PropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceAMOCOCORPORATION

WorldwideEngineeringandConstructionConsultingServicesNapervilleIllinoisACRM9522
Project56332504ERZamejcDecember151995MemorandumGuidelinesforDeterminingRelief
RequirementsforThermalExpansionofLiquidsinVesselsHeatExchangersPipingandOther
EquipmentABSTRACTHeatingofliquidfilledequipmentthatisblockedincangeneratehigh
pressuresthatcancauseequipmenttoleakorinsomecasesruptureGuidelinesweredevelopedto
assessthereliefrequirementsforthermalexpansionofliquidsinvesselsheatexchangers
pipingandotherequipmentAqualitativeriskbasedflowchartwasdevelopedforpipingandother
equipmentTheflowchartconsidersthelikelihoodforbeingblockedinthequantityofmaterial
thatmightbereleasedgivenaruptureandthecharacteristicsofthematerialieflammability
acutetoxicityandenvironmentalimpactCriteriaforselectingandsizingthermalrelief
devicesaswellasamethodtocalculatethemaximumpressureriseuponthermalexpansionare
providedAPNelsonDJHirschAKMurphyTJSmithBWWeberCLDimpaultDarcyDAAsheimJABigegrsSV
GolikeriCRFablingDDAumanBKAndersonJCBeersJTMeltonJADanalewichNSFewinsRDJordanRJ
MysonaLJLuyckxEGMatthewsSNVardaPropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintained
inConfidenceLJRikerRMSchneiderLWKruseKDHaJFChildsCDRoderyICChoiKKTamInformation
CenterBAGeorgePropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidence
INTRODUCTIONLimitedguidancehasbeenpublishedastowhenandwherereliefvalvesarerequired
toprotectagainstthehighpressuresthatcandevelopwhenliquidfullequipmentisblockedinand
heatedBlockinginofequipmentorpipingcanoccurunderdifferentoperatingphasesSome
examplesareStartupvalvesleftclosedaftermaintenanceNormaloperationvalvesclosedin
errorUpsetoperationvalvesclosedinresponsetoanupsetoremergencyconditionShutdownvalve
sclosedinimpropersequenceorwithoutdrainingAnyguidelinesmustaddressexistingcodes
standardsandinternalspecificationsPertinentexcerptsareasfollowsAPIRP520FifthEdition
July1980AppendixCparaC2.1Whereliquidfullequipmentcanbeblockedinandcontinuedheat
inputcannotbeavoidedapressurereliefdeviceshallbeprovidedASMEBoilerPressureVessel
Code1992Including1994AddendaSectionVIIIDiv1UG125fVesselsthataretooperatecompletely
filledwithliquidshallbeequippedwithliquidreliefvalvesunlessotherwiseprotected
againstoverpressureANSIB31.31987para301.4.2Provisionshallbemadeinthedesigneitherto
withstandortorelieveincreasedpressurecausedbytheheatingofstaticfluidinapiping
componentAPIRP2510SixthEditionApril1989para6.6.4Suitablereliefvalvesshallbeprovided
onliquidlinesthatcanbeblockedbetweenshutoffvalvesOtherequipmentthatcanbeblocked
betweenshutoffvalvesshallbeprovidedwithprotectionfromoverpressureduetothermal
expansionoftheliquidPressurereliefprovisionsmayberequiredforvalveswhereliquidis
trappedinvalvecavitiesSeparateguidelinesforvesselsheatexchangersandotherequipmenteg
pipingaregivenasfollowsTHERMALEXPANSIONRELIEFGUIDELINESFORVESSELSAlthoughadherence
totheASMEBoilerPressureVesselCodemaynotbemandatoryatsomeAmocolocationsegTexas
InternationalitisAmoco'spolicytodosoPertheASMEBoilerPressureVesselCodeallpressure
vesselsshallbeprovidedwithreliefdevicesReliefdevices1specifiedtoprotectthepressure
vesselfromoverpressurescenariossuchasanexternalfirewouldbeadequatetoprotectagainst
thermalrelieffromliquidexpansion1Reliefvalvesrupturedisksandnonclosableatmospheric
ventsofsufficientcapacityareexamplesofreliefdevicesPropertyofAmocoCorporation
ProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceIngeneralliquidfilledvesselsshouldbeprotected
withreliefvalvessizedasaminimumforthermalexpansionoftheliquidbasedonthehighest
heatingrateanticipated2ExceptionstothisrulemustbetreatedonanindividualbasisSome
