3/18/2014

 Today:  Next Meeting

◦ Stoichiometric Analysis: ◦ Reading for Monday:
 Gram to Gram Conversions:  Start Chapter 7, Sections 7.1-7.5, pp.
 Use MOLAR MASS to get to moles 238-248
 Limiting Reagents:
 Method 1
 Method 2
 Actual Yield & Percent Yield
◦ Combustion Analysis
◦ Titrations

iClicker Participation Question:

Predicting the Volume of Gases Produced
Which mixture will yield the MOST CO2 GAS?
CH3CO2H(aq) + NaHCO3(s) NaCH3CO2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

A 3.0 g (0.05 mol) 4.2 g (0.05 mol)

B 6.0 g (0.10 mol) 4.2 g (0.05 mol)

C 3.0 g (0.05 mol) 8.4 g (0.10 mol)

D. Each mixture will yield the same volume of gases

E. Both B & C will yield the same amount of gas,
which will be more than A

When the ions switch places, be sure

write the formulas of the products so
that NEUTRAL compounds form (with the
smallest whole number ratio of atoms).
Nitrogen Dioxide: A major component of smog
• Nitrogen monoxide (aka nitric oxide, NO) is produced in internal
combustion engines.
• Nitric oxide released into the atmosphere can react with O2 to
form nitrogen dioxide (aka nitrous oxide, NO2).

2 NO + O2 2 NO2

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Determining the Limiting Reagent: METHOD 1

While calculating the THEORETICAL YIELD
1. Convert the starting quantity of each reactant to the quantity of product that
could potentially form.
2. The limiting reagent is the reactant that would produce LESS product and
determines the THEORETICAL YIELD.
4 mol NO 4 mol O2

Nitric oxide O2 is in EXCESS

(some remains
is LIMITING unreacted in the end)
(it is consumed &
limits the formation
of product)
Animations adapted from McGraw Hill Publishers

Determining the Limiting Reagent: METHOD 2

Comparing one reactant to another
1. Start with Reactant A. Given the starting quantity of A, calculate the quantity
of the other reactant (B) needed to FULLY react with A.
2. Compare the available quantity of B to the amount needed to react with A. If
more is available than is needed, B is in EXCESS & A is the LIMITING.
6 mol NO 2 mol O2

Nitric oxide Oxygen is

is in EXCESS LIMITING (it is
(some remains consumed & limits the
unreacted in the end) formation of product)

Animations adapted from McGraw Hill Publishers

A Stoichiometric Mixture:
Neither reactant is limiting or in excess
• When the reactants are in the proper stoichiometric ratio, each can FULLY
react with the other. Neither starting material remains in the end of the
reaction. Neither is considered a limiting reagent.

6 mol NO 3 mol O2

Animations adapted from McGraw Hill Publishers

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iClicker Participation Question:

Stoichiometric Analysis

If 10 moles of iron (III) oxide are mixed with 10 moles of zinc

metal and react according to the equation below, which
component will be consumed first?
A. Fe2O3
In other words, which is the limiting reagent?
B. Zn Fe2O3 + 3 Zn 3 ZnO + 2 Fe

C. ZnO

D. Fe

E. There are no limiting reagents here. Everything reacts fully

Reactions are NOT 100% efficient

• If only a portion of the limiting reagent reacts, only a fraction of
the theoretical yield will be obtained. The quantity of the
product that is produced in reality is called the ACTUAL YIELD.
• The PERCENT YIELD measures how much of the limiting reagent
actually reacted.
• PERCENT YIELD = Actual Yield x 100
Theoretical Yield
(This number should always be LESS than or equal to 100 %)

Given the Actual Yield & the Theoretical Yield, it is possible to

calculate the PERCENT YIELD.
OR:
Given the PERCENT YIELD & the Theoretical Yield, it is possible
to calculate the Actual Yield.

iClicker Participation Question:

Mole-to-Mole Conversions—From Reactants to Products

30 moles of hydrogen gas reacted with sufficient nitrogen gas

to produce 5 moles of NH3. What is the percent yield?
A. 100 % N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

B. 75 % “The expansion of the world's population

from 1.6 billion people in 1900 to today's
C. 50 % seven billion [in 2012] would not have been
possible without the [industrial] synthesis
D. 25 % of ammonia.“ –MIT Press

E. None of the above

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Percent Yield Practice Problems:

Hydrazine, once used as a rocket propellant, reacts with oxygen:

N2H4 + O2 → N2 + 2 H2O

A. How many grams of water could be obtained from 50.0 g N2H4

reacting with excess oxygen?

B. How many grams of water would be obtained from part A

above if the percent yield of the reaction was only 85.5 %?

Combustion Analysis using Stoichiometry:

Determining Empirical Formulas of Organic Compounds
• The empirical formula for an organic compound can be
determined by burning it and analyzing the products (CO2 &
H2O)

CXHYOZ + O2(g) → X CO2 + Y/2 H2O

Combustion Analysis using Stoichiometry:

Determining Empirical Formulas
Caproic acid, the compound responsible for the unpleasant aroma
of dirty socks, contains only C, H, and O.

When a 0.450-g sample of the compound is

burned in oxygen, 1.023 g of CO2 and 0.418 g
of H2O are collected.

What is the empirical formula of the compound?

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Molarity: Linking Volume & Moles

 Concentration is the measure of the amount of solute
in a solution (part / whole).
 Molar concentration, or molarity is a measure of the
moles of a solute in one liter of solution.

n moles of solute mol solute

Molarity    M
V volume of solution L solution

 Brackets around a formula indicate the concentration

of the substance is being discussed:
 [NaCl] means “the molarity of NaCl”

Solution Stoichiometry
Instead of using grams to find the moles of a component:
Volume and Molarity can be used to determine MOLES
& this information can be worked into stoichiometry
problems.

Solution Stoichiometry
Example Problem 1

Consider the reaction of HCl

with KOH.

If a 0.298 M solution of HCl(aq)

reacts with 0.0592 moles of
KOH, what volume of HCl
solution would be need to
complete react with the
KOH?

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Solution Stoichiometry
Example Problem 2

Consider the reaction of 20.0

mL of a sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
solution with a 0.127 M
solution of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH). If 32.66 mL of NaOH
is required to fully react with
the H2SO4 solution, what is
the concentration of the
original H2SO4 solution?

Practice Problems:
Urea (CH4N2O), a common fertilizer, can be synthesized by the reaction of
ammonia (NH3) with carbon dioxide.
2 NH3(aq) + CO2(aq) CH4N2O(aq) + H2O(l)
An industrial synthesis of urea begins with 35.8 kg of aammonia and 89 kg of
carbon dioxide. What mass of urea could theoretically be produced from this
starting mixture?

An emergency breathing apparatus placed in mines or caves works via the

chemical reaction below:
4 KO2(s) + 2 CO2(g) 2 K2CO3 + 3 O2(g)

If the oxygen supply becomes limited, a worker can use the apparatus to
breathe while exiting the mine. Notice that the reaction produces O2, which can
be breathed, and absorbs CO2, a product of respiration. What minimum amount
of KO2 is required for the apparatus to provide enough oxygen to allow the user
15 minutes to exit the mine? Assume 4.4 g of O2 are needed for 15 minutes of
normal breathing.

Solution Stoichiometry
Example Problem 3
Consider the reaction of NaOH with
phosphoric acid (H3PO4).

If 50.5 mL of 0.54 M H3PO4

solution is mixed with 15.9 mL of
0.61 M NaOH solution, which
would be considered the limiting
reagent? In other words, which What would be the
reactant would be consumed final concentration of
first? the reagent in
excess?