cost effectiveness due to lower construction cost
Lower maintenance
Minimal short circuiting
Sedimentation tanks can be divided into 4
different functional zones:

1. Inlet zone
2. Settling zone
3. Sludge zone
4. Outlet zone

• CIRCULAR BASINS
Circular basins are often referred to as clarifiers.
These basins share some of the performance
advantages of the rectangular basins, but are
generally more prone to short circuiting and
particle removal problems
Tube Settlers:
One method to increase the efficiency or increase the capacity
of clarifiers is to install "false bottoms" in the clarifiers. For
example in a rectangular clarifier such a "false bottom" would
look like:
It will be assumed that particle settling velocity is
vertical (in direction perpendicular to the original
bottom of the clarifier) therefore the distance a particle
need to fall to be removed is increased by 1/cosq.
Where q is angle of incline.

If the false bottoms are replaced by a series of inclined

tubes turbulence is minimized (particularly lateral
turbulence) and the physical integrity of the false bottoms
is increased compared to long flat sheets. Hence the term
"tube settlers". Tube settlers are often used in retrofit
situations.