considerationswhenevaluatingpossibleexceptionsareThermalreliefvalvesmaynotbe
requiredonvesselsconnectedtootherequipmentlinesoranothervesselthatareadequately
protectedbyreliefvalvesThiswouldespeciallybevalidforthosecasesinwhicheithervessel's
accesstothereliefvalvecanneverbeblockedoffReferenceshouldbemadetotheASMEBoiler
PressureVesselCode1992Including1994AddendaSectionVIIIDiv1UG133cSomevesselsmaybe
consideredaswidespotsinthelineTheinventoryinthesevesselsmaybecomparabletoorlessthan
thatintheconnectingpipingItispossibletotreatsomeofthesevesselsaspipesinwhichcasethe
proceduredevelopedforpipingandotherequipmentcanbeusedtodeterminetheneedforthermal
reliefTheASMEBoilerPressureVesselCode1992Including1994AddendaSectionVIIIDiv1U1j
givesguidancewherebyvesselswithavolumeof5ft3and250psidesignpressureoravolumeof1.5ft
3and600psidesignpressureareexemptfrominspectionVesselswhichmeetthiscriteriashouldbe
treatedaspipingforthepurposesofthermalreliefVesselswhichareratedatpressuresbelow
whichtheASMEBoilerPressureVesselCodedoesnotapplyshouldbetreatedthesameaspressure
vesselsindeterminingtheneedforthermalreliefTHERMALEXPANSIONRELIEFGUIDELINESFORHEAT
EXCHANGERSHeatexchangersaredefinedheretoincludeshellandtubeexchangersplateandframe
exchangersspiralexchangerspipejacketsdoublepipeexchangersvesseljacketsvessels
equippedwithcoolingorheatingcoilsandanyotherequipmentitemwhereheatisexchangedBoth
sidesoftheheatexchangeequipmentmustbeevaluatedforthermalreliefrequirementsIngeneral
thermalreliefprotectionisrequiredforthecoldersideofheatexchangerswhere1thecolder
sidecanbeblockedinwhilethehottersideisinoperation2thecoldersideisnotalready
protectedbyareliefdeviceand3theallowablepressurecanbeexceededbythermalexpansionThe
hottersidemayrequirereliefprotectionifthecoldersidehasappreciableheatcontentandthe
hottersidecanbeblockedinwhilecoldsuchasduringstartupExceptionstothisrulecanbe
consideredincludingPreviousAmocoOilCompanyEngineeringSpecifications54D8para4.2.1and
4.2.2and54D6para6.5.2statethatwatercooledheatexchangersdonotneedthermalreliefwhere
thermalexpansionoftrappedwateralonewithoutsteamgenerationcanoccurunlessrequiredby
localcodesandregulationsHoweverthedesignershouldconsiderthepossibleeffectsoftube
rupturecausedbythermalexpansionofblockedinliquidsuchascontaminationofonestreambythe
otherorthepotentialshockwavegeneratedbythetuberuptureItshouldbenotedthatsteam
generationisundesirablebecausethesuddeninjectionofwaterintoahotfluidcouldproducea
vaporexplosionandconsequentshock2Examplesofheatsourcesincluderadiantheatingfromfire
exposureorsolarheatingmechanicalheatingfromagitatorsandcirculationpumpsand
exothermicreactionsPropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidence
wavethatmayrupturetheheatexchangershellSeeHazardsofWaterAmocoSafetyBookletNo1pg89
APIRP521ThirdEditionNovember1990Section3.14.1indicatesthatathermalreliefvalvemaynot
normallyberequiredonmultipleshellheatexchangerswithatleastonecoldfluidblockvalveof
thelockedopendesignoneachshellandasingleshellunitinagivenservicewheretheshellcanbe
reasonablybeexpectedtoremaininserviceexceptonshutdownAPIRP521suggestssignsbeposted
astotheproperventinganddrainingprocedureswhenshuttingdownandblockinginApotential
pitfallwiththisapproachisthatthecoldfluidisprobablymostlikelytobeblockedinatstartup
wherethelockedopenvalveisclosedandthesignswouldnotofferprotectionSomeAmocolocations
donotpermittheuseofblockvalvesinthemannerdescribedinAPIRP521Section3.14.1THERMAL
EXPANSIONRELIEFGUIDELINESFORPIPINGANDOTHEREQUIPMENTGuidanceforthermalrelief
requirementsofpipingandotherequipmentisgivenasaflowchartinFigure1Itshouldbenoted
therearealternativestoathermalreliefvalvewhenprotectionagainstthermalexpansion
effectsisindicatedinFigure1OTHERCRITERIACONSIDERATIONSFORDETERMININGTHENEEDFOR
