EE265

POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING I

1
 Development of Line Models
• Goals of this section are:
1) develop a simple model for transmission
lines, and
2) gain an intuitive feel for how the geometry of
the transmission line affects the model
parameters.

2
 Primary Methods for Power Transfer

 The most common methods for transfer of

electric power are:
1) Overhead ac
2) Underground ac
3) Overhead dc
4) Underground dc
 The analysis will be developed for ac lines.

3
 Magnetics Review
 Magnetomotive force: symbol F, measured in
ampere-turns, which is the current enclosed by a
closed path,
 Magnetic field intensity: symbol H, measured in
ampere-turns/meter:
– The existence of a current in a wire gives rise to an
associated magnetic field.
– The stronger the current, the more intense is the
magnetic field H.
 Flux density: symbol B, measured in webers/m2
or teslas or gauss (1 Wb /m2 = 1T = 10,000G):
– Magnetic field intensity is associated with a magnetic
flux density.
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 Magnetics Review

 Magnetic flux: symbol φ , measured in webers,

which is the integral of flux density over a
surface.
 Flux linkages λ , measured in weber-turns.
– If the magnetic flux is varying (due to a changing
current) then a voltage will be induced in a
conductor that depends on how much magnetic flux
is enclosed (“linked”) by the loops of the conductor,
according to Faraday’s law.
 Inductance: symbol L, measured in henrys:
– The ratio of flux linkages to the current in a coil.
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 Magnetics Review
• Ampere’s circuital law relates magnetomotive
force (the enclosed current in amps or amp-
turns) and magnetic field intensity (in amp-
turns/meter):
=F ∫=
Γ
Hdl Ie
F = mmf = magnetomotive force (amp-turns)
H = magnetic field intensity (amp-turns/meter)
dl = Vector differential path length (meters)
∫ Γ = Line integral about closed path Γ
(dl is tangent to path)
I e = Algebraic sum of current linked by Γ 6
 Line Integrals
•Line integrals are a generalization of “standard”
integration along, for example, the x-axis.
Integration along the
x-axis

Integration along a
general path, which
may be closed
Ampere’s law is most useful in cases of symmetry,
such as a circular path of radius x around an infinitely
long wire, so that H and dl are parallel, |H|= H is constant,
and |dl| integrates to equal the circumference 2πx.
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 Flux Density
•Assuming no permanent magnetism, magnetic
field intensity and flux density are related by the
permeability of the medium.
H = magnetic field intensity (amp-turns/meter)
B = flux density (Tesla [T] or Gauss [G])
(1T = 10,000G)
For a linear magnetic material:
B = µ H where µ is the called the permeability
µ = µ0 µ r
µ0 = permeability of freespace = 4π × 10-7 H m
µ r = relative permeability ≈ 1 for air 8
 Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux and flux density
φ = magnetic flux (webers)
B = flux density (webers/m 2 or tesla)
Definition of flux passing through a surface A is
φ = ∫A Bda
da = vector with direction normal to the surface
If flux density B is uniform and perpendicular to an
area A then
φ = BA
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 Magnetic Fields from Single Wire
• Assume we have an infinitely long wire with
current of I =1000A.
• Consider a square, located between 4 and 5
meters from the wire and such that the square
and the wire are in the same plane.
• How much magnetic flux passes through the
square?

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 Magnetic Fields from Single Wire
• Magnetic flux passing through the square?

Direction of H is given
by the “Right-hand” Rule

• Easiest way to solve the problem is to take

advantage of symmetry.
• As an integration path, we’ll choose a circle
with radius x, with x varying from 4 to 5
meters, with the wire at the center, so the
path encloses the current I. 11
 Single Line Example, cont’d

I
∫ Γ Hdl = 2π xH = I ⇒ H =
2π x
H is perpendicular
to surface of square
I 2 × 10−4 2
B µ0 H µ0=
= = T Gauss For reference,
2π x x x the earth’s
5 µ0 I magnetic field is
φ ∫A BdA (1 meter) × ∫4 2π xdx
= about 0.6 Gauss
(Central US)
I 5 −7 5
φ= µ0 ln = 2 × 10 I ln
2π 4 4
φ
= 4.46 × 10−5 Wb
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Flux linkages and Faraday’s law
Flux linkages are defined from Faraday's law
dλ
V = , where V = voltage, λ = flux linkages
dt
The flux linkages tell how much flux is linking an
N turn coil:
N
λ = ∑φi
i=1

If flux φ links every coil then λ = N φ

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 Inductance
• For a linear magnetic system; that is, one
where B = µ H,
• we can define the inductance, L, to be the
constant of proportionality relating the
current and the flux linkage: λ = L I,
• where L has units of Henrys (H).

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 Summary of magnetics.
I (current in a conductor)

=F ∫=
Γ
Hdl I e (enclosed current in multiple turns)

B = µ H (permeability times magnetic field intensity)

φ = ∫A BdA (surface integral of flux density)

λ = N φ (total flux linked by N turn coil)

L = λ / I (inductance) 15