Water hammer

Design criteria :

H = 53.0 m Pump head

H0 = 194.0 m Static head
L = 7349.0 m Pipeline length
D = 500 mm Pipeline diameter = 0.500 m
t = 8.0 mm Pipe wall thickness = 0.0080 m
Qp = 900.0 m3/ h Total flow ( pump delivery capacity ) = 0.25000 m3/ sec

Pipe material :

1- water velocity in the pipe :

Qp = V x S

3.14 x D2 3.14 x 0.500 x 0.500

S= --------------------- S= ------------------------------------------- = 0.19634 m2
4 4

Q 0.25000
V= --------- V = ---------------------- = 1.27328 m/s
S 0.19634

2- Wave velocity :

1
a = -----------------------------------------------------
1 D
rx( Ewater + t x Epipe )

a : Wave velocity ( m / sec )

r = 1000 Kg/m3 Water density

Ewater= 2.05E+09 Pa compression elastisity modulus ( young's modulus ) for water ( pa = n/m2).
Epipe = 2.1E+11 Pa Tension elastisity modulus ( young's modulus ) for pipe material .( pa = n/m2)
g = 9.81 m/sec2 Acceleration of gravity

1
a = ---------------------------------------------------------------- = 1128.36 m/sec
1 0.500
1000 x ( + )
2.05E+09 0.008 x 2.1 E+11
3- Period of vibration :
2 x L 2 x 7349.00
T= ------------------ T= -------------------------- = 13.03 sec
a 1128.4

T : Period of vibration

4- Wave propagation :
Stage 1 : Depression wave
Stage 2 : Depression return wave
Stage 3 : High pressure wave
Stage 4 : High pressure return wave

5- Time of closure t:

Refering to the previous paragraph :

At stages 1 and 2 of wave propagation a depression persist at one side of check valve ;
so that the check valve still open at these stages .

This mean : t= T = 13.03 sec

T : Period of vibration
t : Check valve closing time .

But in reality ( t ) will be less than ( T ) because of pump and check valve inertia .

6- Maximum pressure variation :

If ( t ) is less or equal to ( T ) then the maximum pressure is given by the following formula :

a x V 1128.4 x 1.273
Dh = ------------------ Dh = ------------------------- = 146.5 m
g 9.81
7- Steady state head friction loss :

L V2
Dhhfriction =lx ----- x ---------
D 2g

l = 0.022 1/1 Friction coefficient of the pipe

L = 7349 m Pipeline length
D = 500 mm Pipeline diameter = 0.500 m
V = 1.273 m / sec Mean water velocity in the pipe
g = 9.81 m/sec2 Acceleration of gravity

7349 1.273 x1.273

Dhfriction = 0.022 x ------------- x -------------------- = 26.72 m
0.500 2 x 9.81

This pressure is supposed to be added to the static pressure plus the friction head loss :

Hmax = Hstatic + Dh hammer + Dh friction

Hmax = 194.00 + 146.45 + 26.72 = 367.2 m