THERMALRELIEFOtherconsiderationsfordeterminingtheneedforthermalreliefvalvesareas
followsCreditcannotbetakenforexpansionofmetalorplasticpipeduetoheatingbecauseitis
muchlessthantheliquidsvolumetricexpansionbyonetotwoordersofmagnitudeForexamplethe
volumetricchangeuponheatingfrom60to140degreesFis0.05percentfor2carbonsteelpipethat
isunrestrictedatbothends0.2percentfor2PVCpipethatisunrestrictedatbothends1.6percent
forwater4.9percentforaceticacid5.7percentforbenzeneThermalreliefmaynotberequiredfor
equipmentorlinessubjecttolowheatratesegsolarheatingwhichisequivalentto300to500BTUft
2hrinwhichoneorbothendsareisolatedbyacheckvalve3Cautionshouldbetakenincreditingfor
checkvalveleakageespeciallywithhigherheatratesorforgastightballcheckvalveswhich
couldprovideleaktightisolation3WYWongSaferReliefValveSizingChemicalEngineeringMay
1989pp137140PropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceArecent
paper4indicatesthatthermalreliefvalvesarerequiredinblockedinlinesthatmaybesubjectto
hydrogenformationfromcorrosionWECConsult
ingServicesmetallurgistsindicatethatthehighpressuresalludedtointhearticlewouldoccur
interstitiallyinthemetalinsteadofthepipeThiscouldleadtoflakingandotherdeterioration
ofthemetalbutwouldbehighlyunlikelytocauseoverpressurizationofthepipeThusthis
scenariodoesnotneedtobeconsideredindeterminingtheneedforthermalreliefAnincident
occurredinthepastwhereliquidfrozeintwoendsofapipeformingplugsAsmorefluidfrozethe
fluidinbetweentheplugsbecamecompressedandultimatelyrupturedthepipeAthermalrelieffor
liquidexpansionwillnotalwaysprotectagainstruptureinthiscasePlugscouldconceivably
formanywhereinthepipepossiblyblockingaccessoftheblockedinfluidtothereliefvalveIn
lieuofareliefvalvetracingorinsulationshouldbeconsideredforprotectingthepipefrom
ruptureIdeallycalculationofleakageratesacrossavalveseatcouldbecomparedwiththerelief
raterequiredtopreventoverpressurefromthermalexpansionfromvariousheatsourcesIn
practicehoweverpredictionoftheactualleakagerateisnotfeasiblebecauseof1variances
betweenvalvetypesseatmaterialsandmanufacturers2valveseatsbecomewornwithtimethereby
changingtheleakrate3deformationofvalveseatsaspressurerisesfromthermalexpansioncould
affecttheleakagerateand4currentseatmaterialscanbereplacedinthefuturebyoneswithmuch
lowerleakratesTeststodeterminevalveleakratesareneitherfeasiblenorjustifiedA
consultant5conductedaninformalsurveyofothercompaniesThesurveyindicatedageneral
consensusthatreliefdevicesarealwaysrequiredforliquefiedgasesegLPGliquidair
componentsetcbutnogeneralguidelineshavebeendevelopedforotherchemicalsThermalrelief
valvesmaynotalwaysreducetheriskForexamplethesereliefvalvesandancillarypipingprovide
additionalsourcesforleaksandfailuresthatcouldleadtoareleaseThesmalldiameterpiping
usuallyassociatedwiththethermalreliefeg34to1diametercanbepronetobreakageespecially
ifnotsupportedproperlyInmanycasesthermalreliefvalvesthatdischargeacrossablockvalvei
ejumpoversaresupportedonlybytheinletanddischargepipingFinallyifnotplacedonaroutine
maintenanceschedulethatisstrictlyadheredtothethermalreliefvalvemayovertimebecome
inoperativefailtoopenwhenrequiredICIindicatedablockedinliquidfilledpipewithheat
inputwillleakthroughaflangeifClass150lbflangesandornormalboltingmaterialsareusedOne
cannotdependuponaflangeleaktorelieveoverpressurefromthermalexpansionifClass300lbor
higherflangesandorhighstrengthboltingmaterialsareusedICIbasedthiscriteriaon
calculationsratherthanfieldexperienceSpreadingofflangeshastraditionallybeencitedas
justificationfornotinstallingthermalexpansionreliefvalvesWithimprovementsin
materialsvalvesboltsandgasketsweepingislesslikelytooccurThusthepotentialfor
overpressureisgreaterthanitwasinthepastRelianceonflangespreadandongasketleakage
