Practical No.

19

Analysis of urine

Urine:
__Urine is the liquid produced in humans and animals through kidneys and are collected in a
blaader and excreted through urethra .Kidneysmake urine by filtering out unwanted water ,waste
products ,potassium, sodium ions.

Composition:
The chief constituents of normal urine are water and waste substances (ammonia, urea, uric acid,
and creatinine)

Normal levels of waste products:

Waste products Normal levels

Ammonia 15to45µ/dL (11 to 32 µmol/L)

Urea

12 to 20 grams over 24 hours

Uric acid 2.4-6.0 mg/dL (female)

3.4-7.0 mg/dL (male)

Creatinine

Male(0.90-1.30mg/dL)
Female (0.60-1.10 mg/dL)

Experiment methodology:
Perform physicochemical analysis on given sample of urine

Physical tests
 Parameter Observation Inference

Color Straw colour to amber Normal urine is present

Odor Urine is odourless Normal urine is present

Turbidity Urine is clear Normal urine is present

pH pH is acidic Normal urine is present

Specific gravity 1.002 Normal urine is present

Chemical tests
Glucose

Test Observation Inference

Molisch’s test No ring formed Carbohydrates are absent

Iodine formed No change in colour Polysaccharides are absent

Fehling test Brick red ppt are not formed Reducing sugar are absent

Benedict test Brick red ppt are not formed Reducing sugar are absent

Proteins

Test Observation Inference

Ninhydrin test No colour appeared Proteins and amino acids are

absent

Biuret test No colour appeared Proteins are absent

Heller’s test No formation of ppt Proteins are absent

Heat-coagulation test Coagulum is not formed Proteins are absent

Ketone bodies

Test Observation Inference

Rothera’s test No voilet ring formed Ketones are absent

0.5 mL saturated ammonium

sulfate + 3 mL urine sample +
2-3 drops of ammonia solution
 + 2-3 drops of 5% sodium
nitroprusside

Permanganate color indicates

+ive test

Bilirubin

Test Observation Inference

Hay’s test Sulphur floats on sample Bilirubin is absent

solution
Sprinkle a pinch of
precipitated sulfur powder on
the surface of 2 mL urine. If
sulfur powder sinks, it
indicates the presence of
bilirubin in urine

Bile salts

Test Observation Inference

Hay’s test Sulphur floats on sample Bile salts are absent

solutions
Sprinkle precipitated sulfur
powder on the surface of 2 mL
urine so as to cover the height
of ½ inch. If sulfur powder
sinks, it indicates the presence
of bile salts in urine

In normal urine, sulfur

particles float

Conclusion:From above test it was confirmed that urine is Normal as it doesn't

contain Carbohydrates, proteins, ketone bodies,bile salts and bilirubin.