todaytolimittheamountofspilledliquidcouldresultingreaterthanexpectedconsequencesifa
futurefailureoccursinthepipe4SRBrahmbhattAreLiquidThermalReliefValvesNeededChemical
EngineeringMay141984pp69715JJHauserpersonalcommunicationtoWHCiolekNovember261993
entitledThermalExpansionOverpressureProtectionforLiquidFilledPipelinesPropertyof
AmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceTHERMALRELIEFREQUIREMENTSAPIRP
520FifthEditionJuly1980AppendixCparaC2.1providesthefollowingcorrelationfor
calculatingthermalreliefrequirementsgpmBH500GCwheregpmflowrateattheflowing
temperaturegallonsperminuteBcubicalexpansioncoefficientperdegreeFattheexpected
temperatureHtotalheattransferrateinBTUhrhighestheatrateshouldbeusedwheremultiple
heatsourcesarepossibleGspecificgravityrelativetowatercompressibilityofliquidis
usuallyignoredCspecificheatofthetrappedfluidinBTUlbFMoresophisticatedmethodsfor
estimatingthermalexpansionreliefrequirementsaregivenbyValdesandSvoboda6andWongopcit
THERMALRELIEFDEVICESELECTIONANDSIZINGThefollowingshouldbeconsideredwhensizingand
specifyingathermalreliefdeviceAthermalreliefvalveisbutoneoptiontomeetthermalrelief
requirementsAnalternativeisahydrauliccompensatoralsoknownasapulsationdampeneror
thermalexpansioncompensatorThisdeviceconsistsofasmallvesselchargedwithinertgas
separatedfromtheprocessliquidbyaflexiblemembraneorbladderThermalexpansionofliquid
woulddisplacethebladderandcompressthegasItisimportanttonotethatthermalexpansion
protectionwouldlikelybelostifthebladderweretoleakAssuchbladderintegrityandgassupply
shouldberoutinelymonitoredProvisionofagasfilledstandpipewithoutabladderorothermeans
toseparatethegasfromtheliquiddoesnotofferadequatethermalexpansionreliefprotection
becausethegascoulddissolveinthefluidEvenwitharelativelylowsolubilityofthegasinthe
liquidthestandpipewouldeventuallybecomeliquidfullThermalreliefprotectionofpipe
sectionsusingjumpoversiethermalreliefvalvesthatdischargeacrossablockvalvetothe
adjacentpipesectionshouldensurethatbothpipesectionscannotbeblockedinsimultaneously
orthatthedesignpressuresofthepipingsystemsarenotexceededifblockedinSizingofthe
thermalreliefdeviceshouldbebasedonthelargestvolumetricexpansionratethatcanbe
experiencedSizingisnormallydoneusingincompressibleflowformulas6EstimatingRelief
LoadsforThermallyBlockedInLiquidsChemicalEngineeringSeptember21985pp7782Propertyof
AmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceInmostcasesa34by1ora34by34
reliefvalvewillprovidesufficientcapacitytorelievethermalexpansionofliquidsFlashing
ofliquidswherepossiblemustbeevaluatedwhenspecifyingthereliefcapacityrequirementsSee
theReliefSystemDesignGuideandACRM9161forfurtherinformationandmethodologyNocredit
shallbetakenforleakageacrossvalveseatsorgasketsPropertyofAmocoCorporation
ProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceFigure1FlowChartforDeterminingThermalExpansion
ReliefRequirementsforPipingandOtherEquipmentStartIstheblockedinequipmentandorlines
offsiteYesProceduredoesnotapplytooffsiteequipmentpipelinesortransportation
containersInthesecasesotherpracticescodesregulationsandspecificationsmaybe
applicableFINISHEDNoDoestheequipmentorlinesalwayscontainapocketofnoncondensingvapor
suchthatitcanneverbecomeliquidfull1YesThermalreliefmaynotberequiredbecausethere
couldbesufficientroomforliquidexpansion2NoIsequipmentorlinesincontinuoususeienot
batchorsemicontinuoususeANDblockedinonlyduringturnaroundsANDdrainedafterbeing
blockedinusingwellsupervisedproceduresorpermits3YesThermalreliefmaynotberequired
becausethelikelihoodforbecomingblockedinislowCarefullyevaluateupsetconditionswhere
valvesmanualandcontrolmaybeclosedinresponsetotheupsetoremergencyconditiontoensure
thelikelihoodisindeedlowNoIstheblockedinsectionbetweentwovalvesflangedbacktobackYes
ThermalreliefnotrequiredbecauseofthelowvolumeofmaterialblockedinProceduresshouldbe
usedtoensureproperdrainingofliquidbetweenadjacentdoubleblockvalvesonliquefiedgas
linesFINISHEDNoEvaluateHeatingtoAmbientTemperature1CAUTIONSmallvapororgaspocketscan
disappearuponheatingduetocompressionandorsolubilizationIncontrastmulticomponent
mixtureswithawideboilingrangemayalwayshavesufficientvaporpresenttoprecludebecoming
completelyliquidfull2Theliquidvolumechangeuponsolarheatingheattracingheatingto
ambienttemperatureorheatfromanothersourceshouldbeestimatedtodetermineifthevolumeof
thevaporpocketissufficientforliquidexpansion3Ifblockingincanbecausedbyautomatic
isolationduringanupsetorifoperationisinabatchorsemicontinuousmodethenanswerNotothis
questionPropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceFigure1Cont
FlowChartforDeterminingThermalExpansionReliefRequirementsforPipingandOtherEquipment
PRIVATEStartHeatingtoAmbientTemperatureIstheliquidaliquefiedgas1ieboilsatorbelow
ambienttemperaturepressureorcanthetemperatureoftheliquidbebelowambientNoThermal
reliefnotrequiredforheatingtoambienttemperaturesGotoSolarHeatingYesIsthemaximum
pressurerisecausedbyheatingtoambienttemperaturelessthanorequaltothedesignpressureof
alltheblockedinequipmentlinesandfittings2YesThermalreliefnotrequiredforheatingto
ambienttemperaturebecausenooverpressurewilloccurGotoSolarHeatingNoEvaluate
ConsequenceCriteriaSeeFigure2IsthermalreliefrequiredbasedupontheConsequenceCriteria
YesEstimatereliefrequirementsifareliefdeviceisselectedDetermineifSolarHeatingHeat
TracingorOtherHeatSourcesappliesandusethehighestheatdutyforsizingNoFINISHED1Fluids
abovethecriticalpressuremayormaynotfallinthiscategoryContacttheAmocoReliefDesign
Consultant2SeeAttachment1foranapproachinestimatingmaximumpressurecausedbyliquid
thermalexpansionPropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidence
Figure1ContFlowChartforDeterminingThermalExpansionReliefRequirementsforPipingand
OtherEquipmentStartSolarHeatingIstheliquidnormallyhotterthan140degreesF60degreesC1
YesThermalreliefnotrequiredforsola
rheatingbecausenosolarheatingexpectedGotoHeatTracingNoIsalloftheequipmentorlines
belowgroundYesThermalreliefnotrequiredforsolarheatingbecausenosolarheatingexpected
GotoHeatTracingNoDoequipmentstructuresorbuildingsalwaysalltimesofthedayeverydayof
theyearshieldtheitemfromsolarheatingYesThermalreliefnotrequiredforsolarheating
becausenosolarheatingexpectedGotoHeatTracingNoIssolarheatingoftheblockedinequipment
orlinespreventedbyeitherinsulationorcoatedwithareflectivepaintwhichiswellmaintained
2YesThermalreliefnotrequiredforsolarheatingbecausenosolarheatingexpectedGotoHeat
TracingNoIsthemaximumpressurerisecausedbysolarheatinglessthanorequaltothedesign
pressureofalltheblockedinequipmentlinesandfittings3YesThermalreliefnotrequiredfor
solarheatingbecausenooverpressurewilloccurGotoHeatTracingNoEvaluateConsequence
CriteriaSeeFigure2IsthermalreliefrequiredbasedupontheConsequenceCriteriaYesEstimate
reliefrequirementsifareliefdeviceisselectedDetermineifHeatTracingorOtherHeatSources
appliesandusethehighestheatdutyforsizingNoFINISHED1Noteunsteadystateheattransfer
calculationsincorporatingsolarheatingconvectiveheatingcoolingandradiativecooling
wouldberequiredtoestimatethemaximumtemperatureachievablebysolarheating140Fistakento
beaconservativeyetpracticalupperlimit2Inthecaseofreflectivepaintcoatingsitshouldbe
verifiedthatsignificantsolarheatingwillnotoccurAlsodirtycoatingsordegraded
insulationcouldsignificantlyincreasesolarheating3SeeAttachment1foranapproachin
estimatingmaximumpressurecausedbyliquidthermalexpansionPropertyofAmocoCorporation
ProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceFigure1ContFlowChartforDeterminingThermal
ExpansionReliefRequirementsforPipingandOtherEquipmentStartHeatTracing1Istheblocked
inequipmentandorlineheattracedNoThermalreliefnotrequiredforHeatTracingGotoOtherHeat
SourcesYesIsthetracingelectricthatisselflimiting2YesThermalreliefnotrequiredforHeat
TracingGotoOtherHeatSourcesNoIsthemaximumpressurerisecausedbytheheattracinglessthan
orequaltothedesignpressureofalltheblockedinequipmentlinesandfittings3YesThermal
reliefnotrequiredforheattracingbecausenooverpressurewilloccurGotoOtherHeatSourcesNo
EvaluateConsequenceCriteriaSeeFigure2IsthermalreliefrequiredbasedupontheConsequence
CriteriaYesEstimatereliefrequirementsifareliefdeviceisselectedDetermineifOtherHeat
SourcesappliesandusethehighestheatdutyforsizingNoFINISHED1Heattracingincludes
tracingwithsteamelectrichotoilglycolmixtureshotwaterortemperedwaterorotherheat
transferagents2SelflimitingheattracingisusuallyprovidedforfreezeprotectionHoweverit
maybepossiblethatselflimitingheattracingcouldbesuppliedforotherreasonssuchthatthe
temperaturecouldbehighenoughtorequirethermalreliefprotectionIfthelatteristhecase
thenanswerNotothisquestion3SeeAttachment1foranapproachinestimatingmaximumpressure
causedbyliquidthermalexpansionPropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedin
ConfidenceFigure1ContFlowChartforDeterminingThermalExpansionReliefRequirementsfor
PipingandOtherEquipmentPRIVATEStartOtherHeatSourcesIsthereadjacentequipmentthatcan
radiateconductorconvectheattotheblockedinequipmentandorlineYesThermalreliefmaybe
indicatedifheattransfercomparabletoorgreaterthansolarheatingabout315BTUft2hr
DetermineneedbytheSolarHeatingflowchartreplacingsolarheatingwiththeadjacentheat
sourcetoseeifathermalreliefvalveisrequiredHeatingratemaydictatetheneedforalarger
reliefcapacitythansolarheatingGotoNextHeatSourceNoIstheheatsourcefromanexternalfire
iepoolfireYesReliefdevicesarenotnormallyusedtoprotectpipingfromoverpressurecausedby
exposuretopoolfiresorjetfiresGotoNextHeatSourceNoIsthereaheatsourcefrommechanical
heatingegrecirculatingliquidinadeadheadingpumpYesConsiderotherprotectivemeasuresas
requiredsuchaspumpshutdownonhighdischargepressureGotoNextHeatSourceNoIsthereanother
heatsourcesnotpreviouslymentionedYesContactAmocoReliefDesignConsultantNoFINISHED
PropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceFigure2Consequence
CriteriaforDeterminingThermalExpansionReliefRequirementsforPipingandOtherEquipment
StartConsequenceCriteriaCalculatethemassofliquidintheblockedinportionofthepipingand
equipmentDetermineiftheblockedinpipingequipmentisISBLorOSBLIfanypartofthepiping
equipmentisISBLassumeallofthepipingequipmentisISBLEvaluateFireCriteriaIsthermal
reliefrecommendedfromafireriskstandpointYesReturntoFigure1NoEvaluateToxicCriteriaIs
thermalreliefrecommendedfromatoxicriskstandpointYesReturntoFigure1NoEvaluate
EnvironmentalCriteriaIsthermalreliefrecommendedfromanenvironmentalriskstandpointYes
ReturntoFigure1NoThermalreliefnotindicatedfromafiretoxicorenvironmentalconsequence
basisReturntoFigure1PropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidence
Figure2ContConsequenceCriteriaforDeterminingThermalExpansionReliefRequirementsfor
PipingandOtherEquipmentStartFireCriteriaIstheliquidHighlyFlammable1YesThermalrelief
isrecommendedfromafireriskstandpointiftheblockedinmassexceeds1,000lbsReturnto
ConsequenceCriteriaNoIstheliquidFlammable2orCombustible3NoThermalreliefisnot
requiredfromafireriskstandpointReturntoConsequenceCriteriaYesWouldtheentireleakfrom
thepipingequipmentbecontainedegwithinacurbedareaNoThermalreliefisrecommendedfroma
fireriskstandpointiftheblockedinmassexceeds1,000lbsReturntoConsequenceCriteriaYes
WouldaleakfromthepipingequipmentbecontainedISBLYesThermalreliefisrecommendedfroma
fireriskstandpointiftheblockedinmassexceeds1,000lbsReturntoConsequenceCriteriaNoThe
leakfromthepipingequipmentwouldbecontainedOSBLThermalreliefisrecommendedfromafire
riskstandpointiftheblockedinmassexceeds10,000lbsReturntoConsequenceCriteria1Highly
flammableliquidsaredefinedasNFPAClassIAmaterialshavingaflashpoint73F22.8Canda
boilingpoint100F37.8CPyrophoricliquidsieliquidsthatignitespontaneouslyuponexposure
toairshouldbeincludedinthiscategory2FlammableliquidsaredefinedasNFPAClassIB
materialsflashpoint73F22.8Candaboilingpointatorabove100F37.8CandNFPAClassIC
materialsflashpointof73F22.8Ctobelow100F37.8C3CombustibleliquidsaredefinedasNFPA
ClassIIandClassIIImaterialshavingaflashpointatorabove100F37.8CPropertyofAmoco
CorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceFigure2ContConsequenceCriteriafor
DeterminingThermalExpansionReliefRequirementsforPipingandOtherEquipmentPRIVATEStart
ToxicCriteria1LookuptheIDLH2oftheliquidSeeTable1DeterminethevaporpressuremmHgunits
oftheliquidatatemperatureof140F60Coratthenormalworkingtemperatureifhigher3Ifthe
vaporpressureexceeds760mmHgthenuse760mmHgCalculateaToxicityIndexfromthefollowing
equationToxicityIndexIDLHppm760VaporPressuremmHg1IstheToxicityIndexlessthan100Yes
Thermalreliefisrecommendedfromatoxicriskstandpointiftheblockedinmassexceeds10lbsor
theCERCLAReportableQuantitySeeTable1whicheverislowerReturntoConsequenceCriteriaNoIs
theToxicityIndexequaltoorgreaterthan100butlessthan1000YesThermalreliefisrecommended
fromatoxicriskstandpointiftheblockedinmassexceeds100lbsortheCERCLAReportable
QuantitySeeTable1whicheverislowerReturntoConsequenceCriteriaNoIstheToxicityIndex
equaltoorgreaterthan1000butlessthan10000YesThermalreliefisrecommendedfromatoxicrisk
standpointiftheblockedinmassexceeds1000lbsortheCERCLAReportableQuantitySeeTable1
whicheverislowerReturntoConsequenceCriteriaNoThermalreliefisrecommendedfromatoxic
riskstandpointiftheblockedinmassexceedstheCERCLAReportableQuantitySeeTable1Returnto
ConsequenceCriteria1Inthecaseofmixturesoftwoormoretoxiccomponentscalculatethe
ToxicityIndexforeachcomponentandthenusethelowermoreconservativeindexoraveragethemIn
thecaseofdilutedliquidseitherassumethetoxiccomponentisundilutedconservativeor
estimatethevaporpressureofthetoxiccomponentinthedilutedmixtureanduseittocalculate
theToxicityIndex2IDLHImmediatelyDangeroustoLifeandHealthrepresentsthemaximum
concentrationfromwhichintheeventofrespiratorfailureonecouldescapewithin30minutes
withoutarespiratorandwithoutexperiencingandescapeimpairingegsevereeyeirritationor
healthirreversibleeffect3SeeTable3forvaporpressuresofsomechemicalsat140degreesFNote
760mmHg14.7psiaPropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidence
Figure2ContConsequenceCriteriaforDeterminingThermalExpansionReliefRequirementsfor
PipingandOtherEquipmentStartEnvironmentalCriteriaWillareleasecausedetrimental
effectstotheenvironmentoffsiteegoilspilltowaterwhichmightimpactplantoranimallifeYes
ThermalreliefisrecommendedfromanenvironmentalriskstandpointReturntoConsequence
CriteriaNoWillareleaseoffsiteexceedtheCERCLAReportableQuantityor100,000lbsifnot
regulatedY
esThermalreliefisrecommendedfromanenvironmentalriskstandpointReturntoConsequence
CriteriaNoThermalreliefisnotindicatedfromanenvironmentalriskstandpointReturnto
ConsequenceCriteriaPropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidence
Table1ToxicityVaporPressureandReportableQuantityDataforSeveralChemicalsChemical
VaporPressat140F60CmmHgIDLH1ppmToxicityIndex2BlockedinMassRequiringThermalRelieflbs
CERCLA3ReportableQuantityRQlbsAceticacid90100084401,0005,000Acetonitrile39040007800
1,0005,000Acrylonitrile475500800100100Ammonia760500500100100Benzene390300058501,000
101,3Butadiene760200002000010,00010,000Butane7604410,000Butylene7604410,000Ethyl
benzene5520002760010,0001,000Ethylchloride760200002000010,00010,000Ethylene76044
10,000Fueloil143044Gasoline44Hexane570500066701,000Hydrochloricacid1710044701,000
5,000Hydrogenfluorideanhydrous760303010100Isobutane7604410,000Maleicanhydride45,000
Methanol630250003015010,0005,000MCBmonochlorobenzene16240011400010,000100Pentane760
4410,000Propane7604410,000Propylene7604410,000Sodiumhydroxide500016100Notatoxic
vaporissue1,000Styrene405500095000510,00051,000Toluene14020001090010,0001,000Xylene
m5010001520010,0001,000Xyleneo4010001900010,0001,000Xylenep5010001520010,0001,0001
IDLHdatatakenfromJune1990NIOSHPocketGuidetoChemicalHazards2ToxicityIndexIDLHppm760
VaporPressuremmHg3FinalReportableQuantitiestakenfrom40CFR302asrevisedandamended
throughDecember2419924ThesedonothaveanIDLHoraToxicityIndexmoreofaflammableissuethan
atoxicvaporissue5Atemperatureof60Cmaythermallyinitiatearunawaypolymerization
reactioninstyrenePropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidence
ATTACHMENT1ESTIMATINGPRESSURERISEDUETOLIQUIDTHERMALEXPANSIONPropertyofAmoco
CorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidencePressureriseduetoheatingofblockedin
liquidcanbecalculatedfromthefollowingequationwhereP2Pressureinblockedinliquidfull
equipmentafterheatingpsiaP1Pressureinblockedinliquidfullequipmentbeforeheatingpsia
T2TemperatureinblockedinliquidfullequipmentafterheatingFT1Temperatureinblockedin
liquidfullequipmentbeforeheatingFAIsothermalCompressibilityCoefficient1psiaBCubical
ExpansionCoefficient1FSelecteddataforthecoefficientsAandBaregiveninTableA1Wheredata
isunavailablethefollowingcorrelationscanbeusedtoestimatetheisothermal
compressibilitycoefficientandthecubicalexpansioncoefficientwhereBCubicalExpansion
Coefficient1Fr1densityofliquidat1sttemperaturelbft3r2densityofliquidat2nd
temperaturelbft3T11sttemperatureFT22ndtemperatureFwhereAIsothermalCompressibility
Coefficient1psiaV1specificvolumeofliquidat1stpressureft3lbV2specificvolumeofliquid
at2ndpressureft3lbP11stpressurepsiaP22ndpressurepsiaP2P1BT2T1A1B2122221122A1112213
PropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidenceExampleAnominal4
schedule40pipewith150lbANSIratedflangescontainsmethanolinitiallyatatemperatureof70F
andpressureof100psiaSolarheatingoccurswhichraisesthetemperatureupto100FThepressure
inthepipeafterheatingisObviouslysomethingwillgivebeforethispressureisreachedIfno
thermalreliefisprovidedonelikelyfailurepointwillbeaflangegasket2P1006.99e0410070
5.37e064005psia4PropertyofAmocoCorporationProprietaryToBeMaintainedinConfidence
TableA1SelectedCubicalExpansionandIsothermalCompressibilityCoefficientDataCubical
ExpansionCoefficient1IsothermalCompressibilityCoefficient1LiquidB1FReference
TemperatureFA1psiaReferenceTemperatureFReferencePressurepsiaAceticacid5.95e0468
5.54e06771360Acetone8.26e04687.61e06771210Aniline4.77e04682.76e06772670Benzene6.87e
04685.35e066814504350Butane213.7e046010014.1e0660501000nButylAlcohol5.28e04686.12e
0663120Carbondioxide65.3e06551030Carbontetrachloride6.87e04686.23e0668151450Ethanol
7.62e066815735Ethylbenzene5.34e0468Ethylchloride9.48e04687.01e0632157350Hexane10.8e
0673015isoHexane8.03e0468Hydrochloricacid332.53e0468Methanol6.99e04685.37e063215
7250Pentane9.20e046816.5e067715426Petroleumsg0.84675.31e04686.81e0616215220Toluene
6.11e04685.48e06771680Water1.15e04683.15e0677157250oXylene5.41e04687.21e061491577m
Xylene5.61e04687.21e061491577pXylene5.62e04687.21e0614915771Alldataexceptwherenoted
takenfromLange'sHandbookofChemistryeditedbyJADean12thEdition1972publishedbyMcGraw
HillBookCompanyISBN00701619172Calculated